Abstract Research background: Ageing societies is a global phenomenon. In the media and the press, there strongly exists a stereotype of elderly people being poorly adjusted to social change, lonely, poor and not open to market novelties. However, an in-depth description of the senior consumer market segment shows their high degree of variety and differentiation in their approach to purchasing product innovations. Purpose: The aim of the article is to present a model of segmentation of older people according to the criterion of their attitudes towards innovation on the FMCG market. Research methodology: The source of information for building the typology was personal interviews conducted in 2018 with people aged over 60 in Greater Poland (the Wielkopolska region). The selection of respondents (the sample consisted of 1,451 people) was carried out using the quota selection method. The K-means clustering algorithm was applied to classify the respondents into clusters. Results: The research procedure allowed for the identification of different segments of senior consumers: reluctant conservatives, knowledgeable traditionalists, aspiring withdrawn/passive, unaware practical and rational innovators. Novelty: The results of the analysis of the segmentation of senior consumers confirm that people actively interested in product innovations on the FMCG market constitute a relatively small part of the elderly population (18.0%) and that there is a clear relationship between the attitude towards innovation and the characteristics of consumers in terms of economic, demographic and social variables.
{"title":"Innovativeness of Senior Consumers’ Attitudes – An Attempt to Conduct Segmentation","authors":"T. Olejniczak","doi":"10.2478/foli-2021-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2021-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: Ageing societies is a global phenomenon. In the media and the press, there strongly exists a stereotype of elderly people being poorly adjusted to social change, lonely, poor and not open to market novelties. However, an in-depth description of the senior consumer market segment shows their high degree of variety and differentiation in their approach to purchasing product innovations. Purpose: The aim of the article is to present a model of segmentation of older people according to the criterion of their attitudes towards innovation on the FMCG market. Research methodology: The source of information for building the typology was personal interviews conducted in 2018 with people aged over 60 in Greater Poland (the Wielkopolska region). The selection of respondents (the sample consisted of 1,451 people) was carried out using the quota selection method. The K-means clustering algorithm was applied to classify the respondents into clusters. Results: The research procedure allowed for the identification of different segments of senior consumers: reluctant conservatives, knowledgeable traditionalists, aspiring withdrawn/passive, unaware practical and rational innovators. Novelty: The results of the analysis of the segmentation of senior consumers confirm that people actively interested in product innovations on the FMCG market constitute a relatively small part of the elderly population (18.0%) and that there is a clear relationship between the attitude towards innovation and the characteristics of consumers in terms of economic, demographic and social variables.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131228084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: A number of microeconomic and macroeconomic variables affect credit risk. Macroeconomic factors are particularly significant for credit risk volatility. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify significant macroeconomic determinants influencing credit risk in the banking sector of Central and Eastern Europe. This goal was achieved as a result of a statistical and econometric analysis. Research methodology: The empirical part includes a statistical study based on an analysis of primary statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficients between selected variables and the credit risk measure. Afterwards, on the basis of aggregated panel data at the country level, an econometric model was made through the GMM system. Novelty: A statistical and econometric analysis was conducted that showed the occurrence of long-term shocks for credit risk for Central and Eastern European countries, which is in opposition to short-term shocks based on global credit risk studies. The stability of results for the impact of economic growth, unemployment rate and inflation rate on credit risk was confirmed. The occurrence of “moral hazard” in the banking sector of some of the examined countries was also proved. A comparison was made of the impact of macroeconomic variables on credit risk in particular examined countries. A considerable diversity of countries was demonstrated in terms of “moral hazard” in the banking sector.
{"title":"Macroeconomic Determinants Affecting Credit Risk in Central and Eastern Europe","authors":"Anna Pluskota","doi":"10.2478/foli-2021-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2021-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: A number of microeconomic and macroeconomic variables affect credit risk. Macroeconomic factors are particularly significant for credit risk volatility. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify significant macroeconomic determinants influencing credit risk in the banking sector of Central and Eastern Europe. This goal was achieved as a result of a statistical and econometric analysis. Research methodology: The empirical part includes a statistical study based on an analysis of primary statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficients between selected variables and the credit risk measure. Afterwards, on the basis of aggregated panel data at the country level, an econometric model was made through the GMM system. Novelty: A statistical and econometric analysis was conducted that showed the occurrence of long-term shocks for credit risk for Central and Eastern European countries, which is in opposition to short-term shocks based on global credit risk studies. The stability of results for the impact of economic growth, unemployment rate and inflation rate on credit risk was confirmed. The occurrence of “moral hazard” in the banking sector of some of the examined countries was also proved. A comparison was made of the impact of macroeconomic variables on credit risk in particular examined countries. A considerable diversity of countries was demonstrated in terms of “moral hazard” in the banking sector.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123868601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: There is the lack of a sector based analysis of wages for different genders. We present such an analysis regarding the education sector in Poland. purpose: The study aims to compare hourly earnings for men and women in Poland, with particular emphasis on the education sector. We go beyond the simple Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and compare earnings distributions. Research methodology: First, we examine the hourly earnings inequalities using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition procedure. Second, we extend this procedure to different quantile points along the whole earnings distribution by the use of the residual imputation approach. The results are obtained for the whole sample (people of all professions), for a group of teaching professionals, and for university and higher education teachers. Results: The magnitude of the gender hourly wage gap varies substantially depending on how the sample of interest is defined. It also heavily depends on the quantile of the analyzed distribution. Although the average gap in the educational sector is negative, the differences turn positive and increase with higher quantiles of distribution in favor of men. The disparity was most pronounced for university top professionals. Novelty: Our results provide novel insights into the sectoral dimension of the income gap. We analyze inequalities over whole distribution in the educational sector and compare them with wage inequalities in enterprises employing more than 9 people.
{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of Men and Women’s Hourly Earnings in Poland with Particular Emphasis on the Education Sector","authors":"J. Landmesser, M. Rusek, Olga Zajkowska","doi":"10.2478/foli-2021-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2021-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: There is the lack of a sector based analysis of wages for different genders. We present such an analysis regarding the education sector in Poland. purpose: The study aims to compare hourly earnings for men and women in Poland, with particular emphasis on the education sector. We go beyond the simple Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and compare earnings distributions. Research methodology: First, we examine the hourly earnings inequalities using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition procedure. Second, we extend this procedure to different quantile points along the whole earnings distribution by the use of the residual imputation approach. The results are obtained for the whole sample (people of all professions), for a group of teaching professionals, and for university and higher education teachers. Results: The magnitude of the gender hourly wage gap varies substantially depending on how the sample of interest is defined. It also heavily depends on the quantile of the analyzed distribution. Although the average gap in the educational sector is negative, the differences turn positive and increase with higher quantiles of distribution in favor of men. The disparity was most pronounced for university top professionals. Novelty: Our results provide novel insights into the sectoral dimension of the income gap. We analyze inequalities over whole distribution in the educational sector and compare them with wage inequalities in enterprises employing more than 9 people.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"411 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134132023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background and purpose: The CAPM, Fama-French and modified Fama-French models were used to estimate the cost of the capital of the DJIA and selected Polish stock indexes were used. The estimated cost of capital was the cost of the portfolio of corporate investment projects estimated by market returns. Research methodology: The model tests were run on 276 monthly returns of stocks listed on the markets in the years 1995–2019. The bootstrap method to estimate the confidence interval of the cost of capital was used. Results: The highest and positive cost of capital median was found for the DJIA index, about 0.85% monthly, and for the WIG20 and WIGDIV indexes, about 0.25% monthly. The cost of capital median for the mWIG80, WIGBANK and WIGCHEMIA indexes were found to be negative. This was due to large errors in the estimated cost of capital. Novelty: Minor errors in the estimation of the cost of capital of index DJIA may result from a more rational policy for the implementation of investment projects by companies included in the index.
{"title":"The Cost of Capital for Investment in the Warsaw Stock Exchange Indexes – Versus Djia","authors":"S. Urbański","doi":"10.2478/foli-2021-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2021-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background and purpose: The CAPM, Fama-French and modified Fama-French models were used to estimate the cost of the capital of the DJIA and selected Polish stock indexes were used. The estimated cost of capital was the cost of the portfolio of corporate investment projects estimated by market returns. Research methodology: The model tests were run on 276 monthly returns of stocks listed on the markets in the years 1995–2019. The bootstrap method to estimate the confidence interval of the cost of capital was used. Results: The highest and positive cost of capital median was found for the DJIA index, about 0.85% monthly, and for the WIG20 and WIGDIV indexes, about 0.25% monthly. The cost of capital median for the mWIG80, WIGBANK and WIGCHEMIA indexes were found to be negative. This was due to large errors in the estimated cost of capital. Novelty: Minor errors in the estimation of the cost of capital of index DJIA may result from a more rational policy for the implementation of investment projects by companies included in the index.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116572484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: Scientific exploration of customer orientation also confirms the existence of connections which occur between the focus of an enterprise on the needs of its customers and the level of its innovativeness. For it is the customer and his/her needs that determine a company’s primary directions of development and, in the end, the customer decides whether to make purchases and accept the company’s offer Purpose: The goal of the present study is the systemization of knowledge within the scope of customer orientation and dependencies that exist between innovativeness and customer orientation. Research methodology: Inferences have been supported by the results of a CAWI quantitative survey conducted among 204 business leaders (top managers) from the Podlasie Voivodeship in Poland. Results: The study results confirm that customer orientation within a company can vary in form and differ in character as well as indicate that innovation can determine the level of customer orientation within an enterprise. Novelty: The study of the dependence between customer orientation and innovativeness is a challenge for management sciences and is subject to some limitations since both innovativeness as well as customer orientation are structures which are very complex and ambiguous. Innovation becomes a factor unifying a company with a customer because it guarantees the provision of new values and is the answer to the dynamic character of those changes.
{"title":"Customer Orientation and Innovation – The Perspective of Top-Level Management","authors":"Urszula Widelska, K. Krot","doi":"10.2478/foli-2021-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2021-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: Scientific exploration of customer orientation also confirms the existence of connections which occur between the focus of an enterprise on the needs of its customers and the level of its innovativeness. For it is the customer and his/her needs that determine a company’s primary directions of development and, in the end, the customer decides whether to make purchases and accept the company’s offer Purpose: The goal of the present study is the systemization of knowledge within the scope of customer orientation and dependencies that exist between innovativeness and customer orientation. Research methodology: Inferences have been supported by the results of a CAWI quantitative survey conducted among 204 business leaders (top managers) from the Podlasie Voivodeship in Poland. Results: The study results confirm that customer orientation within a company can vary in form and differ in character as well as indicate that innovation can determine the level of customer orientation within an enterprise. Novelty: The study of the dependence between customer orientation and innovativeness is a challenge for management sciences and is subject to some limitations since both innovativeness as well as customer orientation are structures which are very complex and ambiguous. Innovation becomes a factor unifying a company with a customer because it guarantees the provision of new values and is the answer to the dynamic character of those changes.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122198793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: Crime is a complex social phenomenon studied by scientists from various disciplines, as well as being of interest to politicians and the general public. Although the decrease in the level of crime has been observed in Poland in recent years, there is still a need to search for effective methods of investigating the phenomenon of crime in a multidimensional perspective. Purpose: The aim of the paper is to assess the spatial and temporal diversity of the chosen criminal offences categories in Poland from 2000 to 2017. Research methodology: The analyzed dataset constitutes a data cube: objects x variables x time. This type of data requires the use of methods dealing with three-way data structures, therefore the Partial Triadic Analysis, belonging to the STATIS family methods, was successfully applied. Results: The structure of crime by voivodeship was fairly stable during the analyzed years. Three clusters of voivodeships similar in terms of the criminal crime rate were determined. The Podkarpackie Voivodeship was characterized by the most stable structure of criminal crime in the considered period. In contrast, noticeable changes in the crime structure over time were observed in the Opolskie, Dolnośląskie, Mazowieckie and Małopolskie Voivodeships. The highest variability was observed for crimes under The Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction. Novelty: To the best knowledge of the author, there are no papers on the level of crime using the PTA method for analysis.
{"title":"Application of the Partial Triadic Analysis Method to Analyze the Crime Rate in Poland in the Years 2000–2017","authors":"M. Misztal","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0047","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: Crime is a complex social phenomenon studied by scientists from various disciplines, as well as being of interest to politicians and the general public. Although the decrease in the level of crime has been observed in Poland in recent years, there is still a need to search for effective methods of investigating the phenomenon of crime in a multidimensional perspective. Purpose: The aim of the paper is to assess the spatial and temporal diversity of the chosen criminal offences categories in Poland from 2000 to 2017. Research methodology: The analyzed dataset constitutes a data cube: objects x variables x time. This type of data requires the use of methods dealing with three-way data structures, therefore the Partial Triadic Analysis, belonging to the STATIS family methods, was successfully applied. Results: The structure of crime by voivodeship was fairly stable during the analyzed years. Three clusters of voivodeships similar in terms of the criminal crime rate were determined. The Podkarpackie Voivodeship was characterized by the most stable structure of criminal crime in the considered period. In contrast, noticeable changes in the crime structure over time were observed in the Opolskie, Dolnośląskie, Mazowieckie and Małopolskie Voivodeships. The highest variability was observed for crimes under The Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction. Novelty: To the best knowledge of the author, there are no papers on the level of crime using the PTA method for analysis.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127016328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: The growing segment of elderly consumers implies the need to permanently explore the needs and expectations of older people in relation to the offer of food products. This is because, as the research results show, the households of the elderly are characterized by the different fulfillment of needs compared to others. Purpose: The survey conducted among people over 60 in 2019 was aimed at determining the selected concerns of senior consumers related to the safety of food products. Research methodology: The research among people over 60 years of age was conducted in the Wielkopolska region (of Poland) in 2019 on a sample of 373 people. The respondents were selected using the quota selection method. Results: The vast majority of seniors point to a variety of concerns about the safety of food products. This is surprising, as the respondents equally often emphasize that food in Poland is safe. Novelty: The observations are an important implication for producers or commercial agents – their task is to prepare messages to confirm that the food products offered meet the quality requirements. The process of educating older people can be made difficult – primarily through their well-established (over the years) nutritional practices related to the purchase and consumption of those products that are essential for life.
{"title":"The Fears of Elderly People in the Process of Purchasing Food Products","authors":"Magdalena Olejniczak, T. Olejniczak","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0049","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: The growing segment of elderly consumers implies the need to permanently explore the needs and expectations of older people in relation to the offer of food products. This is because, as the research results show, the households of the elderly are characterized by the different fulfillment of needs compared to others. Purpose: The survey conducted among people over 60 in 2019 was aimed at determining the selected concerns of senior consumers related to the safety of food products. Research methodology: The research among people over 60 years of age was conducted in the Wielkopolska region (of Poland) in 2019 on a sample of 373 people. The respondents were selected using the quota selection method. Results: The vast majority of seniors point to a variety of concerns about the safety of food products. This is surprising, as the respondents equally often emphasize that food in Poland is safe. Novelty: The observations are an important implication for producers or commercial agents – their task is to prepare messages to confirm that the food products offered meet the quality requirements. The process of educating older people can be made difficult – primarily through their well-established (over the years) nutritional practices related to the purchase and consumption of those products that are essential for life.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133058060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: An investment appraisal applies a single discount rate across all effects. However, this may be insufficient for heterogenous environmental impacts, mixing private and public goods as well as use and non-use values, where individuals may have multiple intertemporal preferences due to their duality to act as consumer or citizen. Purpose: The paper aims at identifying the scope of discrepancies in the level of discount rate for public and private as well as use-and non-use investment gains. Research methodology: The contingent valuation method is used to elicit stated discount rates for 2 hypothetical investments: environmental or financial gains to distinguish between public and private domain accompanied by two time-frames: short (use values) and long (non-use values). Results: The discount rate for the environment is lower than for money. It is also lower for the long-term horizon in comparison with the short-term perspective. The discrepancies are observed also for explanatory variables in respect to a socio-economic profile and attitude characteristics. Novelty: The paper adds to the discussion on valuation discrepancies between self-interested consumers and socially oriented citizens. The scarcity of previous research examining discount rates for public/private goods as well as the short/long-time horizon make the results relevant for public policy dealing with climate change and environmental protection, providing an insight into individual intertemporal preferences.
{"title":"The Dilemmas of Public Vs. Private Goods Discounting for Long-Term Investment Appraisal: The Puzzle of Citizen and Consumer Approaches to Valuation","authors":"Monika Foltyn-Zarychta","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: An investment appraisal applies a single discount rate across all effects. However, this may be insufficient for heterogenous environmental impacts, mixing private and public goods as well as use and non-use values, where individuals may have multiple intertemporal preferences due to their duality to act as consumer or citizen. Purpose: The paper aims at identifying the scope of discrepancies in the level of discount rate for public and private as well as use-and non-use investment gains. Research methodology: The contingent valuation method is used to elicit stated discount rates for 2 hypothetical investments: environmental or financial gains to distinguish between public and private domain accompanied by two time-frames: short (use values) and long (non-use values). Results: The discount rate for the environment is lower than for money. It is also lower for the long-term horizon in comparison with the short-term perspective. The discrepancies are observed also for explanatory variables in respect to a socio-economic profile and attitude characteristics. Novelty: The paper adds to the discussion on valuation discrepancies between self-interested consumers and socially oriented citizens. The scarcity of previous research examining discount rates for public/private goods as well as the short/long-time horizon make the results relevant for public policy dealing with climate change and environmental protection, providing an insight into individual intertemporal preferences.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123395881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: The great importance of food consumption for the sustainability of food systems means that active public policy in this area can have a lot of positive effects. Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to present the challenges facing the agri-food sector and to study consumer attitudes towards seasonal and organic food, local food, urban agriculture, food waste and meat consumption, carbon footprints and how these attitudes relate to the acceptance of public policy tools (a tax on junk food, a green public procurement, a deposit on plastic bottles, a tax-free donation of food to public benefit organisations, a fee for wasted food for large retailers) that could transform food distribution and consumption. Research methodology: cardinality tables and interdependence analysis using Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient Results: The study revealed that most respondents buy seasonal food when possible and limit meat consumption to some extent. They are rarely influenced by the impact of food on the climate. Most people are in favour of offering dishes based on local food in public institutions with catering (hospitals, schools, prisons, etc.). Most respondents were negative about gardening for food production. Involvement in local food was associated with a higher acceptance for green public procurement and higher VAT on junk food. Novelty: Both the range of considered policy instruments and the analysis of their acceptance in the context of selected behaviours and attitudes have not been previously studied and make up a new area of inquiry essential in the debate on sustainable food consumption.
{"title":"The Relationship Between Consumer Behaviour, Attitudes and Acceptance of Public Policy Tools Advancing Sustainable Food Consumption","authors":"Anna Wielicka-Regulska","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0058","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: The great importance of food consumption for the sustainability of food systems means that active public policy in this area can have a lot of positive effects. Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to present the challenges facing the agri-food sector and to study consumer attitudes towards seasonal and organic food, local food, urban agriculture, food waste and meat consumption, carbon footprints and how these attitudes relate to the acceptance of public policy tools (a tax on junk food, a green public procurement, a deposit on plastic bottles, a tax-free donation of food to public benefit organisations, a fee for wasted food for large retailers) that could transform food distribution and consumption. Research methodology: cardinality tables and interdependence analysis using Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient Results: The study revealed that most respondents buy seasonal food when possible and limit meat consumption to some extent. They are rarely influenced by the impact of food on the climate. Most people are in favour of offering dishes based on local food in public institutions with catering (hospitals, schools, prisons, etc.). Most respondents were negative about gardening for food production. Involvement in local food was associated with a higher acceptance for green public procurement and higher VAT on junk food. Novelty: Both the range of considered policy instruments and the analysis of their acceptance in the context of selected behaviours and attitudes have not been previously studied and make up a new area of inquiry essential in the debate on sustainable food consumption.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126387149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: The literature on the subject matter emphasizes the lack of empirical research on the relationships between accrual-based earnings management (AEM) and real earnings management (REM), while studies conducted so far are characterized by highly ambiguous results. Purpose: The main aim of the paper is to present the results of empirical research on the relationships between the AEM and REM practices used to create financial results in industrial public companies listed on the WSE. Research methodology: The research sample concerns 72 listed companies whose shares were traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) for a minimum 13 years in the adopted reference period of 2003–2017. The estimation of AEM and REM practices was made by using: the Jones model, the Kang-Sivaramakrishnan model and the Roychowdhury methodology. Results: The empirical results allowed showing the existence of a statistically significant, negative relationship between discretionary accruals and the abnormal level of an operational cash flow indicator, as well as between discretionary accruals and the total REM indicator. An in-depth cross-sectional analysis showed the existence of significantly differentiated relationships between the studied variables in individual branches of industry. Novelty: Research on the relationship between AEM and REM practices in the context of the Polish capital market has not been carried out so far, hence it can be considered a new research area in which there is a justified need to deepen theoretical and empirical research on the EM phenomenon.
{"title":"The Relationship Between Accrual-Based Earnings Management and Real Earnings Management: Reference to the Polish Capital Market","authors":"Michał Comporek","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: The literature on the subject matter emphasizes the lack of empirical research on the relationships between accrual-based earnings management (AEM) and real earnings management (REM), while studies conducted so far are characterized by highly ambiguous results. Purpose: The main aim of the paper is to present the results of empirical research on the relationships between the AEM and REM practices used to create financial results in industrial public companies listed on the WSE. Research methodology: The research sample concerns 72 listed companies whose shares were traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) for a minimum 13 years in the adopted reference period of 2003–2017. The estimation of AEM and REM practices was made by using: the Jones model, the Kang-Sivaramakrishnan model and the Roychowdhury methodology. Results: The empirical results allowed showing the existence of a statistically significant, negative relationship between discretionary accruals and the abnormal level of an operational cash flow indicator, as well as between discretionary accruals and the total REM indicator. An in-depth cross-sectional analysis showed the existence of significantly differentiated relationships between the studied variables in individual branches of industry. Novelty: Research on the relationship between AEM and REM practices in the context of the Polish capital market has not been carried out so far, hence it can be considered a new research area in which there is a justified need to deepen theoretical and empirical research on the EM phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129787222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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