The management of sewage sludge, generated at various stages of wastewater treatment, is still a significant problem. One of the possibilities of using sewage sludge, which is a valuable source of nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus), is its use for agricultural purposes. Sludge can be used for fertilising when it meets the requirements with regard to the content of heavy metals, the number of eggs of intestinal parasites and Salmonella bacteria, and when the amount of organic substances and fertilising components is sufficient. That is why it is so important to know exactly the characteristics of sewage sludge. This allows determination of whether it can be used as fertiliser in agriculture. The study assesses the agricultural use of sewage sludge from three mechanical and biological wastewater treatment plants of different PE, produced in 2016-2018. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the physicochemical parameters of the sludge. Particular attention was paid to the fertilisation and sanitary properties, as well as the presence of heavy metals, which were largely influenced by such factors as: the size of the wastewater treatment plant, the method of sewage sludge treatment and sludge management, and the nature of the catchment area. The concentrations of particular substances in sludge from wastewater treatment plants differed from one another, and sometimes these were very large differences. The conducted analysis showed that sewage sludge, from both small and large wastewater treatment plants, has a significant potential as agricultural fertiliser due to the presence of minerals such as nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium.
{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF AGRICULTURAL USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE FROM SMALL, MEDIUM AND LARGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS","authors":"J. Czarnota, Justyna Kurcek, Natalia Twaróg","doi":"10.7862/rb.2020.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7862/rb.2020.2","url":null,"abstract":"The management of sewage sludge, generated at various stages of wastewater treatment, is still a significant problem. One of the possibilities of using sewage sludge, which is a valuable source of nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus), is its use for agricultural purposes. Sludge can be used for fertilising when it meets the requirements with regard to the content of heavy metals, the number of eggs of intestinal parasites and Salmonella bacteria, and when the amount of organic substances and fertilising components is sufficient. That is why it is so important to know exactly the characteristics of sewage sludge. This allows determination of whether it can be used as fertiliser in agriculture. The study assesses the agricultural use of sewage sludge from three mechanical and biological wastewater treatment plants of different PE, produced in 2016-2018. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the physicochemical parameters of the sludge. Particular attention was paid to the fertilisation and sanitary properties, as well as the presence of heavy metals, which were largely influenced by such factors as: the size of the wastewater treatment plant, the method of sewage sludge treatment and sludge management, and the nature of the catchment area. The concentrations of particular substances in sludge from wastewater treatment plants differed from one another, and sometimes these were very large differences. The conducted analysis showed that sewage sludge, from both small and large wastewater treatment plants, has a significant potential as agricultural fertiliser due to the presence of minerals such as nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium.","PeriodicalId":31364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering Environment and Architecture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46154291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrzej Wojnar, Katarzyna Sieńkowska, Olena Chernieva
Single-nave halls with a steel structure are used in industrial construction and as storage, sports, public facilities, temporary buildings, etc. In terms of design, they consist of: main load-bearing systems, purlins and support systems for the wall casing and roofing. Individual elements of the hall structure can be made of hot-rolled profiles or cold formed, thin-walled elements with slender walls. The load capacity of the roof structure of an industrial hall, unconstrained by roofing, was analysed in the paper. The rigidity of the roof structure in its plane was ensured by an appropriate roof bracing system. It was also assumed that the work of the roof structure in a perpendicular direction to the roof plane is to be similar to the behavior of a steel grate - cooperation between purlins and rigid tie rods was assumed, with vertical loads applied only to the purlins.
{"title":"RESISTANCE OF A STEEL ROOF STIFFENING SYSTEM OF INDUSTRIAL HALLS MADE FROM COLD FORMED PROFILES","authors":"Andrzej Wojnar, Katarzyna Sieńkowska, Olena Chernieva","doi":"10.7862/rb.2019.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7862/rb.2019.20","url":null,"abstract":"Single-nave halls with a steel structure are used in industrial construction and as storage, sports, public facilities, temporary buildings, etc. In terms of design, they consist of: main load-bearing systems, purlins and support systems for the wall casing and roofing. Individual elements of the hall structure can be made of hot-rolled profiles or cold formed, thin-walled elements with slender walls. The load capacity of the roof structure of an industrial hall, unconstrained by roofing, was analysed in the paper. The rigidity of the roof structure in its plane was ensured by an appropriate roof bracing system. It was also assumed that the work of the roof structure in a perpendicular direction to the roof plane is to be similar to the behavior of a steel grate - cooperation between purlins and rigid tie rods was assumed, with vertical loads applied only to the purlins.","PeriodicalId":31364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering Environment and Architecture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41433166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leonid Dvorkin, Grzegorz Prokopski, V. Marchuk, Andriy Huts
The issue of ensuring the construction of materials and products, necessary quality characteristics and durability, is associated with the solution of many problems arising both in the construction industry enterprises and in the conditions of a construction site. Most of these (construction-technological) problems are solved due to the rational choice of raw materials, changes in the ratio between the main components, as well as production modes. The method of solving such problems assumes simultaneous consideration of many factors (composition, consumption of components, formation conditions, hardening, etc.) and providing many parameters (workability, strength, frost resistance, water resistance, etc.), which in practice is difficult to implement by traditional methods of experimentation because of high labor intensity of the work and the need for complex analysis. The article considers using methods of system analysis and mathematical planning of experiments in the study of building materials quality. Methods of obtaining mathematical models of various types, their interpretation and analysis, as well as the basic principles of using system analysis for solving the problems of building materials technology are presented. The technique of mathematical planning of experiments is presented. The main types of tasks solved with this method are analyzed, optimization criteria for solving problems of concrete technology are formulated. Methods for constructing linear and nonlinear models, their statistical analysis, and typical plans for carrying out experiments are presented.
{"title":"THE USE OF MATHEMATICAL EXPERIMENTS PLANNING IN BUILDING MATERIALS QUALITY RESEARCH","authors":"Leonid Dvorkin, Grzegorz Prokopski, V. Marchuk, Andriy Huts","doi":"10.7862/rb.2019.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7862/rb.2019.19","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of ensuring the construction of materials and products, necessary quality characteristics and durability, is associated with the solution of many problems arising both in the construction industry enterprises and in the conditions of a construction site. Most of these (construction-technological) problems are solved due to the rational choice of raw materials, changes in the ratio between the main components, as well as production modes. The method of solving such problems assumes simultaneous consideration of many factors (composition, consumption of components, formation conditions, hardening, etc.) and providing many parameters (workability, strength, frost resistance, water resistance, etc.), which in practice is difficult to implement by traditional methods of experimentation because of high labor intensity of the work and the need for complex analysis. The article considers using methods of system analysis and mathematical planning of experiments in the study of building materials quality. Methods of obtaining mathematical models of various types, their interpretation and analysis, as well as the basic principles of using system analysis for solving the problems of building materials technology are presented. The technique of mathematical planning of experiments is presented. The main types of tasks solved with this method are analyzed, optimization criteria for solving problems of concrete technology are formulated. Methods for constructing linear and nonlinear models, their statistical analysis, and typical plans for carrying out experiments are presented.","PeriodicalId":31364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering Environment and Architecture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42899839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water supply system (WSS) is characterized by its continuous work and requires high reliability level for its operating as well as for its safety System operating is inseparably connected with the possibility that different failures (undesirable events) occur. The most often they have random character and then they can be described by the classical methods used in the reliability engineering including the probabilistic methods but sometimes they are the consequences of the events which can cause the catastrophic situation. Events of this type cause the so called domino effect that is a chain of the undesirable events which very often develops according to some definite scenarios. In many cases the consequences of such events can be very serious for water consumers as well as for water pipe companies. The basic measure describing WSS safety is risk and the elaboration of the model to analyze risk connected with WSS will allow to use the safety barriers properly. The paper presents paradigms of risk analysis in WSS in the aspect of improving safety for water consumers.
{"title":"THE RISK AS A MEASURE OF SYSTEM SAFETY","authors":"Janusz Rak, Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak","doi":"10.7862/rb.2019.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7862/rb.2019.23","url":null,"abstract":"Water supply system (WSS) is characterized by its continuous work and requires high reliability level for its operating as well as for its safety System operating is inseparably connected with the possibility that different failures (undesirable events) occur. The most often they have random character and then they can be described by the classical methods used in the reliability engineering including the probabilistic methods but sometimes they are the consequences of the events which can cause the catastrophic situation. Events of this type cause the so called domino effect that is a chain of the undesirable events which very often develops according to some definite scenarios. In many cases the consequences of such events can be very serious for water consumers as well as for water pipe companies. The basic measure describing WSS safety is risk and the elaboration of the model to analyze risk connected with WSS will allow to use the safety barriers properly. The paper presents paradigms of risk analysis in WSS in the aspect of improving safety for water consumers.","PeriodicalId":31364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering Environment and Architecture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48956852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alicja Tama, K. Adamek, K. Pargieła, Agnieszka Ochałek, A. Krawczyk, M. Lupa
{"title":"Monitoring of historical land use changes caused by underground mining in Miedzianka town, based on a webgis tool and InSAR observations","authors":"Alicja Tama, K. Adamek, K. Pargieła, Agnieszka Ochałek, A. Krawczyk, M. Lupa","doi":"10.7862/RB.2018.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7862/RB.2018.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering Environment and Architecture","volume":"65 1","pages":"127-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71281966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ZASTOSOWANIE PIANOBETONU W WARSTWACH KONSTRUKCJI NAWIERZCHNI DROGOWEJ","authors":"M. Kadela","doi":"10.7862/RB.2017.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7862/RB.2017.104","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering Environment and Architecture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71278244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analiza wartości osiadań konsolidowanych gruntów organicznych modelem numerycznym w porównaniu z wartościami pomierzonymi","authors":"R. Coufal, M. Olszewska","doi":"10.7862/RB.2017.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7862/RB.2017.105","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering Environment and Architecture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71278293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Parametry kontaktu międzyfazowego wybranych materiałów stosowanych w budownictwie ziemnym","authors":"A. Gruchot, E. Zawisza, E. Czyż","doi":"10.7862/RB.2017.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7862/RB.2017.107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering Environment and Architecture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71278314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dynamic forces generated by moving persons can lead to excessive vibration of the long span, slender and light-weight structure such as floors, stairs, stadium stands and footbridges. These dynamic forces are generated during walking, running, jumping and rhythmical body sway-ing in vertical or horizontal direction etc. One of the important type of dynamic loading of a sus-ceptible and light-weight structures can be the ground reaction forces generated during rhythmical-ly repeated squats. In the paper the load models of the ground reaction forces generated during partial squats have been presented. Elaborated models was compared to the forces measured during laboratory tests carried out by author in wide range of frequency using force platform. Moreo-ver, the load models were initially validated during dynamic numerical analyses and dynamic field tests of the exemplary footbridges.
{"title":"Modelowanie obciążeń dynamicznych w formie przysiadów na kładkach dla pieszych","authors":"M. Pańtak","doi":"10.7862/RB.2017.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7862/RB.2017.114","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic forces generated by moving persons can lead to excessive vibration of the long span, slender and light-weight structure such as floors, stairs, stadium stands and footbridges. These dynamic forces are generated during walking, running, jumping and rhythmical body sway-ing in vertical or horizontal direction etc. One of the important type of dynamic loading of a sus-ceptible and light-weight structures can be the ground reaction forces generated during rhythmical-ly repeated squats. In the paper the load models of the ground reaction forces generated during partial squats have been presented. Elaborated models was compared to the forces measured during laboratory tests carried out by author in wide range of frequency using force platform. Moreo-ver, the load models were initially validated during dynamic numerical analyses and dynamic field tests of the exemplary footbridges.","PeriodicalId":31364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering Environment and Architecture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71278513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Praca przedstawia badania eksperymentalne ponad 40 slupow CFST. Analizie poddano wyniki sily niszczącej slupy w aspekcie grubości stalowego plaszcza, smuklości slupa, rodzaju betonu wypelniającego stalową rure (zwykly i ekspansywny) i jego wytrzymalości a takze sposobu obciązania slupa (przez rdzen lub przez caly przekroj). Sprawdzono efektywnośc slupow CFST z uzyciem betonu ekspansywnego i zwyklego rozumianą jako stosunek nośności eksperymentalnej slupa do nośności plastycznej osiowo ściskanego przekroju slupa. Oceniono przydatnośc autorskiej metody wyznaczania nośności slupow CFST, rozniącej sie zasadniczo od metody wg EC4, przy wyzszych stopniach zbrojenia, przekraczających 6%.
{"title":"Badania eksperymentalne słupów CFST z betonem zwykłym i ekspansywnym","authors":"M. Abramski, J. Kondrat, P. Korzeniowski","doi":"10.7862/RB.2017.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7862/RB.2017.124","url":null,"abstract":"Praca przedstawia badania eksperymentalne ponad 40 slupow CFST. Analizie poddano wyniki sily niszczącej slupy w aspekcie grubości stalowego plaszcza, smuklości slupa, rodzaju betonu wypelniającego stalową rure (zwykly i ekspansywny) i jego wytrzymalości a takze sposobu obciązania slupa (przez rdzen lub przez caly przekroj). Sprawdzono efektywnośc slupow CFST z uzyciem betonu ekspansywnego i zwyklego rozumianą jako stosunek nośności eksperymentalnej slupa do nośności plastycznej osiowo ściskanego przekroju slupa. Oceniono przydatnośc autorskiej metody wyznaczania nośności slupow CFST, rozniącej sie zasadniczo od metody wg EC4, przy wyzszych stopniach zbrojenia, przekraczających 6%.","PeriodicalId":31364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering Environment and Architecture","volume":"1 1","pages":"307-323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71278676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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