Abstract Research background: When a company changes a few separated information systems into one integrated information system there can appear the obligation of costing method change. It happens especially when the company is a part of an international manufacturing corporation. Purpose: The main goal of the paper is to compare two methods of manufacturing operating income calculation and data presentation when a company changes a costing method from normal costing to standard costing. Research methodology: In the paper for this research comparative analysis was used between two methods of manufacturing operating income calculation. In the first method manufacturing operating income is the difference between revenues from manufacturing operations and the costs of goods manufactured. In the second one manufacturing operating income is calculated as a sum of production variances, purchase price variances, currency variances and inventory adjustments. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for pairs of variables were calculated in both of the costing methods. A comparative analysis was done on the basis of a case study executed in a big international wholesaler. The company is a member of an international manufacturing corporation. Results: The same manufacturing operating incomes were obtained in both methods. The absolute values of Pearson’s correlation coefficients were similar in normal and standard costing, but they differ in directions. Novelty: In standard costing manufacturing operating income is calculated as a sum of various types of variances. They are calculated as deviations from standard costs. It enables the easier identification of impacting a company’s results factors.
{"title":"The Differences Between a Standard Costing and Normal Costing Method of Manufacturing Operating Income Calculation Caused by the Implementation of a New Integrated Information System","authors":"K. Fałat","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: When a company changes a few separated information systems into one integrated information system there can appear the obligation of costing method change. It happens especially when the company is a part of an international manufacturing corporation. Purpose: The main goal of the paper is to compare two methods of manufacturing operating income calculation and data presentation when a company changes a costing method from normal costing to standard costing. Research methodology: In the paper for this research comparative analysis was used between two methods of manufacturing operating income calculation. In the first method manufacturing operating income is the difference between revenues from manufacturing operations and the costs of goods manufactured. In the second one manufacturing operating income is calculated as a sum of production variances, purchase price variances, currency variances and inventory adjustments. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for pairs of variables were calculated in both of the costing methods. A comparative analysis was done on the basis of a case study executed in a big international wholesaler. The company is a member of an international manufacturing corporation. Results: The same manufacturing operating incomes were obtained in both methods. The absolute values of Pearson’s correlation coefficients were similar in normal and standard costing, but they differ in directions. Novelty: In standard costing manufacturing operating income is calculated as a sum of various types of variances. They are calculated as deviations from standard costs. It enables the easier identification of impacting a company’s results factors.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133431016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: The following article concerns initial trust, i.e. trust which is formed during the first contact with a customer. Trust is, of course, an interdisciplinary category and as such it is defined in various ways; however, it is most often emphasized that it entails a positive attitude towards another person and a conviction that the person will meet our expectations. In relation to a particular individual, trust is connected with their identity, that is, with the attributes that distinguish them from other people, such as gender, skin color, way of dressing, or age. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to determine which qualities inspire trust in the case of financial services. Research methodology: Research was conducted using the paradigm of a mixed approach and combines the use of a projection technique and multilevel regression. The respondents assessed their perceived initial trust towards 100 salespersons shown to them in photographs depicting financial service encounters. The multilevel regression model (mixed regression) and conjoint analysis using the conjoint library of the R program and the STATA and Mplus programs were used to analyze the obtained nested data. Results: The obtained results revealed that among the main qualities inspiring initial trust are appropriate appearance (a gray or blue outfit is desired), white skin color (people were less trustful towards other races), owning a cell phone as a symbol of professionalism, and also a black-and-white background. Gender is also significant, since the research showed that men inspired more trust than women. On the other hand, age is less important than we thought. Novelty: Trust testing using projection techniques is rare in economic articles. The authors did not find similar works, so the novelty will be both the method used and the area of research.
{"title":"Personal Characteristics Inspiring Initial Trust – What Matters in Service Encounters?","authors":"J. Hernik, A. Sagan","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0044","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: The following article concerns initial trust, i.e. trust which is formed during the first contact with a customer. Trust is, of course, an interdisciplinary category and as such it is defined in various ways; however, it is most often emphasized that it entails a positive attitude towards another person and a conviction that the person will meet our expectations. In relation to a particular individual, trust is connected with their identity, that is, with the attributes that distinguish them from other people, such as gender, skin color, way of dressing, or age. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to determine which qualities inspire trust in the case of financial services. Research methodology: Research was conducted using the paradigm of a mixed approach and combines the use of a projection technique and multilevel regression. The respondents assessed their perceived initial trust towards 100 salespersons shown to them in photographs depicting financial service encounters. The multilevel regression model (mixed regression) and conjoint analysis using the conjoint library of the R program and the STATA and Mplus programs were used to analyze the obtained nested data. Results: The obtained results revealed that among the main qualities inspiring initial trust are appropriate appearance (a gray or blue outfit is desired), white skin color (people were less trustful towards other races), owning a cell phone as a symbol of professionalism, and also a black-and-white background. Gender is also significant, since the research showed that men inspired more trust than women. On the other hand, age is less important than we thought. Novelty: Trust testing using projection techniques is rare in economic articles. The authors did not find similar works, so the novelty will be both the method used and the area of research.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115736178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: Platforms such as TripAdvisor have the potential to influence consumers’ decision-making processes, so negative user-generated reviews could have a harmful impact on a company’s reputation and sales. However, the proper mangers’ approach to customer complaints expressed on social media can have a positive impact on the companies’ performance. Purpose: The aim of the study is to indicate whether restaurant managers use TripAdvisor to communicate with dissatisfied customers and whether national culture influences this communication. Research methodology: The methods used in the research were both a quantitative and qualitative content analyses of restaurants’ responses to negative reviews posted on TripAdvisor. The research covered a random sample of restaurants located in Cracow (Poland), Frankfurt (Germany) and Porto (Portugal), and listed on TripAdvisor. Results: The research showed that differences in communication, which may result from dissimilar cultural conditions, are relatively small. Novelty: The research shows whether and to what extent restaurant managers respond to negative comments posted on TripAdvisor. At the same time, research results indicate whether the responses of managers are culturally determined.
{"title":"Cultural Differences in a Restaurant’s Communication with Unsatisfied Customers – The Case of Tripadvisor","authors":"Agnieszka Żbikowska","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0061","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: Platforms such as TripAdvisor have the potential to influence consumers’ decision-making processes, so negative user-generated reviews could have a harmful impact on a company’s reputation and sales. However, the proper mangers’ approach to customer complaints expressed on social media can have a positive impact on the companies’ performance. Purpose: The aim of the study is to indicate whether restaurant managers use TripAdvisor to communicate with dissatisfied customers and whether national culture influences this communication. Research methodology: The methods used in the research were both a quantitative and qualitative content analyses of restaurants’ responses to negative reviews posted on TripAdvisor. The research covered a random sample of restaurants located in Cracow (Poland), Frankfurt (Germany) and Porto (Portugal), and listed on TripAdvisor. Results: The research showed that differences in communication, which may result from dissimilar cultural conditions, are relatively small. Novelty: The research shows whether and to what extent restaurant managers respond to negative comments posted on TripAdvisor. At the same time, research results indicate whether the responses of managers are culturally determined.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129991250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: The study exemplifies the issues presented in the international trade data, which can affect the efficiency of customs controls in clearance systems. Purpose: The purpose of the research is to find a method of identifying suspicious transactions in datasets, where the risk factor is related to the overvaluation of goods covered under export procedure and data that are affected by areas of extra high density. Research methodology: The proposed methodology is two-step. Firstly, to eliminate areas of extra high density, with the use of a sampling scheme set reciprocally to the intensity point pattern, defined by means of a two-dimensional kernel estimator. Next, based on sampled data, a quantile regression model is built. Moreover, the inference about the type of model is provided by using the Khmaladze test. Results: The example highlights the benefits of the use of the two-step approach in model building. The proposed methodology provides the foundation for the inference by means of the Khmaladze test. The reliable threshold for selecting the suspicious transactions can be built. Novelty: The paper addresses some of the previously identified issues in a two-dimensional intensity assessment. Moreover, the proposed methodology based on quantile regression and the Khmaladze test provides the foundation for the customs gap measure in export data.
{"title":"Identification of Outliers in High Density Areas with the Use of a Quantile Regression Model","authors":"T. Szkutnik","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0054","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: The study exemplifies the issues presented in the international trade data, which can affect the efficiency of customs controls in clearance systems. Purpose: The purpose of the research is to find a method of identifying suspicious transactions in datasets, where the risk factor is related to the overvaluation of goods covered under export procedure and data that are affected by areas of extra high density. Research methodology: The proposed methodology is two-step. Firstly, to eliminate areas of extra high density, with the use of a sampling scheme set reciprocally to the intensity point pattern, defined by means of a two-dimensional kernel estimator. Next, based on sampled data, a quantile regression model is built. Moreover, the inference about the type of model is provided by using the Khmaladze test. Results: The example highlights the benefits of the use of the two-step approach in model building. The proposed methodology provides the foundation for the inference by means of the Khmaladze test. The reliable threshold for selecting the suspicious transactions can be built. Novelty: The paper addresses some of the previously identified issues in a two-dimensional intensity assessment. Moreover, the proposed methodology based on quantile regression and the Khmaladze test provides the foundation for the customs gap measure in export data.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132307173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research Background: The concept of risk is of great importance in any financial system, due to unstable economic situations and fluctuating environmental factors. Like other variables, risk has a significant effect on firms’ returns and profit. Purpose: This study aims at examining the relationship between dividend policy and performance taking cognisance of the uncontrollable risk (market risk). Research methodology: This study was modelled using 250 commercial banks from 30 selected Sub-Saharan African countries in the period 2008 to 2017. The Panel-Vector Error Correction Model was used to estimate the model. Result: From the long run analysis, a long run relationship between dividend policy, agency cost, and bank performance is evident. The disequilibrium will take about 39.5% yearly speed of adjustment to return to a steady state. There is an inverse relationship between Lending interest rate (market risk proxy) with bank performance while there is a positive relationship of foreign exchange rate (market risk proxy) and bank performance in SSA. Novelty: Market risk’s influence on the relationship between dividend policy and bank performance was firstly established. Therefore, it is recommended that the banking sector in SSA should focus more on endogenous factors and review some of their policies as these contribute more significantly to variations in their performance than exogenous factors.
{"title":"Nexus of Market Risk, Dividend Policy and Commercial Banks’ Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Odunayo Magret Olarewaju","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0048","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research Background: The concept of risk is of great importance in any financial system, due to unstable economic situations and fluctuating environmental factors. Like other variables, risk has a significant effect on firms’ returns and profit. Purpose: This study aims at examining the relationship between dividend policy and performance taking cognisance of the uncontrollable risk (market risk). Research methodology: This study was modelled using 250 commercial banks from 30 selected Sub-Saharan African countries in the period 2008 to 2017. The Panel-Vector Error Correction Model was used to estimate the model. Result: From the long run analysis, a long run relationship between dividend policy, agency cost, and bank performance is evident. The disequilibrium will take about 39.5% yearly speed of adjustment to return to a steady state. There is an inverse relationship between Lending interest rate (market risk proxy) with bank performance while there is a positive relationship of foreign exchange rate (market risk proxy) and bank performance in SSA. Novelty: Market risk’s influence on the relationship between dividend policy and bank performance was firstly established. Therefore, it is recommended that the banking sector in SSA should focus more on endogenous factors and review some of their policies as these contribute more significantly to variations in their performance than exogenous factors.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125021626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: The results of the analysis of the world literature on marketing and management indicate a cognitive gap and research one regarding the forms of marketing activity of final purchasers and its image-related and relational aspects as differentiating features. These issues have not been analysed in a theoretical perspective as well as in a research one. Purpose: The article aims to define the marketing activity of contemporary final purchasers and identify the significance of selected dimensions of this activity as its differentiating features. Research methodology: To prepare the theoretical part the method of cognitive-critical analysis of the world literature was applied. In order to reduce the identified gaps, empirical research was conducted. To gather primary data a questionnaire survey was used. The collected data was statistically analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The analysed aspects differentiate forms of respondents’ marketing activity to a various degree. A statistically significant differentiation was identified for the greatest number of activities related to the situation whether respondents making purchase decisions take into account the fact that a product has been prepared by an offeror together with purchasers. Novelty: The originality of the proposed approach is evidenced by the fact that the aspects presented in this article have not been analysed so far, either in theoretical or in practical terms.
{"title":"Multidimensional Aspects of Final Purchasers’ Marketing Activity in the Conditions of Dynamic Market Changes","authors":"A. Baruk","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0034","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: The results of the analysis of the world literature on marketing and management indicate a cognitive gap and research one regarding the forms of marketing activity of final purchasers and its image-related and relational aspects as differentiating features. These issues have not been analysed in a theoretical perspective as well as in a research one. Purpose: The article aims to define the marketing activity of contemporary final purchasers and identify the significance of selected dimensions of this activity as its differentiating features. Research methodology: To prepare the theoretical part the method of cognitive-critical analysis of the world literature was applied. In order to reduce the identified gaps, empirical research was conducted. To gather primary data a questionnaire survey was used. The collected data was statistically analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The analysed aspects differentiate forms of respondents’ marketing activity to a various degree. A statistically significant differentiation was identified for the greatest number of activities related to the situation whether respondents making purchase decisions take into account the fact that a product has been prepared by an offeror together with purchasers. Novelty: The originality of the proposed approach is evidenced by the fact that the aspects presented in this article have not been analysed so far, either in theoretical or in practical terms.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115588531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: The fast pace of life of contemporary people living in developed countries results in a search for peace and relaxation, which is reflected in new forms of tourism. One of them is slow tourism, which is at an early stage of development. A new type of tourist is emerging – one who is conscious, responsible, critical, respectful of nature, open to learning about the customs, culture and religion of local populations. Purpose: This paper analyses the changes that take place in tourism from a socio-economic perspective, characterized by withdrawing from mass tourism and a shift towards individual tourism, with particular emphasis on slow tourism. Research methodology: The paper is based on a compilation of the current literature of the subject, reports and analysis of Polish websites devoted to slow travel. It is a synthesis of economic and social aspects of slow tourism development, including the motives for taking up slow tourism by tourists and the offer of slow travel in Poland. Results: The analysis of the literature reveals a large diversity in the definition of slow tourism. A lively discussion is going on regarding the meaning of the new trend, its importance and future. In Poland, slow tourism is becoming increasingly popular, as evidenced by, among others: an increase in the number of offers for slow tourists. Novelty: This analysis contributes to deepening the knowledge on new trends in tourism – slow tourism. These considerations contribute to the author’s further research on the development of this phenomenon.
{"title":"Slow Tourism – The Fashion for Slowness or a Conscious Choice?","authors":"Joanna Zielińska-Szczepkowska","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0060","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: The fast pace of life of contemporary people living in developed countries results in a search for peace and relaxation, which is reflected in new forms of tourism. One of them is slow tourism, which is at an early stage of development. A new type of tourist is emerging – one who is conscious, responsible, critical, respectful of nature, open to learning about the customs, culture and religion of local populations. Purpose: This paper analyses the changes that take place in tourism from a socio-economic perspective, characterized by withdrawing from mass tourism and a shift towards individual tourism, with particular emphasis on slow tourism. Research methodology: The paper is based on a compilation of the current literature of the subject, reports and analysis of Polish websites devoted to slow travel. It is a synthesis of economic and social aspects of slow tourism development, including the motives for taking up slow tourism by tourists and the offer of slow travel in Poland. Results: The analysis of the literature reveals a large diversity in the definition of slow tourism. A lively discussion is going on regarding the meaning of the new trend, its importance and future. In Poland, slow tourism is becoming increasingly popular, as evidenced by, among others: an increase in the number of offers for slow tourists. Novelty: This analysis contributes to deepening the knowledge on new trends in tourism – slow tourism. These considerations contribute to the author’s further research on the development of this phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126532804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: Innovation activities, especially the implementation of new products and processes are desirable phenomena in economic development. For this reason, phenomena that contribute to the implementation of new solutions in enterprises should be identified. These include sources of innovation activity. Purpose: The main purpose of the article is to identify those sources of innovation activity that significantly affect product and process innovation. Research methodology: The research of the impact of sources of ideas and information for innovation on the implementation of product and process innovations was conducted in 2018 for the period 2015–2017 in the West Pomerania Province. The study was representative. It was attended by 270 entrepreneurs whose business profile corresponds to section C PKD (Polish Business Classification) – manufacturing. Logit modeling was used in the study. Results: As a result of the analyses it was noticed that in the region the implementation of process innovations was significantly influenced by foreign R&D centres, suppliers (but only when entrepreneurs began to cooperate with them), as well as by conferences, fairs and exhibitions. In the case of product innovations, internal resources were included in this group. Novelty: In the analyzed region, no advanced econometric analysis of the impact of sources of innovative activity on product and process innovations that would be representative was carried out.
{"title":"Innovation Activity and its Sources in Industry in the West Pomerania Province","authors":"Jadwiga Gorączkowska","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: Innovation activities, especially the implementation of new products and processes are desirable phenomena in economic development. For this reason, phenomena that contribute to the implementation of new solutions in enterprises should be identified. These include sources of innovation activity. Purpose: The main purpose of the article is to identify those sources of innovation activity that significantly affect product and process innovation. Research methodology: The research of the impact of sources of ideas and information for innovation on the implementation of product and process innovations was conducted in 2018 for the period 2015–2017 in the West Pomerania Province. The study was representative. It was attended by 270 entrepreneurs whose business profile corresponds to section C PKD (Polish Business Classification) – manufacturing. Logit modeling was used in the study. Results: As a result of the analyses it was noticed that in the region the implementation of process innovations was significantly influenced by foreign R&D centres, suppliers (but only when entrepreneurs began to cooperate with them), as well as by conferences, fairs and exhibitions. In the case of product innovations, internal resources were included in this group. Novelty: In the analyzed region, no advanced econometric analysis of the impact of sources of innovative activity on product and process innovations that would be representative was carried out.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"17 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130990120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: Motivation for this paper is the rapid development of the electronic commerce sector and its increasing role as a sales channel. The level of e-commerce development is spatially diverse, both across continents and countries. As such, this study examined the conditions of electronic commerce development in the context of the specificity of e-consumers’ behavior in selected European countries. Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to compare the attitudes towards e-commerce among buyers from Poland, Ukraine and Belarus along with their activities directly related to online shopping. Research methodology: The paper focuses on the results of a study conducted in central and eastern European countries on a sample of nearly 1,000 respondents. The statistical tools used included the Kruskal-Wallis test and an independence analysis through SPSS v. 25 and Statistica v. 13.3. Results: The results showed that the country of origin is a variable differentiating both activities connected with shopping online undertaken by e-consumers and buyers’ attitudes towards e-commerce in the context of such aspects as: safety, convenience, time-consuming, possibilities of choice, ease and the economics of shopping. The predominant dependence between the country of origin of respondents and their inclination to use the Internet has not been confirmed. Novelty: The study contributes to the on-going and extremely current issue of the importance of e-commerce and the conditions of its development.
摘要:研究背景:本文的研究动机是电子商务领域的快速发展及其作为销售渠道的作用越来越大。电子商务的发展水平在空间上存在差异，既有跨洲的，也有跨国的。因此，本研究在选定的欧洲国家的电子商务消费者行为的特殊性背景下考察了电子商务发展的条件。目的:本文的目的是比较来自波兰，乌克兰和白俄罗斯的买家对电子商务的态度以及他们与网上购物直接相关的活动。研究方法:本文的重点是在中欧和东欧国家对近1000名受访者进行的一项研究的结果。使用的统计工具包括Kruskal-Wallis检验和通过SPSS v. 25和Statistica v. 13.3进行的独立性分析。结果:结果表明，原产国是区分电子消费者进行的与网上购物有关的活动和买家对电子商务的态度的变量，在以下方面:安全，便利，耗时，选择的可能性，轻松和经济购物。受访者的原籍国与其使用互联网的倾向之间的主要依赖关系尚未得到证实。新颖性:该研究有助于解决电子商务的重要性及其发展条件这一持续且极具时效性的问题。
{"title":"The Development of E-Commerce and Consumer Attitudes – A Comparative Analysis of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus","authors":"Bogdan Gregor, Magdalena Kalińska-Kula","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: Motivation for this paper is the rapid development of the electronic commerce sector and its increasing role as a sales channel. The level of e-commerce development is spatially diverse, both across continents and countries. As such, this study examined the conditions of electronic commerce development in the context of the specificity of e-consumers’ behavior in selected European countries. Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to compare the attitudes towards e-commerce among buyers from Poland, Ukraine and Belarus along with their activities directly related to online shopping. Research methodology: The paper focuses on the results of a study conducted in central and eastern European countries on a sample of nearly 1,000 respondents. The statistical tools used included the Kruskal-Wallis test and an independence analysis through SPSS v. 25 and Statistica v. 13.3. Results: The results showed that the country of origin is a variable differentiating both activities connected with shopping online undertaken by e-consumers and buyers’ attitudes towards e-commerce in the context of such aspects as: safety, convenience, time-consuming, possibilities of choice, ease and the economics of shopping. The predominant dependence between the country of origin of respondents and their inclination to use the Internet has not been confirmed. Novelty: The study contributes to the on-going and extremely current issue of the importance of e-commerce and the conditions of its development.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123846351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research background: The search for stable factors affecting latent variables that reflect the assessment of quality of life in three areas of an individual’s functioning is the background of the study. In the analysis was assumed the existence of the relationships between QoL assessment and subjective factors related to socio-economic aspects. Purpose: The aim of the study was to recognize assessments in given areas of transferring subjective satisfaction with a level of social factors and checking the stability of the assumed relationship between factors describing three areas of functioning: household, country of residence, EU. The next goal was to compare the results obtained in the study of natural relationships between factors with the given systems of these factors in the areas of an individual’s functioning. Characteristics of behaviour were compared in three generations of Europeans. The application objective of the study was to indicate the usefulness of SEM in the research problem. Research methodology: The Standard Eurobarometer, autumn 2018, provided data describing adults from the generations Y, X, and BB. Structural equation models were used. Results: The effect of the used method is the determination of the factors that affect the assessments made by three European Generations in the areas of an individual’s functioning: direct, close and further. Novelty: The analysis showed the usefulness of structural equation models to achieve the goals of the study.
{"title":"The Perception of the Generational Assessment of Selected Social Behaviour – A Confirmatory Factor Analysis","authors":"Agnieszka Stanimir","doi":"10.2478/foli-2020-0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0052","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research background: The search for stable factors affecting latent variables that reflect the assessment of quality of life in three areas of an individual’s functioning is the background of the study. In the analysis was assumed the existence of the relationships between QoL assessment and subjective factors related to socio-economic aspects. Purpose: The aim of the study was to recognize assessments in given areas of transferring subjective satisfaction with a level of social factors and checking the stability of the assumed relationship between factors describing three areas of functioning: household, country of residence, EU. The next goal was to compare the results obtained in the study of natural relationships between factors with the given systems of these factors in the areas of an individual’s functioning. Characteristics of behaviour were compared in three generations of Europeans. The application objective of the study was to indicate the usefulness of SEM in the research problem. Research methodology: The Standard Eurobarometer, autumn 2018, provided data describing adults from the generations Y, X, and BB. Structural equation models were used. Results: The effect of the used method is the determination of the factors that affect the assessments made by three European Generations in the areas of an individual’s functioning: direct, close and further. Novelty: The analysis showed the usefulness of structural equation models to achieve the goals of the study.","PeriodicalId":314664,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128755394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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