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Correcting Radar Rainfall Estimates Based on Ground Elevation Function 基于地面高程函数的雷达雨量校正
Pub Date : 2019-09-19 DOI: 10.22146/jcef.49395
R. Hambali, D. Legono, R. Jayadi
X-band radar gives several advantages for quantitative rainfall estimation, involving higher spatial and temporal resolution, also the ability to reduce attenuation effects and hardware calibration errors. However, the estimates error due to attenuation in heavy rainfall condition cannot be avoided. In the mountainous region, the impact of topography is considered to contribute to radar rainfall estimates error. To have more reliable estimated radar rainfall to be used in various applications, a rainfall estimates correction needs to be applied. This paper discusses evaluation and correction techniques for radar rainfall estimates based on ground elevation function. The G/R ratio is used as a primary method in the correction process. The novel approach proposed in this study is the use of correction factor derived from the relationship between Log (G/R) parameter and elevation difference between radar and rain gauge stations. A total of 4590 pairs of rainfall data from X-band MP radar and 15 rain gauge stations in the Mt. Merapi region were used in evaluation and correction process. The results show the correction method based on the elevation function is relatively good in correcting radar rainfall depth with values of Log (G/R) decreased up to 81.1%, particularly for light rainfall (≤ 20 mm/hour) condition. Also, the method is simple to apply in a real-time system.
x波段雷达为定量降雨估计提供了几个优势,包括更高的空间和时间分辨率,以及减少衰减效应和硬件校准误差的能力。然而,由于强降雨条件下的衰减,估计误差是不可避免的。在山区,考虑地形的影响对雷达雨量估计误差的贡献。为了在各种应用中使用更可靠的雷达估计降雨量,需要应用降雨量估计校正。本文讨论了基于地面高程函数的雷达雨量估算的评估和校正技术。G/R比值是校正过程中的主要方法。本文提出的新方法是利用Log (G/R)参数与雷达和雨量站的高程差之间的关系推导出校正因子。利用Merapi山地区x波段MP雷达和15个雨量站的4590对降水资料进行了评价和校正。结果表明,基于高程函数的校正方法对雷达雨深的校正效果较好,Log (G/R)值降低81.1%,特别是在小雨(≤20 mm/h)条件下。该方法易于在实时系统中应用。
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引用次数: 1
The Simplified of Suspended Sediment Measurement Method in Natural River (Case study of Kuning River in Yogyakarta, Indonesia) 天然河流悬沙测量方法的简化(以印尼日惹库宁河为例)
Pub Date : 2019-09-18 DOI: 10.22146/jcef.47061
B. A. Kironoto, B. Yulistiyanto, B. Giarto, M. Kiptiah, Muhammad Lutfi Tantowi
The accumulation of suspended sediment reduces the capacity in the river and deteriorates the water quality. Kuning  River in Yogyakarta is one of the main rivers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, which is currently facing the issue of suspended sediments. To reduce the effect of suspended sediment and determine a preventive measure, hence, it is necessary to study the characteristics of the suspended sediment flow. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the suspended sediment flow characteristics, i.e. the velocity, and the concentration profiles at specific points in the transverse direction of the channel as well as the correlation of the suspended sediment discharge. Thirty (30) profiles of velocity and suspended sediment concentration were measured at six different points along the Kuning River. Opcon probe was used to measure suspended sediment concentration, while the propeller current meter was used to measure mean point-velocity profiles. Results of this study show the suspended sediment discharge ratio, defined as  are higher in the middle part of the channel than the one near the edge of the channel. The position of z/B where the values of  1 occurs at z/B = 0,19 and z/B = 0,75, which depend on the irregularity of the channel cross-sections. For practical purposes, the depth-averaged velocity and suspended sediment concentration can be determined from 1, 2 and/or 3 points measurement at y = 0,2D, 0,4D and 0,8D.
悬浮物的堆积降低了河流的容量,使水质恶化。日惹的库宁河是印尼日惹的主要河流之一,目前面临着悬浮沉积物的问题。因此,为了减少悬沙的影响并确定预防措施,有必要对悬沙流特性进行研究。因此,本研究旨在研究悬沙流动特征,即通道横向上特定点的流速和浓度分布,以及悬沙流量的相关性。在库宁河沿岸6个不同地点测量了30条流速和悬沙浓度剖面。Opcon探针测量悬浮泥沙浓度,螺旋桨流速仪测量平均点速剖面。本研究结果表明,河道中部的悬沙输沙比大于靠近河道边缘的悬沙输沙比。z/B中值为1的位置出现在z/B = 0,19和z/B = 0,75,这取决于沟道截面的不规则性。在实际应用中,可以通过y = 0,2d, 0,4d和0,8d的1、2和/或3点测量来确定深度平均速度和悬沙浓度。
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引用次数: 0
Snake Line Performance Applying Single Pixel X-Band MP Radar Data (Case of Mt. Merapi Area, Indonesia) 基于单像素x波段MP雷达数据的蛇线性能(以印尼默拉皮山地区为例)
Pub Date : 2019-09-18 DOI: 10.22146/jcef.44781
A. Hairani, A. P. Rahardjo, D. Legono, I. Istiarto
The short-duration-rainfall monitoring techniques have become important recently due to the high demand for disaster risk miti­gation. Such techniques produce important information on the rainfall intensity during heavy rainfall in the form of snake line. At the same time, use of X-Band Multi-Parameter Radar (XMP Radar) in rainfall monitoring has increased significantly be­cause of its capacity to cover wide area. An assessment on the snake line performance that was developed based on XMP Radar and ground rainfall monitoring instrument (i.e. Automatic Rainfall Recorder or ARR) has been applied to Mt. Merapi area, Java, Indonesia. Selected rainfall data of November-December 2018 were examined. The assessment used a single pixel of radar data at the location of the ARR. The result shows that rainfall data obtained from XMP Radar are lower than those from ARR. The computed snake line obtained from XMP Radar differs from that from ARR data. The XMP Radar underestimates the warning level by about two level out of four.
由于减轻灾害风险的高需求,短期降雨监测技术近年来变得非常重要。这些技术以蛇形线的形式提供暴雨期间降雨强度的重要信息。同时,x波段多参数雷达(XMP Radar)由于其覆盖范围广,在降雨监测中的应用也显著增加。基于XMP雷达和地面降雨监测仪器(即自动降雨记录仪或ARR)开发的蛇线性能评估已应用于印度尼西亚爪哇默拉皮山地区。对2018年11月至12月的降雨数据进行了分析。评估使用了ARR位置的单个雷达数据像素。结果表明,XMP雷达获得的降水数据低于ARR。XMP雷达计算得到的蛇线与ARR数据计算得到的蛇线不同。XMP雷达将预警级别低估了4级中的2级。
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引用次数: 2
Bond Strength of Fusion Bonded Epoxy-Coated Reinforcement in Concrete 环氧涂层钢筋在混凝土中的粘结强度
Pub Date : 2019-09-18 DOI: 10.22146/jcef.47532
G. Islam, E. Ahmed, Md Sabbir Hossain, S. Uddin
Fusion-bonded epoxy-coated steel is expected to extend the service life of the reinforced concrete structure in chloride-laden environments. However, the effect of coating on the bond-strength between rebar and concrete is not well understood yet. This research, therefore, studied the effect of epoxy-coating on the bond characteristics of reinforcing bars in concrete. The bond characteristics were assessed through pullout test considering variables viz. concrete strength, embedded length and bar diameter. The load was applied to reinforcing bars embedded in concrete until bond strength between the bar and concrete exceeded. Bond strength of epoxy-coated bars was compared with that of the uncoated bars. It was found that epoxy-coating reduced the bond strength approximately 25% for Ø20mm bar and 12% for Ø16mm and Ø12mm bar. As with uncoated bar, bond strength of coated bars were also increased with concrete strength. However, the bond strength ratio between coated and uncoated bars was found almost independent of concrete strength. Based on the test results, a development length modification factor of 1.33 is proposed for Ø20mm bar and 1.15 for Ø12mm and Ø16mm bar to compensate the bond strength reduction due to the epoxy coating.
环氧涂层融合钢有望延长钢筋混凝土结构在含氯环境中的使用寿命。然而,涂层对钢筋与混凝土粘结强度的影响尚不清楚。因此,本研究研究了环氧涂料对混凝土中钢筋粘结特性的影响。通过考虑混凝土强度、预埋长度和钢筋直径等变量的拉拔试验来评估粘结特性。荷载作用于嵌入混凝土中的钢筋,直至超过钢筋与混凝土的粘结强度。比较了涂覆环氧树脂的棒材与未涂覆环氧树脂的棒材的结合强度。结果表明,环氧树脂涂层使Ø20mm棒材的粘结强度降低约25%,使Ø16mm和Ø12mm棒材的粘结强度降低约12%。与未涂覆钢筋一样,涂覆钢筋的粘结强度也随混凝土强度的增加而增加。然而,涂覆钢筋与未涂覆钢筋的粘结强度比几乎与混凝土强度无关。根据试验结果,提出Ø20mm棒材的展展长度修正系数为1.33,Ø12mm和Ø16mm棒材的展展长度修正系数为1.15,以补偿环氧涂层造成的粘结强度降低。
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引用次数: 0
The Effects of Water to Solid Ratio, Activator to Binder Ratio, and Lime Proportion on the Compressive Strength of Ambient-Cured Geopolymer Concrete 水固比、活化剂与粘结剂比、石灰比对环境养护地聚合物混凝土抗压强度的影响
Pub Date : 2019-05-17 DOI: 10.22146/JCEF.43878
A. Adam
Low calcium fly ash based Geopolymer has been proven to be one of the potential alternatives substitutes to Portland Cement not only due to its high resistance to chemical attack but also because of the vast availability of class F fly ash for raw materials. However, one of the limitations of geopolymer as the alternative binders in concrete is that the strength develops slowly under ambient condition. This paper presented the investigation of water to solid ratio, activator to binder ratio, and lime proportion on the compressive strength of ambient-cured geopolymer concrete. To develop sufficient strength at an early age, class F fly ash and slaked lime (Ca (OH)2) were used as the binder with the proportion of lime to binder of 4%, 5%, 6%, and 7%. The blended binder was activated by sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution with the variation of activator to binder ratio of 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, and 0.6.  The water to solid ratio of 0.30, 0.31, 0.32, and 0.33 was chosen to facilitate good workability which was done by adding water to the mix. The compressive strength tests were conducted at 7, 14, and 28 days on the cylindrical concrete specimens with a dimension of 100 mm diameter and 200 mm height. The results show that the activator to binder ratio of 0.50 to 0.55, and the proportion of lime to the binder of 6% to 7% were the optimum range value. It was also found that the lower the water to cement ratio the higher the compressive strength and the water to solid ratio as low as 0.3 produced the highest compressive strength while still maintaining good workability.
低钙粉煤灰基地聚合物已被证明是波特兰水泥的潜在替代品之一,这不仅是因为它具有高的抗化学侵蚀性,而且因为F类粉煤灰的原料广泛可用。然而,地聚合物作为混凝土的可选粘结剂的局限性之一是其强度在环境条件下发展缓慢。研究了水固比、活化剂与粘结剂比、石灰比对环境养护地聚合物混凝土抗压强度的影响。为了在早期发展足够的强度,采用F级粉煤灰和熟石灰(Ca (OH)2)作为粘结剂,石灰与粘结剂的比例分别为4%、5%、6%和7%。以水玻璃和氢氧化钠溶液为活化剂,活化剂比分别为0.45、0.5、0.55和0.6。水固比分别为0.30、0.31、0.32、0.33,通过加水使其具有良好的和易性。分别对直径为100mm、高度为200mm的圆柱形混凝土试件进行了7、14、28天的抗压强度试验。结果表明,活化剂与粘结剂的比例为0.50 ~ 0.55,石灰与粘结剂的比例为6% ~ 7%为最佳范围值。水灰比越低,抗压强度越高,水固比低至0.3时抗压强度最高,但仍保持良好的和易性。
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引用次数: 11
Investigating the Impact of Airport Relocation on the Transport Network in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia 调查机场搬迁对印尼日惹特区交通网络的影响
Pub Date : 2019-05-17 DOI: 10.22146/JCEF.41575
Andrean Gita Fitrada
Adi Sutjipto International Airport is the airport currently operated in Special Region of Yogyakarta (SRY), located near the city centre area. SRY needs to construct a new airport due to the increase in air passengers. The proposed airport, named New Yogyakarta International Airport (NYIA) is located in the undeveloped area, away from the city centre. This study is aimed to investigate the impact of airport relocation to the road network and to assess several developments of transportation infrastructures to the new airport.  The analysis was conducted by developing a transport network model using PTV Visum. The secondary data collected from the local government to develop the transport network model, including the development of origin-destination matrices and forecasting purpose.  The scenarios of road infrastructures development and new rail service to the airport in 2025 are then modelled. The results showed that the road infrastructure developed can reduce the number of congested main roads from 9.47% into 5.94%. Rail service to the airport is effective to decrease the traffic congestion at two NYIA roads access and able to increase their average speed from 49.45 and 44.29 km/h into 66.45 and 62.66 km/h. 
阿迪苏基普托国际机场是目前在日惹特区(SRY)运营的机场,位于市中心附近。由于航空旅客的增加,SRY需要建造一个新机场。新日惹国际机场(New Yogyakarta International airport, NYIA)位于未开发地区,远离市中心。本研究旨在探讨机场搬迁对道路网络的影响,并评估新机场交通基础设施的若干发展。利用PTV Visum开发了一个运输网络模型,进行了分析。从地方政府收集的二手数据,开发交通网络模型,包括始发-目的地矩阵的开发和预测目的。然后对2025年通往机场的道路基础设施发展和新铁路服务的情景进行了建模。结果表明,道路基础设施建设可将主干道拥堵率从9.47%降低到5.94%。通往机场的铁路服务有效地减少了两条NYIA道路通道的交通拥堵,并能够将其平均速度从49.45和44.29公里/小时提高到66.45和62.66公里/小时。
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引用次数: 3
Freezing Technology: Challenges and Prospects for Sustainable Development in Urban Infrastructure 冻结技术:城市基础设施可持续发展的挑战与展望
Pub Date : 2019-05-17 DOI: 10.22146/JCEF.43945
S. Kanie
Ground freezing has been broadly applied to construction and maintenance works of infrastructures because of its environmental friendliness. Since freezing technology represented by ground freezing can improve the strength of soil as well as its water-tightness, it becomes an essential technology for construction and maintenance of urban infrastructures where the use of space in underground has already been highly integrated. In this paper, overview of the freezing technology is introduced with some important characteristics of freezing soil for practical application. In addition, freezing technology is used for interesting works which could not be completed without freezing, and the state of the arts in freezing technology is presented. A pipe-in-pipe, now the authors are developing, is an example to utilize the potential of frozen sand, and the effect of freezing is explained with experimental results.
冻土因其环境友好性被广泛应用于基础设施的建设和维护工程中。以地面冻结为代表的冻结技术可以提高土壤的强度和水密性,成为地下空间利用高度一体化的城市基础设施建设和维护中必不可少的技术。本文介绍了冻结技术的概况,并介绍了冻土的一些重要特性,以供实际应用。此外,还将冷冻技术用于那些不冷冻就无法完成的有趣作品,并介绍了冷冻技术的发展现状。作者正在开发的一种管中管是利用冻砂潜力的实例,并用试验结果说明了冻砂的作用。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Initial Groundwater Table and Rainfall Wetting Towards Slope Stability (Case Study of Landslide in Tangkil Hamlet, Banaran Village, Pulung Subdistrict, Ponorogo Regency) 初始地下水位和降雨润湿对边坡稳定性的影响(以波诺罗戈县Pulung街道Banaran村Tangkil村滑坡为例)
Pub Date : 2019-05-17 DOI: 10.22146/JCEF.43804
D. Ariesta
Landslide is a natural phenomenon that can be controlled by a combination of various factors, such as topography, lithological condition, geological structure, water table, etc. Landslide is stated as a natural disaster if it causes casualties, direct losses and subsequent impacts of the initial destruction, as happened in Banaran Village, Ponorogo Regency. This study is aimed to examine the effects of initial groundwater table conditions and rainfall wetting on Banaran Village landslide. This study was conducted by assuming scenarios of initial groundwater table conditions. Soil parameters were obtained by testing soil samples in the laboratory. Infiltration parameters were acquired through permeability tests using the Philip-Dunne method, while areal rainfall was calculated using the Thiessen polygon method. In addition, slope stability modeling was calculated by using SLOPE/W while rainfall wetting analysis was carried out through SEEP/W. The analysis of Banaran Village landslide through these two numerical models was conducted by considering two conditions: 1) without rainfall and 2) with rainfall and infiltration. The analysis results imply that the landslide occurred in the initial groundwater table condition in scenario 3 with a safety factor of 1.008, and in a similar scenario with a safety factor of 0.973 when taking into account rainfall and infiltration. The results from SEEP/W and SLOPE/W indicate that the initial condition of the groundwater table highly influenced the decrease of the safety factor, while the wetting process did not cause a significant decrease of the safety factor.
滑坡是地形、岩性、地质构造、地下水位等多种因素综合控制的自然现象。如果山体滑坡造成人员伤亡、直接损失和最初破坏的后续影响,如在波诺罗戈摄政的Banaran村发生的情况,则被视为自然灾害。本研究旨在探讨初始地下水位条件和降雨润湿对巴纳然村滑坡的影响。本研究是在假定初始地下水位条件的情况下进行的。土壤参数是通过在实验室测试土样得到的。入渗参数采用Philip-Dunne法通过渗透性试验获得,面雨量采用Thiessen多边形法计算。采用slope /W计算边坡稳定性模型,采用SEEP/W进行降雨润湿分析。利用这两种数值模型对Banaran村滑坡进行了分析,分别考虑了1)无降雨和2)有降雨和入渗两种情况。分析结果表明,在初始地下水位条件下,情景3发生滑坡的安全系数为1.008;在相似情景下,考虑降雨和入渗的安全系数为0.973。SEEP/W和SLOPE/W结果表明,地下水位初始条件对安全系数的降低影响较大,而润湿过程对安全系数的降低影响不明显。
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引用次数: 5
Physical and Numerical Modelling of Tsunami Run-up on Seawall at Sloping Beach 倾斜海滩海堤海啸上升的物理与数值模拟
Pub Date : 2019-05-17 DOI: 10.22146/JCEF.43800
Ma'ruf Hadi Sutanto
Tsunami run-up on land has a large destructive power. Further studies are deemed necessary to understand the process and characteristics of tsunami run-up in coastal areas. Seawall structures can reduce the run-up of a tsunami depending on the height of the seawall crest. Physical modeling shows that seawall may significantly reduce run-up (𝑅) and inundation (𝑋𝑖). The highest reduction up to 55% where the seawall peak height is 7 cm and the water depth is 15 cm. With the same scenario in numerical modeling, the percentage reduction is 67.53%. The highest inundation (Xi) in the scenario without seawall structure is 6.081 m when the initial water depth (d0) equals to 30 cm. The result of the numerical model for the same scenario is 6.970 m. Seawall as tsunami mitigation structure is only effective when the tsunami wave is relatively low compared to the seawall height (H/ sw). Reduction percentage > 25%, with conditions that H/ sw is < 0.856 (physical model) and < 0.802 (numerical model).
海啸对陆地的冲击具有巨大的破坏力。对沿海地区海啸上升的过程和特征有必要进行进一步的研究。海堤结构可以减少海啸的上升,这取决于海堤波峰的高度。物理模拟结果表明,海堤可显著降低爬高(𝑅)和淹没(𝑋)。当海堤峰高为7厘米,水深为15厘米时,最大降幅可达55%。在数值模拟的相同场景下,减少的百分比为67.53%。相同情景下的数值模拟结果为6.970 m。海堤作为海啸减灾结构,只有在海啸波相对于海堤高度(H/ sw)较低时才有效。还原率> 25%,H/ sw < 0.856(物理模型),< 0.802(数值模型)。
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引用次数: 1
Comparison of the Use of Cement, Gypsum, and Limestone on the Improvement of Clay through Unconfined Compression Test 水泥、石膏、石灰石对粘土无侧限压缩性能的改善比较
Pub Date : 2019-05-17 DOI: 10.22146/JCEF.43792
I. P. Hastuty
Soil stabilization is an effort to improve soil properties by adding additives in the soil to increase the soil strength and maintain the shear strength of the soil. There are many materials which can be used as stabilizers. The materials used in this study were cement, gypsum, and limestone, then the compressive strength values were compared by using the Unconfined Compression Test (UCT). The mixture combinations used in this study were 1% to 10% of cement, gypsum, and limestone on clay by curing for 14 days. The compressive strength value resulted from the unconfined compression test on the original soil sample was 1.4 kg/cm2. The original soil was classified as moderately sensitive soil because the sensitivity value of the original soil was 2. After being stabilized with various mixtures of cement, gypsum, and limestone, soil stabilization using cement obtained the maximum unconfined compressive strength value is 3.681 kg/cm2 in the mixture of 10%. Similarly, the soil stabilization using limestone and gypsum also obtained its maximum unconfined compressive strength value in the mixture of 10% is 3.307 kg/cm2 and 2.975 kg/cm2, respectively.
土壤稳定是通过在土壤中添加添加剂来提高土壤强度和保持土壤的抗剪强度,从而改善土壤性质的一种努力。有许多材料可以用作稳定剂。本研究采用水泥、石膏和石灰石作为材料,采用无侧限压缩试验(UCT)对其抗压强度值进行比较。本研究中使用的混合物组合为1%至10%的水泥、石膏和石灰石在粘土上固化14天。原土样无侧限压缩试验得到的抗压强度值为1.4 kg/cm2。由于原始土壤的敏感性值为2,因此将原始土壤分类为中等敏感性土壤。水泥稳定土经各种水泥、石膏和石灰石的混合料稳定后,在10%的混合料中,水泥稳定土的最大无侧限抗压强度值为3.681 kg/cm2。同样,石灰石和石膏稳定土在掺量为10%时的最大无侧限抗压强度值分别为3.307 kg/cm2和2.975 kg/cm2。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum
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