Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/52643.2582
J. Rout, Sujash Biswas, Sayari Banerjee, Simit H Kumar, Palash Das, S. Dey
Introduction: The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was declared by the World Health Organisation (WHO) on 11th March 2020 caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). As a preventive measure, valid information concerning the development of antibodies is being collected for assessing the progress towards herd immunity of COVID-19. Aim: To assess the level of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG before and after vaccination by two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV 19 vaccine in a rural Medical College of West Bengal. Materials and Methods: The present interventional cohort study was conducted in a rural Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India, from February 2021 to August 2021. Total 248 willing subjects were included for this interventional study from the same socio-economic and geographical distribution depending upon a vaccine population of a rural Medical College of West Bengal. To measure the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody authors used Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMRNIV) certified Anti-SARS-CoV-2 human IgG ELISA COVID KAVACH MERILISA kit and approved protocol by the ICMR. Results: The median age of study population was 39 years (range 25-64) with 97 (39.1%) females and 151 (60.9%) males. It was found that antibody response induced by two doses of vaccination was significantly high (t-value: 28.421, p<0.001) in the vaccinated population. Conclusion: Thus, present study suggests that vaccination may be critical to develop anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody. This would lead to a better understanding of the immunisation program and prevention of severe disease and deaths due to COVID-19.
{"title":"Rise in Levels of Anti-SARS CoV-2 Immunoglubulin G by Covishield Vaccine- A Cohort Study in Rural Medical College, West Bengal, India","authors":"J. Rout, Sujash Biswas, Sayari Banerjee, Simit H Kumar, Palash Das, S. Dey","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/52643.2582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/52643.2582","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was declared by the World Health Organisation (WHO) on 11th March 2020 caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). As a preventive measure, valid information concerning the development of antibodies is being collected for assessing the progress towards herd immunity of COVID-19. Aim: To assess the level of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG before and after vaccination by two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV 19 vaccine in a rural Medical College of West Bengal. Materials and Methods: The present interventional cohort study was conducted in a rural Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India, from February 2021 to August 2021. Total 248 willing subjects were included for this interventional study from the same socio-economic and geographical distribution depending upon a vaccine population of a rural Medical College of West Bengal. To measure the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody authors used Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMRNIV) certified Anti-SARS-CoV-2 human IgG ELISA COVID KAVACH MERILISA kit and approved protocol by the ICMR. Results: The median age of study population was 39 years (range 25-64) with 97 (39.1%) females and 151 (60.9%) males. It was found that antibody response induced by two doses of vaccination was significantly high (t-value: 28.421, p<0.001) in the vaccinated population. Conclusion: Thus, present study suggests that vaccination may be critical to develop anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody. This would lead to a better understanding of the immunisation program and prevention of severe disease and deaths due to COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/53452.2639
K. P. Patel, Mayur Goradhanbhai Makadia, D. Chaudhari
Introduction: Blood based biomarkers can be useful as prognostic markers because these biomarkers can reflect variations in the tumour microenvironment and the immune system of the host. This study investigates some biomarkers in cancer patients experienced with radiotherapy to evaluate the effect of radiotherapy on the body. Aim: To assess radiotherapy induced changes in the biomarkers like serum total protein, albumin, creatinine and urea in cancer patients and compare to the healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study, conducted in the Biochemistry Department, Baroda Medical College, Gujarat, India, from October 2017 to August 2018. This study enrolled 537 patients, who underwent radiation therapy irrespective of any cancer and 537 healthy controls without any history of cancer or radiation therapy. Serum total protein, albumin, creatinine, and urea were measured. Statistical analysis was performed by descriptive statistics, independent t-test, Frequency, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Results: In each of the groups, out of 537 subjects 185 subjects were females, 61.30±9.03 years was the mean age for females, and 352 subjects were males with a mean age of 61.02±8.93 years. Albumin had negative statistically significant correlation with all parameters. But total protein which was also composed of other acute phase positive reactants had higher values compared to control group which was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: It was found that patients with cancer, undergoing radiotherapy, suffered from radiation induced changes such as acute phase response, host defense mechanism etc., causing changes in the body which is reflected by biomarkers.
{"title":"Study of Biomarkers in Cancer Patients Treated with Radiotherapy: A Case-control Study","authors":"K. P. Patel, Mayur Goradhanbhai Makadia, D. Chaudhari","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/53452.2639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/53452.2639","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Blood based biomarkers can be useful as prognostic markers because these biomarkers can reflect variations in the tumour microenvironment and the immune system of the host. This study investigates some biomarkers in cancer patients experienced with radiotherapy to evaluate the effect of radiotherapy on the body. Aim: To assess radiotherapy induced changes in the biomarkers like serum total protein, albumin, creatinine and urea in cancer patients and compare to the healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study, conducted in the Biochemistry Department, Baroda Medical College, Gujarat, India, from October 2017 to August 2018. This study enrolled 537 patients, who underwent radiation therapy irrespective of any cancer and 537 healthy controls without any history of cancer or radiation therapy. Serum total protein, albumin, creatinine, and urea were measured. Statistical analysis was performed by descriptive statistics, independent t-test, Frequency, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Results: In each of the groups, out of 537 subjects 185 subjects were females, 61.30±9.03 years was the mean age for females, and 352 subjects were males with a mean age of 61.02±8.93 years. Albumin had negative statistically significant correlation with all parameters. But total protein which was also composed of other acute phase positive reactants had higher values compared to control group which was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: It was found that patients with cancer, undergoing radiotherapy, suffered from radiation induced changes such as acute phase response, host defense mechanism etc., causing changes in the body which is reflected by biomarkers.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/53492.2649
R. Sujatha, M. V. Kulkarni, .. Rufaida, Y. Manjunatha
{"title":"Expression of VEGF and CD34 in Psoriasis Vulgaris: Correlation with Histological Grading by Trozak Histological Assessment Score","authors":"R. Sujatha, M. V. Kulkarni, .. Rufaida, Y. Manjunatha","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/53492.2649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/53492.2649","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Lipid profile is routinely used as a screening test to identify the risk of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). Elevated Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) is an important modifiable risk factor of atherosclerotic CVD. The LDL-c lowering strategy is a known recommendation for the prevention and treatment of CVD. The gold standard method of LDL-c estimation is β-quantification by ultra centrifugation. Other methods include Direct LDL-c measurement (D-LDL-c) using enzymatic assay which is tedious, time consuming and expensive. Hence, calculated method using Friedewald’s equation (F-LDL-c) is routinely used in clinical laboratories in India. Aim: To compare LDL-c values as estimated by direct enzymatic method with LDL-c values obtained by Friedewald’s equation and Novel’s equation, and, also to assess the effects of LDL-c values obtained by both the methods towards the risk stratification of CVD. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study, was conducted in the Central Diagnostic Laboratory of Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, Karnataka, India, for a duration of three months from July to September 2020, where, 600 subjects, aged 20-75 years, visiting for routine lipid profile estimation were included. LDL-c was estimated by direct enzymatic method (D-LDL-c) and calculated methods using Friedewald’s {F-LDL-c=TC-HDL-c- (TG/5)} and Novel’s equation {N-LDL-c=TC-HDL-c-(TG/Adjustable factor)}. Values obtained by calculated methods were compared with D-LDL-c values. The LDL-c values obtained were compared at different ranges of Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG) and High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). The association between direct and calculated LDL-c values were analysed by Pearson’s correlation. Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve (ROC) analysis was done to predict the better diagnostic method among the calculated methods of LDL-c. Results: The mean±SD of D-LDL-c (115.68±36.94 mg/dL) was high compared to F-LDL-c (106.95±33.48 mg/dL) and N-LDL-c (110.78±32.58 mg/dL). The mean difference between D-LDL-c and N-LDL-c (4.9±4.36 mg/dL) was low compared to F-LDL-c (8.75±3.46 mg/dL). Significant positive correlation was observed between D-LDL-c vs F-LDL-c (r=0.96; p=<0.001) and D-LDL-c vs N-LDLc (r=0.97; p=<0.001). The ROC showed maximum AUC value for N-LDL-c than F-LDL-c at a cut-off value of 100 mg/dL. LDL-c as estimated by Novel’s and Friedewald’s equation led to approximately 5% and 10% less patients being subjects for lipid lowering therapy respectively as compared to D-LDL-c. Conclusion: In conclusion, the use of Novel’s equation for LDL-c estimation instead of Friedewald’s equation could be associated with the small net increase in lipid lowering agent eligible population for primary prevention of atherosclerotic CVD. Replacement of Friedewald’s equation by Novel’s equation would enable for the improved accuracy of LDL-c estimation especially at higher levels of TC, TG and lower levels of HDL-c.
{"title":"Comparison between Values of Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol as Estimated by Direct Enzymatic Method with Calculated Methods Applying Friedewald’s Equation and Novel’s Equation: A Cross-sectional Study","authors":"Maithri Chikkabasavanahalli Manjegowda, Raghunath Hanumantharaya, Mythri Sannamadhu, Medhini Nagaranavile Shivaswamy","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/52146.2594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/52146.2594","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Lipid profile is routinely used as a screening test to identify the risk of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). Elevated Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) is an important modifiable risk factor of atherosclerotic CVD. The LDL-c lowering strategy is a known recommendation for the prevention and treatment of CVD. The gold standard method of LDL-c estimation is β-quantification by ultra centrifugation. Other methods include Direct LDL-c measurement (D-LDL-c) using enzymatic assay which is tedious, time consuming and expensive. Hence, calculated method using Friedewald’s equation (F-LDL-c) is routinely used in clinical laboratories in India. Aim: To compare LDL-c values as estimated by direct enzymatic method with LDL-c values obtained by Friedewald’s equation and Novel’s equation, and, also to assess the effects of LDL-c values obtained by both the methods towards the risk stratification of CVD. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study, was conducted in the Central Diagnostic Laboratory of Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, Karnataka, India, for a duration of three months from July to September 2020, where, 600 subjects, aged 20-75 years, visiting for routine lipid profile estimation were included. LDL-c was estimated by direct enzymatic method (D-LDL-c) and calculated methods using Friedewald’s {F-LDL-c=TC-HDL-c- (TG/5)} and Novel’s equation {N-LDL-c=TC-HDL-c-(TG/Adjustable factor)}. Values obtained by calculated methods were compared with D-LDL-c values. The LDL-c values obtained were compared at different ranges of Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG) and High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). The association between direct and calculated LDL-c values were analysed by Pearson’s correlation. Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve (ROC) analysis was done to predict the better diagnostic method among the calculated methods of LDL-c. Results: The mean±SD of D-LDL-c (115.68±36.94 mg/dL) was high compared to F-LDL-c (106.95±33.48 mg/dL) and N-LDL-c (110.78±32.58 mg/dL). The mean difference between D-LDL-c and N-LDL-c (4.9±4.36 mg/dL) was low compared to F-LDL-c (8.75±3.46 mg/dL). Significant positive correlation was observed between D-LDL-c vs F-LDL-c (r=0.96; p=<0.001) and D-LDL-c vs N-LDLc (r=0.97; p=<0.001). The ROC showed maximum AUC value for N-LDL-c than F-LDL-c at a cut-off value of 100 mg/dL. LDL-c as estimated by Novel’s and Friedewald’s equation led to approximately 5% and 10% less patients being subjects for lipid lowering therapy respectively as compared to D-LDL-c. Conclusion: In conclusion, the use of Novel’s equation for LDL-c estimation instead of Friedewald’s equation could be associated with the small net increase in lipid lowering agent eligible population for primary prevention of atherosclerotic CVD. Replacement of Friedewald’s equation by Novel’s equation would enable for the improved accuracy of LDL-c estimation especially at higher levels of TC, TG and lower levels of HDL-c.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Even though Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most common causes of preventable mental retardation, diagnosis at birth is difficult due to absent or delayed clinical manifestations, owing to the transplacental transfer of maternal thyroid hormones. Delayed diagnosis and treatment can cause irreversible damage to the developing brain. The occurrence of cognitive dysfunction due to CH has reduced significantly in countries where Newborn Screening (NBS) is routinely practiced. Cord blood screening is considered to be an effective method to diagnose congenital hypothyroidism. Aim: To establish reference interval for thyroxine (T3 and T4) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in cord blood Medical College, Thrissur. Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional observational hospital based study, the cord blood samples from 252 deliveries collected over a period of three months from May 2011 at in Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India. A 5 mL of cord blood samples were collected in a plain non vacuum tube with clot activator from umbilical cord incised 15-20 cm at the time of birth. T3, T4 and TSH was estimated by Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA) using kits of ELISA reader and Washer. Normality check done by visual inspection of histogram, Q-Q plot, box plot and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results: In total of 153 cord blood samples considered, and final analysis was done on 151 samples (69 males and 82 females) after excluding the samples of babies delivered by Lower Segment Cesarean Section (LSCS). The gestational age was mean 38.48 weeks and mean age of mothers was 24.22 years. More than 90% of the values for TSH is less than 12 mIU/mL and 90% of T4 values is less than 20 µg/dL. Reference interval determined by non parametric ascending rank order. Reference interval established is 0.63-17.033 mIU/L and 9.45-27.173 for TSH and T4 respectively, lower than those reported from studies in other parts of India. The mean value of TSH was 5.084 mIU/L and 87.5% of babies are having TSH values <10 mIU/L. Conclusion: The study was conducted to establish reference intervals for cord blood TSH, T4 and T3 and confirms to the use of cut off values for the screening of CH for TSH as >20 mIU/L.
{"title":"Reference Interval of Thyroxine and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone in Cord Blood in Tertiary Care Hospital, Kerala","authors":"Smitha Kalarikkal Satheesan, S. Sreedharan, Gilsa Engoor Sathiandranathan, Geetha Damodaran Kozhiparambil","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/51307.2571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/51307.2571","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Even though Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most common causes of preventable mental retardation, diagnosis at birth is difficult due to absent or delayed clinical manifestations, owing to the transplacental transfer of maternal thyroid hormones. Delayed diagnosis and treatment can cause irreversible damage to the developing brain. The occurrence of cognitive dysfunction due to CH has reduced significantly in countries where Newborn Screening (NBS) is routinely practiced. Cord blood screening is considered to be an effective method to diagnose congenital hypothyroidism. Aim: To establish reference interval for thyroxine (T3 and T4) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in cord blood Medical College, Thrissur. Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional observational hospital based study, the cord blood samples from 252 deliveries collected over a period of three months from May 2011 at in Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India. A 5 mL of cord blood samples were collected in a plain non vacuum tube with clot activator from umbilical cord incised 15-20 cm at the time of birth. T3, T4 and TSH was estimated by Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA) using kits of ELISA reader and Washer. Normality check done by visual inspection of histogram, Q-Q plot, box plot and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results: In total of 153 cord blood samples considered, and final analysis was done on 151 samples (69 males and 82 females) after excluding the samples of babies delivered by Lower Segment Cesarean Section (LSCS). The gestational age was mean 38.48 weeks and mean age of mothers was 24.22 years. More than 90% of the values for TSH is less than 12 mIU/mL and 90% of T4 values is less than 20 µg/dL. Reference interval determined by non parametric ascending rank order. Reference interval established is 0.63-17.033 mIU/L and 9.45-27.173 for TSH and T4 respectively, lower than those reported from studies in other parts of India. The mean value of TSH was 5.084 mIU/L and 87.5% of babies are having TSH values <10 mIU/L. Conclusion: The study was conducted to establish reference intervals for cord blood TSH, T4 and T3 and confirms to the use of cut off values for the screening of CH for TSH as >20 mIU/L.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/50589.2583
Mili Jain, Shivanjali Raghuvanshi, S. Bhalla, P. Agarwal, Ashutosh Kumar, U. Singh, M. Goel
Introduction: Extranodal Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) constitutes approximately one fourth of all NHL. The data regarding extranodal NHL from India is however limited. Aim: To evaluate the epidemiological and histomorphological patterns of extranodal NHL in a tertiary care institute in Northern India. Materials and Methods: The retrospective observational study was conducted on data of biopsy sections retrieved from the archives for a period of four years (January 2016 to December 2019), 130 extranodal NHL cases (90 males, 40 females) that were analysed for histological features and immunohistochemical subtype. All statistical analysis was done by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The values were represented in number, percentage, mean and ratio. Results: Total of 362 cases of NHL were reported. Out of which, 130 (36%) cases were of extranodal NHL. Male to female ratio being was 2.25:1. Mean age of presentation was 38.5 years. Paediatric cases constituted (32/130; 24.6%) cases. Head and neck was the most common site (52/130; 40%) followed by Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) (21/130; 16.2%) and central nervous system (13/130; 10%). Amongst the paediatric cases, head and neck (11/32; 34.4%) was the most common site, followed by GIT (8/32; 25%). Amongst head and neck lymphomas, nasal cavity and Waldeyer Ring were the most common sites followed by orbit and oral cavity. Common sites among the GIT lymphomas were stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The B-cell NHL constituted 81/130 (62.3%), T-cell NHL 20/130 (15.4%) and NHL (Unclassified) were 29/130 (22.3%). Amongst B-cell type NHL, Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) was the most common subtype. Conclusion: Extranodal NHL diagnosis is challenging due to morphological similarities with non haematopoietic tumours. Lineage determination by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) serves as the key to diagnosis. In our population, head and neck was the most common site, with B-cell NHL being the most common subtype.
结外非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)约占所有NHL的四分之一。然而，来自印度的结外NHL数据有限。目的:评估结外NHL在印度北部三级医疗机构的流行病学和组织学模式。材料与方法:回顾性观察研究从2016年1月至2019年12月的4年档案中检索的130例结外NHL(男性90例，女性40例)的活检切片数据，分析其组织学特征和免疫组织化学亚型。所有统计分析均采用SPSS (statistical Package for Social Sciences)软件进行。数值以数字、百分比、平均值和比率表示。结果:共报告NHL病例362例。其中，130例(36%)为结外NHL。男女比例为2.25:1。平均出现年龄为38.5岁。儿科病例占32/130;24.6%)的病例。头颈部是最常见的部位(52/130;40%)，其次是胃肠道(GIT) (21/130;16.2%)和中枢神经系统(13/130;10%)。在儿科病例中，头颈部(11/32;34.4%)是最常见的部位，其次是GIT (8/32;25%)。在头颈部淋巴瘤中，鼻腔和Waldeyer环是最常见的部位，其次是眼眶和口腔。胃肠道淋巴瘤的常见部位为胃、小肠和大肠。b细胞NHL占81/130 (62.3%)，t细胞NHL占20/130 (15.4%)，NHL(未分类)占29/130(22.3%)。在B细胞型NHL中，弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)是最常见的亚型。结论:结外NHL的诊断是具有挑战性的，因为它与非造血肿瘤的形态学相似。免疫组化(IHC)系系测定是诊断的关键。在我们的人群中，头颈部是最常见的部位，b细胞NHL是最常见的亚型。
{"title":"Primary Extranodal Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: An Observational Study at a Tertiary Care Teaching Centre in Northern India","authors":"Mili Jain, Shivanjali Raghuvanshi, S. Bhalla, P. Agarwal, Ashutosh Kumar, U. Singh, M. Goel","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/50589.2583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/50589.2583","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Extranodal Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) constitutes approximately one fourth of all NHL. The data regarding extranodal NHL from India is however limited. Aim: To evaluate the epidemiological and histomorphological patterns of extranodal NHL in a tertiary care institute in Northern India. Materials and Methods: The retrospective observational study was conducted on data of biopsy sections retrieved from the archives for a period of four years (January 2016 to December 2019), 130 extranodal NHL cases (90 males, 40 females) that were analysed for histological features and immunohistochemical subtype. All statistical analysis was done by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The values were represented in number, percentage, mean and ratio. Results: Total of 362 cases of NHL were reported. Out of which, 130 (36%) cases were of extranodal NHL. Male to female ratio being was 2.25:1. Mean age of presentation was 38.5 years. Paediatric cases constituted (32/130; 24.6%) cases. Head and neck was the most common site (52/130; 40%) followed by Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) (21/130; 16.2%) and central nervous system (13/130; 10%). Amongst the paediatric cases, head and neck (11/32; 34.4%) was the most common site, followed by GIT (8/32; 25%). Amongst head and neck lymphomas, nasal cavity and Waldeyer Ring were the most common sites followed by orbit and oral cavity. Common sites among the GIT lymphomas were stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The B-cell NHL constituted 81/130 (62.3%), T-cell NHL 20/130 (15.4%) and NHL (Unclassified) were 29/130 (22.3%). Amongst B-cell type NHL, Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) was the most common subtype. Conclusion: Extranodal NHL diagnosis is challenging due to morphological similarities with non haematopoietic tumours. Lineage determination by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) serves as the key to diagnosis. In our population, head and neck was the most common site, with B-cell NHL being the most common subtype.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/56319.2676
N. Mishra, Dayavanti Kumari, Aditya K Mishra
Introduction: The presence of Candida in urine, called Candiduria. Immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to this infection and it can cause life-threatening complications. Candida albicans is most common isolate in Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) but in recent years this is shifting to non-albicans groups. Researchers found that azole is the drug of choice against Candida infections but due to excess use of these drugs resistance is developing more frequently for azole group drugs and drug resistant isolates are increasing gradually. A unique virulence factor i.e biofilm production, similarly like bacterial species is a crucial factor which contributes to the resistance against antifungal drugs. Aim: To assess the prevalence of Candida spp. in UTI retrospectively. Materials and Methods: The present retrospective study was conducted in Department of Microbiology, T.S Misra Medical College, Lucknow, Uttar-Pradesh, India from January 2018 to February 2020. A total of 1576 urine samples were collected from different wards of hospitals and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with age group 0-80 years. Out of 1576 urine samples received, 786 had fungal growth, from which 176 Candida spp. were isolated. Candidauria and Candida UTIs data were collected from Institute's microbiology records retrospectively. The obtained results were statistically analysed in numbers and percentages using MS Excel 2013 version. Result: The prevalence of Candida species was 11.2%. The age group between 21-30 years was more prevalent. Diabetes mellitus was the main co-morbidity factor in Candiduria patients. The incidence rate was high in ICU patients 161 (91.5%) than non ICU patients (8.5%). Most the samples were isolated from general medicine (45.3%) and Obstetrics and Gynaecology department (34.8%) followed by general surgery (15.5%) and pediatric department (4.4%). Conclusion: Present study found the high prevalence of candiduria and the isolates were biofilm producers with increasing resistance against most common drugs fluconazole which is a major concern for the treatment and management aspects. In immunocompromised patients, it is important to identify the species of Candida isolates as well as their antifungal susceptibility pattern to assist the clinicians in treating the patients with candiduria.
{"title":"Prevalence of Candida species in Urinary Tract Infections from a Tertiary Care Hospital at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: A Retrospective Study","authors":"N. Mishra, Dayavanti Kumari, Aditya K Mishra","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/56319.2676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/56319.2676","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The presence of Candida in urine, called Candiduria. Immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to this infection and it can cause life-threatening complications. Candida albicans is most common isolate in Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) but in recent years this is shifting to non-albicans groups. Researchers found that azole is the drug of choice against Candida infections but due to excess use of these drugs resistance is developing more frequently for azole group drugs and drug resistant isolates are increasing gradually. A unique virulence factor i.e biofilm production, similarly like bacterial species is a crucial factor which contributes to the resistance against antifungal drugs. Aim: To assess the prevalence of Candida spp. in UTI retrospectively. Materials and Methods: The present retrospective study was conducted in Department of Microbiology, T.S Misra Medical College, Lucknow, Uttar-Pradesh, India from January 2018 to February 2020. A total of 1576 urine samples were collected from different wards of hospitals and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with age group 0-80 years. Out of 1576 urine samples received, 786 had fungal growth, from which 176 Candida spp. were isolated. Candidauria and Candida UTIs data were collected from Institute's microbiology records retrospectively. The obtained results were statistically analysed in numbers and percentages using MS Excel 2013 version. Result: The prevalence of Candida species was 11.2%. The age group between 21-30 years was more prevalent. Diabetes mellitus was the main co-morbidity factor in Candiduria patients. The incidence rate was high in ICU patients 161 (91.5%) than non ICU patients (8.5%). Most the samples were isolated from general medicine (45.3%) and Obstetrics and Gynaecology department (34.8%) followed by general surgery (15.5%) and pediatric department (4.4%). Conclusion: Present study found the high prevalence of candiduria and the isolates were biofilm producers with increasing resistance against most common drugs fluconazole which is a major concern for the treatment and management aspects. In immunocompromised patients, it is important to identify the species of Candida isolates as well as their antifungal susceptibility pattern to assist the clinicians in treating the patients with candiduria.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71271076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/55484.2661
Biswanath Paul, Priyaranjan Chattopadhyay, A. Bhattacharyya, D. Bhattacharjee
Introduction: The carcinoma of gallbladder is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract. The incidence of this carcinoma varies geographically. Incidental gallbladder carcinoma is diagnosed during histopathological examination after cholecystectomy due to other reasons. Histopathological examination of all cholecystectomy specimens are very essential to rule out these incidental gallbladder carcinomas. Aim: To this study to estimate the frequency of incidental gallbladder carcinoma in patients undergoing routine cholecystectomy and also to evaluate the necessity of routine histopathological examination after all cholecystectomy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Midnapore Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India between January 2014 to December 2019 (six years) covering 650 patients who underwent laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. Patients' demographic data, pathologic results, macroscopic appearance of the specimen, cancer staging were recorded and frequency of incidental gallbladder carcinoma were calculated. Result: Total 650 cholecystectomy specimens due to benign gallbladder disease were received in pathology department. Histopathological examination revealed 18 cases of incidental gallbladder carcinoma which comprised 2.8% of all the cholecystectomies. Among them 13 were female and five were in male with male: female ratio of 1:2.6 and the age ranges from 35 to 68 years. Among 18 cases 10 cases showed invasion upto lamina propria (stage T1a), five) cases had invasion in muscular layer (stage T1b) and three cases showed perimuscular connective tissue invasion (stage T2a). Conclution: The present study observed that the incidence of incidental gallbladder carcinoma in cholecystectomy specimen was little higher range in East Indian population and so routine histopathological examination of all cholecystectomy specimens are recommended.
{"title":"Incidental Gallbladder Carcinoma: An Eastern Indian Experience and Necessity of Routine Histopathological Examination after All Cholecystectomy","authors":"Biswanath Paul, Priyaranjan Chattopadhyay, A. Bhattacharyya, D. Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/55484.2661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/55484.2661","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The carcinoma of gallbladder is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract. The incidence of this carcinoma varies geographically. Incidental gallbladder carcinoma is diagnosed during histopathological examination after cholecystectomy due to other reasons. Histopathological examination of all cholecystectomy specimens are very essential to rule out these incidental gallbladder carcinomas. Aim: To this study to estimate the frequency of incidental gallbladder carcinoma in patients undergoing routine cholecystectomy and also to evaluate the necessity of routine histopathological examination after all cholecystectomy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Midnapore Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India between January 2014 to December 2019 (six years) covering 650 patients who underwent laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. Patients' demographic data, pathologic results, macroscopic appearance of the specimen, cancer staging were recorded and frequency of incidental gallbladder carcinoma were calculated. Result: Total 650 cholecystectomy specimens due to benign gallbladder disease were received in pathology department. Histopathological examination revealed 18 cases of incidental gallbladder carcinoma which comprised 2.8% of all the cholecystectomies. Among them 13 were female and five were in male with male: female ratio of 1:2.6 and the age ranges from 35 to 68 years. Among 18 cases 10 cases showed invasion upto lamina propria (stage T1a), five) cases had invasion in muscular layer (stage T1b) and three cases showed perimuscular connective tissue invasion (stage T2a). Conclution: The present study observed that the incidence of incidental gallbladder carcinoma in cholecystectomy specimen was little higher range in East Indian population and so routine histopathological examination of all cholecystectomy specimens are recommended.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71271278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/50387.2578
P. Prakash, S Kumar, Sanjay Kumar, hraddha Raj, Poonam Sinha
Introduction: The SLC25A38 gene produces protein that belongs to the mitochondrial solute carrier family, SLC25. It is implicated in apoptotic pathways, which regulate intrinsic caspase-dependent apoptosis. Aim: To determine level of expression of SLC25A38 gene in patients of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in the Department of Biochemistry, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India, from April 2019 to March 2020. The study included 30 leukaemia patients out of which 25 were adult males and five were adult females and 10 healthy volunteers were included as the control group. Level of expression of SLC25A38 gene normalised to Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene relative to normal healthy volunteers among the ALL patients was measured using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. All data collected were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 software. Results: An average of 5.3 fold expression of SLC25A38 gene normalised to GAPDH relative to normal healthy volunteer among the ALL patients was seen. The fold of expression was determined by 2-∆∆Ct method. There was a positive correlation between blast cell abundance and level of SLC25A38 gene expression (Pearson’s r=0.408, p=0.025). The expression level was found to be associated with the proportion of blast cells in the bone marrow. Conclusion: High expression of SLC25A38 gene is a common feature in ALL and may be a novel biomarker for prognosis and diagnosis, as well as a potential therapeutic target for ALL.
{"title":"Differential Expression of SLC25A38 Gene in Patients of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia","authors":"P. Prakash, S Kumar, Sanjay Kumar, hraddha Raj, Poonam Sinha","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/50387.2578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/50387.2578","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The SLC25A38 gene produces protein that belongs to the mitochondrial solute carrier family, SLC25. It is implicated in apoptotic pathways, which regulate intrinsic caspase-dependent apoptosis. Aim: To determine level of expression of SLC25A38 gene in patients of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in the Department of Biochemistry, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India, from April 2019 to March 2020. The study included 30 leukaemia patients out of which 25 were adult males and five were adult females and 10 healthy volunteers were included as the control group. Level of expression of SLC25A38 gene normalised to Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene relative to normal healthy volunteers among the ALL patients was measured using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. All data collected were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 software. Results: An average of 5.3 fold expression of SLC25A38 gene normalised to GAPDH relative to normal healthy volunteer among the ALL patients was seen. The fold of expression was determined by 2-∆∆Ct method. There was a positive correlation between blast cell abundance and level of SLC25A38 gene expression (Pearson’s r=0.408, p=0.025). The expression level was found to be associated with the proportion of blast cells in the bone marrow. Conclusion: High expression of SLC25A38 gene is a common feature in ALL and may be a novel biomarker for prognosis and diagnosis, as well as a potential therapeutic target for ALL.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/njlm/2022/51736.2606
C. Ravikanth, B. Babu, R. Arun, K. Babu
Introduction: The main aim of many blood centers are to supply sufficient amount of safe blood and blood components whenever required. Shortage of blood may be due to low donation rate, inadequate storage, improper transportation and wastage at ward side. Wastage of blood can have a negative impact on blood transfusion services. Aim: To determine the rates of wastage of blood and blood components units at the ward side and identify the various reasons for wastage and explain the strategies to reduce the wastage rate. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India from January 2018 to December 2020. The data was collected from the blood centre record. All blood and blood components issued during the study period were included in the study. The number, type and blood group of blood and blood components issued, the number of blood units wasted after issue, and the reason for wastage was collected. The collected data were entered in Microsoft excel and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0. Descriptive statistics were performed as necessary. Results: During the study period, a total of 69198 units of blood and blood components were issued to different wards and operation theatres in the hospital. Among the total issues, 26863 (38.82%) were in the form of Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBC), 3968 (5.73%) in the form of Whole Blood (WB), 26069 (37.67%) in the form of Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP), 11272 (16.29%) in the form of Random Donor Platelets (RDP), 933 (1.35%) in the form of Cryoprecipitate (CP) and 93 (0.13%) in the form of Single Donor Platelets (SDP). Among issued, 115 (0.17%) of blood and blood components were wasted with packed red cells accounting for 51 (44.35%). Among the various reasons, 43 (37.39%) was due to demise of patients before transfusion was initiated, followed by non requirement by the patients due to no loss/minimal loss blood during surgery 24 (20.87%). Majority of blood and blood components were wasted by the Department of Emergency Medicine (EMD) 36 (31.3%) followed by the Department of Neurology 20 (17.39%) and Orthopaedics 12 (10.43%). Conclusion: Implementation of proper blood transfusion policies and continuous educational programs in coordination with clinicians and staff nurses at ward side and operation theatres will help to decrease the blood wastage at ward side.
{"title":"Analysis of Blood and Blood Component Wastage and its Reasons among Various Departments in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Southern India","authors":"C. Ravikanth, B. Babu, R. Arun, K. Babu","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/51736.2606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/51736.2606","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The main aim of many blood centers are to supply sufficient amount of safe blood and blood components whenever required. Shortage of blood may be due to low donation rate, inadequate storage, improper transportation and wastage at ward side. Wastage of blood can have a negative impact on blood transfusion services. Aim: To determine the rates of wastage of blood and blood components units at the ward side and identify the various reasons for wastage and explain the strategies to reduce the wastage rate. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India from January 2018 to December 2020. The data was collected from the blood centre record. All blood and blood components issued during the study period were included in the study. The number, type and blood group of blood and blood components issued, the number of blood units wasted after issue, and the reason for wastage was collected. The collected data were entered in Microsoft excel and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0. Descriptive statistics were performed as necessary. Results: During the study period, a total of 69198 units of blood and blood components were issued to different wards and operation theatres in the hospital. Among the total issues, 26863 (38.82%) were in the form of Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBC), 3968 (5.73%) in the form of Whole Blood (WB), 26069 (37.67%) in the form of Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP), 11272 (16.29%) in the form of Random Donor Platelets (RDP), 933 (1.35%) in the form of Cryoprecipitate (CP) and 93 (0.13%) in the form of Single Donor Platelets (SDP). Among issued, 115 (0.17%) of blood and blood components were wasted with packed red cells accounting for 51 (44.35%). Among the various reasons, 43 (37.39%) was due to demise of patients before transfusion was initiated, followed by non requirement by the patients due to no loss/minimal loss blood during surgery 24 (20.87%). Majority of blood and blood components were wasted by the Department of Emergency Medicine (EMD) 36 (31.3%) followed by the Department of Neurology 20 (17.39%) and Orthopaedics 12 (10.43%). Conclusion: Implementation of proper blood transfusion policies and continuous educational programs in coordination with clinicians and staff nurses at ward side and operation theatres will help to decrease the blood wastage at ward side.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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