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Changing Philosophical Perspectives: "Turn to Animals" in the New Anthropology 改变哲学视角:新人类学中的“转向动物”
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.21146/2414-3715-2021-7-1-64-79
Maria A. Kozyreva
The period of the end of the twentieth — the beginning of the twenty-first century can be called the heyday of human rights movements that advocate the inclusion of new agencies in the political, ethical, social and other fields. Among them arose the animal rights movement, which later developed into a philosophical turn called animal turn, which is now one of the most popular in the Western philosophical and anthropological discourse. Being mostly a media and popular science project, animal turn has been little studied and criticized from an academic point of view. In this article, it is proposed to explore the history of the turn, its development and, most importantly, how the ideas about man, animal and their relationships changed within the framework of animal turn. The new anthropology, which also includes the turn under discussion, inextricably links the concept of man with the concept of boundary, stating it as a necessary element for the constitution of the human self. As a part of a general philosophical trend to expand the discourse of the Other, animal turn suggests to consider the animal as a universal example of Otherness, which can not only coexist with a human, but also be an integral part of his self-perception. The article proposes to consider how the transition from the recognition of animals as "also feeling" was gradually made to the idea of maximum inclusiveness, openness and hospitality. It is also proposed to critically comprehend the new concept of man as a being who strives for maximum positive harmony with himself and the material world. As examples, the texts of the most famous representatives of animal turn are analyzed: P. Singer, T. Regan, J. Derrida, B. Massumi, P. Godfrey-Smith and V. Despre.
二十世纪末- -二十一世纪初这一时期可称为主张在政治、伦理、社会和其他领域纳入新的机构的人权运动的全盛时期。其中产生了动物权利运动,后来发展成为一种被称为“动物转向”的哲学转向,这是现在西方哲学和人类学话语中最流行的一种。动物转向主要是一个媒体和科普项目,很少从学术角度进行研究和批评。在这篇文章中,我们将探讨动物转向的历史,它的发展,最重要的是,在动物转向的框架内,关于人、动物及其关系的观念是如何变化的。新人类学,包括讨论中的转向,将人的概念与边界的概念不可分割地联系在一起,认为它是构成人类自我的必要因素。作为扩展他者话语的一般哲学趋势的一部分,动物转向建议将动物视为他者性的普遍例子,它不仅可以与人类共存,而且是他者自我感知的组成部分。文章建议考虑如何从对动物“也有感觉”的认识逐渐过渡到最大限度的包容,开放和好客的理念。它还建议批判性地理解人作为一个努力与自己和物质世界最大限度的积极和谐的存在的新概念。作为例子,本文分析了最著名的动物转向代表人物的文本:P. Singer、T. Regan、J. Derrida、B. Massumi、P. Godfrey-Smith和V. Despre。
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引用次数: 1
Paul Ricoeur about Man 保罗·利科关于人类
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.21146/2414-3715-2021-7-1-6-23
P. Gurevich
The article analyzes a wide range of philosophical and anthropological subjects in the works of the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur. Rejecting the idea of system-creation, Ricoeur creates a generalized image of a person in the form of polemical, sometimes marginal notes in relation to other European thinkers. His works reveal an original view on the problems of human subjectivity, Ego, personality, selfness, identity, etc. The author of the article shows that all the variety of anthropological topics in Ricoeur can be clarified through the phenomenon of human subjectivity, which the philosopher connects with spirituality, which is born in pre-reflexive forms of life and culture. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the personality as an individuality of a special kind and to the process of identification of the person as an individual. P. Ricoeur managed to give a new interpretation to the concept of identity through a complex dialectic of internal and external self-identity.
本文分析了法国哲学家保罗·里科尔作品中广泛的哲学和人类学主题。拒绝系统创造的想法,Ricoeur以辩论的形式创造了一个人的一般形象,有时是与其他欧洲思想家有关的旁注。他的作品对人的主体性、自我、人格、自我、身份等问题有着独到的见解。本文的作者表明,利科的各种人类学主题都可以通过人的主体性现象来澄清,哲学家将人的主体性与精神联系在一起,而精神是在前反思的生活和文化形式中诞生的。特别注意将人格作为一种特殊的个性加以考虑,并注意将人视为一个个体的过程。利科通过内在自我认同与外在自我认同的复杂辩证法,对同一性的概念进行了新的阐释。
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引用次数: 0
The Philosopher’s plant: An Intellectual Herbarium (Herbarium Philosophicum (prologue), Plato’s Plane Tree (chapter 1)) 哲学家的植物:智慧的植物标本馆(《哲学植物标本馆》序言,柏拉图的梧桐树(第一章))
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.21146/2414-3715-2021-7-1-24-46
Майкл Мардер, Валентина Кулагина-Ярцева, Наталия Кротовская
Michael Marder, a well-known specialist in environmental philosophy and political theory, studied at universities in Canada and the United States, received a Ph. D. from the New School of Social Research in New York, and taught at the Universities of Georgetown, Saskatchewan, and Washington. He conducted research at the University of Lisbon and served as an associate professor of Philosophy at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh before becoming a research professor at the University of the Basque Country. M. Marder is a member of the editorial board of journal «Telos» (New York), as well as the editor of four book series: «Political Theory and Contemporary Philosophy», «Critical Plant Studies», «Future Perfect: Images of the Time to Come in Philosophy, Politics, and Cultural Studies» and «Palgrave Studies in Postmetaphysical Thought». Michael Marder works in the phenomenological tradition of continental philosophy. He is the author of books «Grafts: Writings on Plants» (2016), «The Chernobyl Herbarium: Fragments of an Exploded Consciousness» (2016), «Heidegger: Phenomenology, Ecology, Politics» (2018) и «Dump Philosophy: A Phenomenology of Devastation» (2020). Most of his philosophical works are focused on constructing a concept in which plants are viewed as beings with their own form of subjectivity. He is best known for the monograph «Plant-Thinking: A Philosophy of Vegetal Life» (2013). Marder's book «The Philosopher’s Plant (Intellectual Herbarium)» (2014), from which the prologue «Philosophical Herbarium» and the first chapter «Plato's Plane Tree» are taken for translation, is devoted to the relationship between philosophy and plants. The author believes that philosophy did not pay due attention to plants, and seeks to fill this gap. The book contains twelve stories, each of which relates a famous philosopher to a plant or flower (Plato’s Plane Tree, Avicenna’s Celery, Kant’s Tulip etc.), which, according to Marder, allows a deeper understanding of his philosophical ideas.
迈克尔·马德尔,著名环境哲学和政治理论专家,曾在加拿大和美国的大学学习,获得纽约新社会研究学院博士学位,曾在乔治城大学、萨斯喀彻温大学和华盛顿大学任教。他曾在里斯本大学从事研究工作,并在匹兹堡的杜肯大学担任哲学副教授,之后成为巴斯克大学的研究教授。马德尔先生是《泰罗斯》杂志(纽约)编辑委员会成员,也是四本丛书的编辑:《政治理论与当代哲学》、《批判植物研究》、《未来的完美:哲学、政治和文化研究中的时代图景》和《后形而上学思想中的帕尔格雷夫研究》。迈克尔·马德尔的作品遵循了大陆哲学的现象学传统。他著有《嫁接:植物著作》(2016)、《切尔诺贝利植物标本馆:爆炸意识的碎片》(2016)、《海德格尔:现象学、生态学、政治》(2018)、《垃圾场哲学:毁灭现象学》(2020)等书。他的大部分哲学著作都集中在构建一个概念,在这个概念中,植物被视为具有自己主体性形式的存在。他最著名的专著是《植物思维:植物生命的哲学》(2013)。马德尔的著作《哲学家的植物(智力植物标本馆)》(2014)致力于哲学与植物之间的关系,其中序言“哲学植物标本馆”和第一章“柏拉图的梧桐树”是翻译的。作者认为,哲学没有对植物给予应有的重视,并试图填补这一空白。这本书包含12个故事,每个故事都将一位著名的哲学家与一种植物或花(柏拉图的梧桐树,阿维森纳的芹菜,康德的郁金香等)联系起来,根据马德尔的说法,这可以让人们更深入地了解他的哲学思想。
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引用次数: 0
The Genius of the Artist through the Prism of His Models 从模特的棱镜看艺术家的天才
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.21146/2414-3715-2021-7-1-80-115
V. Maslov
The essay, which consists of two parts, analyzes the female images of two great artists Botticelli and Picasso. The essay has the character of an art history study with memoir interweaves. In the first part, the author makes an attempt to decipher the genius of Botticelli using the technique of analyzing the prototype of the artist's heroine and comparing it with the image of a real woman, similar to the Botticelli model. The artist's genius is revealed through the type created by him, in a sense — invariant, of a beautiful woman, the spiritual and material image of which is repeated in reality. The energy of Botticelli's paintings, which is their secret, allowed the author to see in life a real copy of the artist's heroine. Using the archive of preserved personal letters of a beautiful lady, as if she descended from Botticelli's paintings “Spring” and “The Birth of Venus”, the author draws an analogy the epistolary legacy with cinema, when events are described not in strict chronological order, but rather individual important moments and experiences are highlighted and are scaled. According to the letters, the author reconstructs the character of his heroine and hypothetically transfers these character traits to the Botticelli model, about whose character there is almost no evidence left. The second part of the essay is inspired by a photograph of Picasso's wife Olga Khokhlova, preserved in the personal archive of the author's friends. The author embeds his story about the muse and the great love of Picasso and about his other paradoxical models in the circumstances of his personal life, in the situation of his youth, comparing the revolutionary changes in art at the beginning of the XX century with the moods of the representatives of the artistic intelligentsia of the 70s of the past century. The heroines of Picasso and the strange interweaving of the fate of the participants in the author's narrative represent the content of this part of the essay.
本文分为两部分,分别分析了波提切利和毕加索两位伟大艺术家的女性形象。这篇文章具有艺术史研究与回忆录交织的特点。在第一部分中,作者试图通过分析艺术家的女主人公的原型,并将其与一个真实的女性形象进行比较,类似于波提切利的模型,来解读波提切利的天才。艺术家的天才是通过他所创造的类型来揭示的,在某种意义上是不变的,一个美丽的女人,她的精神和物质形象在现实中重复。波提切利画作的能量,这是他们的秘密,让作者在生活中看到了艺术家的女主角的真实复制品。作者利用保存下来的一位美丽女士的私人信件档案,仿佛她是从波提切利的画作《春天》和《维纳斯的诞生》中继承下来的,将书信遗产与电影进行了类比,在电影中,事件不是按照严格的时间顺序描述的,而是突出和扩大了个人重要时刻和经历。根据这些信件,作者重构了女主角的性格,并假设将这些性格特征转移到波提切利的模型中,而波提切利的性格几乎没有留下任何证据。文章的第二部分灵感来自毕加索的妻子奥尔加·霍赫洛娃(Olga Khokhlova)的一张照片,这张照片保存在作者朋友的个人档案中。作者将他关于缪斯和毕加索的伟大爱情以及他的其他矛盾模型的故事嵌入到他的个人生活环境中,在他的青年时期,将20世纪初艺术的革命性变化与上世纪70年代艺术知识分子代表的情绪进行比较。毕加索的女主人公和作者叙事中参与者命运的奇怪交织代表了这部分文章的内容。
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引用次数: 0
Philosophical Analysis of the Image of "Artificial Man" in Literary Works of the XIX-XX Centuries 十九至二十世纪文学作品中“人造人”形象的哲学分析
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.21146/2414-3715-2021-7-1-47-63
Daria Odinokaya
Thanks to the development of modern technologies, there is a feeling that the machine can do anything: write a pseudoscientific article, perform household chores, and remind us of important things. Questions arise: what can't the machine do? What does it mean to be human today? The article examines the versions of how the border between the human and non-human in a person is interpreted in fiction. Such variations of "artificial man" as golem, robot, and artificial intelligence are studied. Created from different materials and animated by different methods, these creatures reflect different ideas about who a person is. We propose two approaches to the idea of creating a "man — artificial man" — mythological and natural science, supported by posthumanist philosophy. The deanthropologizing tendency in literary works anticipates the logic of transhumanism. A person is reduced either to a biological datum (a set of genes, a game of hormones, neural connections), or to intelligence, competing with artificial intelligence and inevitably suffering defeat. The anthropological approach in works of art continues the mythological tradition. Man is thought of as a being endowed with consciousness, which is not reducible to the world. "Artificial man" is a double, an antipode, another, that is, absolutely different, in relation to which a person can establish his own identity.
由于现代科技的发展,有一种感觉,机器可以做任何事情:写一篇伪科学的文章,做家务,并提醒我们重要的事情。问题出现了:机器不能做什么?今天的人类意味着什么?本文考察了小说中人类与非人类之间的界限是如何被解释的。研究了“人造人”的变体,如魔像、机器人和人工智能。这些生物由不同的材料制成,用不同的方法制作,反映了人们对一个人的不同看法。我们提出了神话和自然科学两种途径来解释创造“人——人造人”的想法,并以后人类主义哲学为支撑。文学作品中的去人类化倾向预示着超人类主义的逻辑。一个人要么被简化为生物基准(一组基因、一场激素游戏、神经连接),要么被简化为智能,与人工智能竞争,并不可避免地遭受失败。艺术作品中的人类学方法延续了神话传统。人被认为是一种被赋予意识的存在,这种意识不能简化为世界。“人造人”是一个替身,一个对跖点,另一个,也就是说,完全不同的,一个人可以在它的关系中建立自己的身份。
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引用次数: 0
Merab Mamardashvili: the Author with His Voice and Act Merab Mamardashvili:用他的声音和行动的作家
Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.21146/2414-3715-2021-7-1-205-223
E. Spirova
The article analyses the approaches of outstanding Russian philosophers — V.A. Podoroga and S.A. Smirnov — to the philosophical works of Merab Konstantinovich Mamardashvili. Their two monographic studies, published in 2020, offer a perfectly unique view through the original authorial lenses of the philosophical ideas of M.K. Mamardashvili. Making special mention of the topological configuration of Mamardashvili’s thinking, his specific metaphoricalness, these authors, each in his own way, immerse the readers into the semantic space of his philosophy. V.A. Podoroga reveals the unique philosophical style of Mamardashvili built on free speech-thought in contrast to a written text, with its permanent desire to repeat what was said in order to receive a new impetus for the motion of thought, and with its invariable return to the starting point. S.A. Smirnov retraces Mamardashvili’s authorial act of utterance as an autobiographic one, restoring the navigation of the philosopher’s personality through his creation that appears as an organ-tool of understanding. The monographs are a significant contribution to comprehension of the Russian philosophical tradition of the 20th century.
本文分析了俄罗斯杰出哲学家波多罗加和斯米尔诺夫对马马达什维利哲学著作的解读方法。他们于2020年发表的两篇专题研究,通过M.K.马马达什维利(M.K. Mamardashvili)哲学思想的原始作者视角,提供了一个完美独特的视角。这些作者特别提到了马马达什维利思想的拓扑结构,以及他特有的隐喻性,以各自的方式将读者带入他哲学的语义空间。V.A. Podoroga揭示了Mamardashvili独特的哲学风格,建立在与书面文本相反的自由言论思想之上,其永恒的愿望是重复所说的内容,以获得思想运动的新动力,并始终回到起点。斯米尔诺夫以自传的方式追溯马马达什维利的写作行为,通过他作为理解器官工具的创作,恢复哲学家人格的导航。这些专著是对理解20世纪俄罗斯哲学传统的重要贡献。
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引用次数: 0
From deception to gift (Application of interpersonal communication theories to anthropological analysis) 从欺骗到馈赠(人际交往理论在人类学分析中的应用)
Pub Date : 2019-12-25 DOI: 10.21146/2414-3715-2019-5-2-49-61
I. Sitnikov
The current exploratory and explanatory research argues that theories, which were developed in the field of interpersonal communication, could be applied for the analysis in anthropology. It is supposed that interpersonal and intergroup communication itself could be the subject of anthropological research. The author argues that recent development of the both disciplines — interpersonal communication and anthropology — gives scholars opportunity to analyze complicated cases of human communication both cross-culturally and inside individual ethnic groups. In the current research this possibility is demonstrated by the example of modifications of such a communication phenomenon as "gift". The history of the development of this communicative tool is considered, starting with the pre-gift phase of exchange and the stage of origin of the phenomenon of gift exchange, then shows the form of degradation of the mechanism of donation to the phenomenon of bribery, and finally, the form of revival of the practice of giving in some modern small ethnic communities in the post-Soviet period.
目前的探索性和解释性研究认为,在人际交往领域发展起来的理论可以应用于人类学的分析。人们认为人际交往和群体间交往本身可以成为人类学研究的主题。作者认为,人际传播学和人类学这两门学科的最新发展使学者们有机会分析跨文化和个体族群内部的复杂人类传播案例。在目前的研究中,这种可能性通过“礼物”这一交际现象的修饰来证明。本文考察了这一交流工具的发展历史,从礼物交换的前阶段和礼物交换现象的起源阶段开始,然后展示了捐赠机制对贿赂现象的退化形式,最后展示了后苏联时期一些现代小民族社区中捐赠实践的复兴形式。
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引用次数: 0
Philosophy of K. Marx in the Perception of an Existential Realist 从存在现实主义的角度看马克思哲学
Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.21146/2414-3715-2018-4-2-24-50
A. Fatenkov
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引用次数: 0
Antonius Trombetta within the Context of the Franciscan Tradition in Padua Antonius Trombetta在帕多瓦的方济会传统背景下
Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.21146/2414-3715-2018-4-2-91-102
G. Vdovina
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引用次数: 0
Nation 国家
Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.21146/2414-3715-2018-4-2-103-116
K. Arshin
{"title":"Nation","authors":"K. Arshin","doi":"10.21146/2414-3715-2018-4-2-103-116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2414-3715-2018-4-2-103-116","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":319029,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical anthropology","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129365866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
期刊
Philosophical anthropology
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