{"title":"Conclusion: The elusive and unstable linkages between food consumption and food production","authors":"S. Dury, N. Bricas, H. David-Benz","doi":"10.19182/agritrop/00108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19182/agritrop/00108","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315063,"journal":{"name":"Food systems at risk. New trends and challenges","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124442589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Currently, one in three people in the world is affected by at least one type of malnutrition and, if no action is rapidly taken, this could become one in two by 2025. Different types of malnutrition coexist in almost every country, causing severe consequences in terms of human health and economic losses: 45 percent of the mortality in under-five children is linked to undernutrition and globally malnutrition in all its forms costs US$ 3.5 trillion per year. Inadequate diets are a major cause of malnutrition and access to healthy diets for all would save 11 million lives per year.
{"title":"Nutritional risks of unhealthy diets","authors":"S. Dury, Y. Martin-Prével","doi":"10.19182/agritrop/00106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19182/agritrop/00106","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, one in three people in the world is affected by at least one type of malnutrition and, if no action is rapidly taken, this could become one in two by 2025. Different types of malnutrition coexist in almost every country, causing severe consequences in terms of human health and economic losses: 45 percent of the mortality in under-five children is linked to undernutrition and globally malnutrition in all its forms costs US$ 3.5 trillion per year. Inadequate diets are a major cause of malnutrition and access to healthy diets for all would save 11 million lives per year.","PeriodicalId":315063,"journal":{"name":"Food systems at risk. New trends and challenges","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124480927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Food systems are responsible for up to one-third of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These emissions include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and are therefore a major driver of climate change. The environmental pressures on food systems are likely to intensify, as humanity is arguably already operating beyond planetary boundaries. The projection for changes between 2010 and 2050 shows that these pressures will result in an increase of between 80 and 92 percent in GHG emissions in the absence of technological change and other mitigation measures. Apart from being a significant source of GHG emissions, food systems are significantly impacted by climate change. Uneven climate change effects, in combination with differences in adaptation capacity, could exacerbate existing inequalities between High-Income (HI), Low-Income (LI) and Lower Middle-Income (LMI) countries.
{"title":"Food systems emission and climate change consequences","authors":"J. Demenois, G. Chaboud, V. Blanfort","doi":"10.19182/agritrop/00084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19182/agritrop/00084","url":null,"abstract":"Food systems are responsible for up to one-third of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These emissions include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and are therefore a major driver of climate change. The environmental pressures on food systems are likely to intensify, as humanity is arguably already operating beyond planetary boundaries. The projection for changes between 2010 and 2050 shows that these pressures will result in an increase of between 80 and 92 percent in GHG emissions in the absence of technological change and other mitigation measures. Apart from being a significant source of GHG emissions, food systems are significantly impacted by climate change. Uneven climate change effects, in combination with differences in adaptation capacity, could exacerbate existing inequalities between High-Income (HI), Low-Income (LI) and Lower Middle-Income (LMI) countries.","PeriodicalId":315063,"journal":{"name":"Food systems at risk. New trends and challenges","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129953603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thierry Giordano, B. Losch, J. Sourisseau, P. Girard
In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), demographic growth, climate change, low manufacturing levels and even premature deindustrialisation are paving the way for a massive increase in the number of informal, vulnerable and extremely poor workers, especially among young people. This is fertile ground for food crises, social unrest, violent conflicts and migration, as seen in the Sahel and other regions around the world. The challenge is to find decent jobs for the 730 million people who will join the potential labour force between 2020 and 2050, in addition to the 600 million currently making up the working age population.
{"title":"Risks of mass unemployment and worsening of working conditions","authors":"Thierry Giordano, B. Losch, J. Sourisseau, P. Girard","doi":"10.19182/agritrop/00097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19182/agritrop/00097","url":null,"abstract":"In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), demographic growth, climate change, low manufacturing levels and even premature deindustrialisation are paving the way for a massive increase in the number of informal, vulnerable and extremely poor workers, especially among young people. This is fertile ground for food crises, social unrest, violent conflicts and migration, as seen in the Sahel and other regions around the world. The challenge is to find decent jobs for the 730 million people who will join the potential labour force between 2020 and 2050, in addition to the 600 million currently making up the working age population.","PeriodicalId":315063,"journal":{"name":"Food systems at risk. New trends and challenges","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130101007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Food systems around the world are highly dependent on both renewable and nonrenewable resources. Drivers such as population growth, urbanisation and climate change put a lot of pressure on resources that have become core issues for the future of food systems. Cropland availability is limited in most parts of the world, adding pressure for cropping intensification. Fossil energy and phosphorus shortages are expected to occur within a few decades, with particular impact in Low-Income (LI) countries where farmers are more vulnerable to volatile prices. The availability of very unevenly distributed freshwater resources shows a similar picture, with an increasing number of regions reaching alarming levels of water scarcity. Some world fish stocks have been overexploited and are now depleted. But the situation is not without hope. While we need to intensify food systems to meet the challenge of a growing population, new ways to produce with less impact on the environment and more resilience to climate change need to be widely adopted.
{"title":"Resource over-exploitation and running out","authors":"É. Malézieux, L. Dabbadie","doi":"10.19182/agritrop/00092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19182/agritrop/00092","url":null,"abstract":"Food systems around the world are highly dependent on both renewable and nonrenewable resources. Drivers such as population growth, urbanisation and climate change put a lot of pressure on resources that have become core issues for the future of food systems. Cropland availability is limited in most parts of the world, adding pressure for cropping intensification. Fossil energy and phosphorus shortages are expected to occur within a few decades, with particular impact in Low-Income (LI) countries where farmers are more vulnerable to volatile prices. The availability of very unevenly distributed freshwater resources shows a similar picture, with an increasing number of regions reaching alarming levels of water scarcity. Some world fish stocks have been overexploited and are now depleted. But the situation is not without hope. While we need to intensify food systems to meet the challenge of a growing population, new ways to produce with less impact on the environment and more resilience to climate change need to be widely adopted.","PeriodicalId":315063,"journal":{"name":"Food systems at risk. New trends and challenges","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126974800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change will affect the social and environmental determinants of the health of human, animal and plant populations around the world. It will challenge the social and biological capacities of food systems to regulate the emergence of pests and pathogens. Especially in Low-Income (LI) and Lower Middle-Income (LMI) countries, food systems will be dealing with new pests, diseases and emerging pathogens (viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma and fungi) severely threatening the health of vulnerable people and potentially exacerbating social and economic inequalities.
{"title":"Risks of new pests and diseases","authors":"A. Binot, C. Cilas","doi":"10.19182/agritrop/00090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19182/agritrop/00090","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change will affect the social and environmental determinants of the health of human, animal and plant populations around the world. It will challenge the social and biological capacities of food systems to regulate the emergence of pests and pathogens. Especially in Low-Income (LI) and Lower Middle-Income (LMI) countries, food systems will be dealing with new pests, diseases and emerging pathogens (viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma and fungi) severely threatening the health of vulnerable people and potentially exacerbating social and economic inequalities.","PeriodicalId":315063,"journal":{"name":"Food systems at risk. New trends and challenges","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132878480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deforestation contributes to carbon emissions and therefore to climate change. Within food systems, agricultural production is the stage which plays the largest role in deforestation and forest degradation, and it is therefore the focus of this chapter. There is a critical link between food systems and deforestation. Arable lands most often have a forested past. It might be ancestral, with deforestation having happened in the early occupation of land by humans or be very recent on current forest frontiers. Over the past two decades, commercial agriculture has overtaken subsistence agriculture as the main driver of deforestation in LI and LMI countries, especially in tropical areas.
{"title":"Deforestation for food production","authors":"L. Feintrenie, J. Betbeder, M. Piketty, L. Gazull","doi":"10.19182/agritrop/00089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19182/agritrop/00089","url":null,"abstract":"Deforestation contributes to carbon emissions and therefore to climate change. Within food systems, agricultural production is the stage which plays the largest role in deforestation and forest degradation, and it is therefore the focus of this chapter. There is a critical link between food systems and deforestation. Arable lands most often have a forested past. It might be ancestral, with deforestation having happened in the early occupation of land by humans or be very recent on current forest frontiers. Over the past two decades, commercial agriculture has overtaken subsistence agriculture as the main driver of deforestation in LI and LMI countries, especially in tropical areas.","PeriodicalId":315063,"journal":{"name":"Food systems at risk. New trends and challenges","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128093395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agricultural commodity prices have increased since the early 2000s in response to a combination of causes on the demand side (demographic growth, increased animal product consumption in emerging countries and biofuel mandates) and on the supply side (the phasing out of agricultural policies subsidising food supply in the European Union and United States, lack of public investment in agriculture, reaching ceilings in cereal yields in already high-yield countries and an increase in energy prices). The succession of food crises between 2008 and 2012 has brought the agricultural price regime and its implications for food security back to the forefront. Even though the increase of average agricultural prices could profit some farmers, part of the price increase corresponds to increased costs and urban dwellers, as well as many food-insecure food producers, depend on the market for their supply. In addition, environmental policies concerning the protection of biodiversity, climate mitigation and pesticide reduction could make these issues even more acute.
{"title":"Risks of higher food prices on international markets","authors":"T. Brunelle, P. Dumas","doi":"10.19182/agritrop/00104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19182/agritrop/00104","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural commodity prices have increased since the early 2000s in response to a combination of causes on the demand side (demographic growth, increased animal product consumption in emerging countries and biofuel mandates) and on the supply side (the phasing out of agricultural policies subsidising food supply in the European Union and United States, lack of public investment in agriculture, reaching ceilings in cereal yields in already high-yield countries and an increase in energy prices). The succession of food crises between 2008 and 2012 has brought the agricultural price regime and its implications for food security back to the forefront. Even though the increase of average agricultural prices could profit some farmers, part of the price increase corresponds to increased costs and urban dwellers, as well as many food-insecure food producers, depend on the market for their supply. In addition, environmental policies concerning the protection of biodiversity, climate mitigation and pesticide reduction could make these issues even more acute.","PeriodicalId":315063,"journal":{"name":"Food systems at risk. New trends and challenges","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124249205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Large agri-industries fuel the upgrading of certain food chains. This chapter presents the risks of smallholders not benefitting from this upgrading. The first risk is that upgrading does not spread to all food value chains, generating territorial inequalities. The second is that the most endowed smallholders are included while the poorest are excluded. The third risk is that those smallholders who are included tend to be in a weak bargaining position against large agri-industries. As a result, most smallholders do not get higher incomes from upgrading food chains.
{"title":"Risks of smallholder exclusion from upgrading food chains","authors":"G. Soullier, P. Moustier, F. Lançon","doi":"10.19182/agritrop/00098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19182/agritrop/00098","url":null,"abstract":"Large agri-industries fuel the upgrading of certain food chains. This chapter presents the risks of smallholders not benefitting from this upgrading. The first risk is that upgrading does not spread to all food value chains, generating territorial inequalities. The second is that the most endowed smallholders are included while the poorest are excluded. The third risk is that those smallholders who are included tend to be in a weak bargaining position against large agri-industries. As a result, most smallholders do not get higher incomes from upgrading food chains.","PeriodicalId":315063,"journal":{"name":"Food systems at risk. New trends and challenges","volume":"323 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123629563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion: Food system adaptation and mitigation: managing trade-offs","authors":"Céline Dutilly, E. Hainzelin","doi":"10.19182/agritrop/00091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19182/agritrop/00091","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315063,"journal":{"name":"Food systems at risk. New trends and challenges","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122138981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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