W. Zhan, Yuan Yuan, Chang Liu, Peng Chen, Yumeng Liang, Yu Wang, J. Arauz-Lara, Feifei Jia
Molybdenite (MoS2) has been widely used in the fields of catalysis, desalination, energy storage and conversion and optoelectronics as a result of its unique crystal structures and unusual properties. In the last decade, the modification of the surface, structural and semiconducting properties of zero-, two- and three-dimensional (0D, 2D and 3D) MoS2 for enhanced applications has attracted considerable attention. In this review, we summarize the synthesis, modification methods and application of 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2. The unique structures and properties of 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2 are first introduced. Next, the preparation methods of 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2 are summarized. The modification methods, including surface, structural and composite engineering, for enhancing the physical and chemical properties of 0D, 2D and 3D are also discussed. Finally, inspired by natural and modified MoS2, future suggestions for the design of novel 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2 for various applications are also suggested. This review offers new insights into the design and construction of novel and efficient 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2 for practical applications.
{"title":"Preparation and application of 0D, 2D and 3D molybdenite: a review","authors":"W. Zhan, Yuan Yuan, Chang Liu, Peng Chen, Yumeng Liang, Yu Wang, J. Arauz-Lara, Feifei Jia","doi":"10.20517/mmm.2022.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/mmm.2022.04","url":null,"abstract":"Molybdenite (MoS2) has been widely used in the fields of catalysis, desalination, energy storage and conversion and optoelectronics as a result of its unique crystal structures and unusual properties. In the last decade, the modification of the surface, structural and semiconducting properties of zero-, two- and three-dimensional (0D, 2D and 3D) MoS2 for enhanced applications has attracted considerable attention. In this review, we summarize the synthesis, modification methods and application of 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2. The unique structures and properties of 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2 are first introduced. Next, the preparation methods of 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2 are summarized. The modification methods, including surface, structural and composite engineering, for enhancing the physical and chemical properties of 0D, 2D and 3D are also discussed. Finally, inspired by natural and modified MoS2, future suggestions for the design of novel 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2 for various applications are also suggested. This review offers new insights into the design and construction of novel and efficient 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2 for practical applications.","PeriodicalId":319570,"journal":{"name":"Minerals and Mineral Materials","volume":"28 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116292279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dry mineral processing: the new topic of XXXII international mineral processing congress","authors":"Shaoxian Song","doi":"10.20517/mmm.2023.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/mmm.2023.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":319570,"journal":{"name":"Minerals and Mineral Materials","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114584054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Action is currently being taken globally to mitigate global warming.The objective of reducing CO2 emissions is not a burden for society but is a significant opportunity for evolution in various industries for the sustainable production of energy and the essential minerals, metals, and materials required for modern society. CO2 mineralization is one of the most promising methods to effectively reduce CO2 emissions via the formation of stable mineral carbonates. Accelerated mineral carbonation requires high capital costs for implementation. Accordingly, it has thus far not been economically feasible to carry out accelerated CO2 mineralization alone. Accelerated CO2 mineralization must be combined with other associated technologies to produce high-value products. The technical developments in enhanced metal recovery, nanomaterials, enhanced flotation, H2 production and applications in the cement industry may be suitable options. The utilization and generation of valuable byproducts may determine the economic feasibility of CO2 mineralization processes. The need for CO2 reduction and utilization can contribute to driving the development of many innovative and sustainable technologies for the future benefit of society. The implementation of carbon taxation may also significantly motivate the development of these technologies and their potential application.
{"title":"Status of CO2 mineralization and its utilization prospects","authors":"Fei Wang, D. Dreisinger","doi":"10.20517/mmm.2022.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/mmm.2022.02","url":null,"abstract":"Action is currently being taken globally to mitigate global warming.The objective of reducing CO2 emissions is not a burden for society but is a significant opportunity for evolution in various industries for the sustainable production of energy and the essential minerals, metals, and materials required for modern society. CO2 mineralization is one of the most promising methods to effectively reduce CO2 emissions via the formation of stable mineral carbonates. Accelerated mineral carbonation requires high capital costs for implementation. Accordingly, it has thus far not been economically feasible to carry out accelerated CO2 mineralization alone. Accelerated CO2 mineralization must be combined with other associated technologies to produce high-value products. The technical developments in enhanced metal recovery, nanomaterials, enhanced flotation, H2 production and applications in the cement industry may be suitable options. The utilization and generation of valuable byproducts may determine the economic feasibility of CO2 mineralization processes. The need for CO2 reduction and utilization can contribute to driving the development of many innovative and sustainable technologies for the future benefit of society. The implementation of carbon taxation may also significantly motivate the development of these technologies and their potential application.","PeriodicalId":319570,"journal":{"name":"Minerals and Mineral Materials","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124646023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to its high efficiency, ease of operation, and superior selectivity, flotation separation has emerged as a promising technique for the extraction of ilmenite from natural resources. In light of the solution chemistry of ilmenite, it is widely accepted that ferrous ions and ferrous hydroxy compounds serve as the primary active sites for collector adsorption across a broad range of slurry pH values. The commonly used collectors like sodium oleate and hydroxamic acid are capable of chemical bonding with Fe2+ to form complexes and then enhance the floatability of ilmenite. However, Fe3+ ions perform a higher affinity to both collectors rather than Fe2+, the formed stronger complexes are advantageous for enhancing the hydrophobicity of ilmenite and increasing the probability for air bubble attachment, resulting in an improved ilmenite flotation recovery. Consequently, how to maximize the conversion efficiency of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and provide additional Fe3+ active sites on ilmenite surface for collector attachment have become the hot spot. Herein, this review aims to firstly analyze the crystal structure and solution chemistry of ilmenite and then provide a concise summary of recent advances in different oxidation technologies for promoting the conversion of Fe2+ to Fe3+, including hydroxyl radicals oxidation, direct chemical oxidation, and thermal oxidation, and the in-depth activation mechanisms are well illustrated. Also, current challenges and perspectives in this field are discussed. This review would benefit the development of next-generation flotation techniques for earth-abundant titanium resources.
{"title":"Surface oxidation promotes the flotation of ilmenite: a critical review","authors":"Qian Chen, Zhijie Chen, R. M. Kasomo","doi":"10.20517/mmm.2022.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/mmm.2022.09","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its high efficiency, ease of operation, and superior selectivity, flotation separation has emerged as a promising technique for the extraction of ilmenite from natural resources. In light of the solution chemistry of ilmenite, it is widely accepted that ferrous ions and ferrous hydroxy compounds serve as the primary active sites for collector adsorption across a broad range of slurry pH values. The commonly used collectors like sodium oleate and hydroxamic acid are capable of chemical bonding with Fe2+ to form complexes and then enhance the floatability of ilmenite. However, Fe3+ ions perform a higher affinity to both collectors rather than Fe2+, the formed stronger complexes are advantageous for enhancing the hydrophobicity of ilmenite and increasing the probability for air bubble attachment, resulting in an improved ilmenite flotation recovery. Consequently, how to maximize the conversion efficiency of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and provide additional Fe3+ active sites on ilmenite surface for collector attachment have become the hot spot. Herein, this review aims to firstly analyze the crystal structure and solution chemistry of ilmenite and then provide a concise summary of recent advances in different oxidation technologies for promoting the conversion of Fe2+ to Fe3+, including hydroxyl radicals oxidation, direct chemical oxidation, and thermal oxidation, and the in-depth activation mechanisms are well illustrated. Also, current challenges and perspectives in this field are discussed. This review would benefit the development of next-generation flotation techniques for earth-abundant titanium resources.","PeriodicalId":319570,"journal":{"name":"Minerals and Mineral Materials","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126524166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinlin Wang, Xiangwei Zhang, Haiqin Zhou, Chunquan Li, Zhiming Sun
Photocatalysis and persulfate synergistic catalysis have recently become promising technologies for degrading refractory organic contaminants in effluents. In this work, Fe0@Fe3O4 is successfully immobilized on a N-deficient g-C3N4/diatomite composite (NGD) via a simple self-assembly process. The structural characteristics and peroxymonosulfate activation ability of the composite under visible-light irradiation are explored in detail. Notably, the introduction of NGD affects the crystallinity and morphology of Fe0@Fe3O4, forming homogenously distributed nanoparticles rather than irregular and agglomerated crystals with rod-like structures. The synthesized Fe0@Fe3O4/N-deficient g-C3N4/diatomite composite (FNGD) exhibits a superior removal percentage of bisphenol A (> 95% within 15 min). Furthermore, its degradation rate constant (k) is ~59 and ~27 times higher than those of NGD and bare Fe0@Fe3O4, respectively. Moreover, holes (hvb+), singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide free radicals (•O2-) play a major role in the FNGD/peroxymonosulfate/visible system based on radial quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. Overall, this study provides novel insights into visible light-assisted peroxymonosulfate activation by the g-C3N4/mineral-based composite for wastewater treatment.
{"title":"Crystallization regulation of Fe0@Fe3O4 using a g-C3N4/diatomite composite for enhancing photocatalytic peroxymonosulfate activation","authors":"Xinlin Wang, Xiangwei Zhang, Haiqin Zhou, Chunquan Li, Zhiming Sun","doi":"10.20517/mmm.2022.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/mmm.2022.06","url":null,"abstract":"Photocatalysis and persulfate synergistic catalysis have recently become promising technologies for degrading refractory organic contaminants in effluents. In this work, Fe0@Fe3O4 is successfully immobilized on a N-deficient g-C3N4/diatomite composite (NGD) via a simple self-assembly process. The structural characteristics and peroxymonosulfate activation ability of the composite under visible-light irradiation are explored in detail. Notably, the introduction of NGD affects the crystallinity and morphology of Fe0@Fe3O4, forming homogenously distributed nanoparticles rather than irregular and agglomerated crystals with rod-like structures. The synthesized Fe0@Fe3O4/N-deficient g-C3N4/diatomite composite (FNGD) exhibits a superior removal percentage of bisphenol A (> 95% within 15 min). Furthermore, its degradation rate constant (k) is ~59 and ~27 times higher than those of NGD and bare Fe0@Fe3O4, respectively. Moreover, holes (hvb+), singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide free radicals (•O2-) play a major role in the FNGD/peroxymonosulfate/visible system based on radial quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. Overall, this study provides novel insights into visible light-assisted peroxymonosulfate activation by the g-C3N4/mineral-based composite for wastewater treatment.","PeriodicalId":319570,"journal":{"name":"Minerals and Mineral Materials","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132014671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing Li, Lan Yang, F. Rao, Wenbiao Liu, Hanghai Ma, X. Chi, Shui-ping Zhong
A deep understanding of the role of Ca in geopolymers exposed to various environments is essential for geopolymerization. This work evaluates the role of Ca by observing the behavior of hierarchically calciferous geopolymers under different environments including air, carbonization and freezing-thawing cycles. The structural and morphological differences between the geopolymers and the related mechanisms in various environmental conditions are assessed based on compressive strength, brunauer emmett teller, X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectoscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy measurements. It is found that two kinds of geopolymer gels, calcium silicate hydrate and sodium aluminosilicate hydrate, are formed in the geopolymerization of blast furnace slag and fly ash. Regardless of the specific air, carbonization or freezing-thawing cycle environment, the former gel dominates the properties in low Ca geopolymers, while the latter gel determines the properties in medium and high Ca geopolymers. Moreover, the carbonization environment enables calciferous geopolymers with higher surface areas and smaller pore sizes. Such adequate pore structures can significantly improve the performance of the geopolymers. This study presents novel insights into the influence of Ca on geopolymerization and in strengthening geopolymer properties.
{"title":"Influence of Ca on the mechanical properties and microstructures of slag-fly ash geopolymers","authors":"Jing Li, Lan Yang, F. Rao, Wenbiao Liu, Hanghai Ma, X. Chi, Shui-ping Zhong","doi":"10.20517/mmm.2021.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/mmm.2021.02","url":null,"abstract":"A deep understanding of the role of Ca in geopolymers exposed to various environments is essential for geopolymerization. This work evaluates the role of Ca by observing the behavior of hierarchically calciferous geopolymers under different environments including air, carbonization and freezing-thawing cycles. The structural and morphological differences between the geopolymers and the related mechanisms in various environmental conditions are assessed based on compressive strength, brunauer emmett teller, X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectoscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy measurements. It is found that two kinds of geopolymer gels, calcium silicate hydrate and sodium aluminosilicate hydrate, are formed in the geopolymerization of blast furnace slag and fly ash. Regardless of the specific air, carbonization or freezing-thawing cycle environment, the former gel dominates the properties in low Ca geopolymers, while the latter gel determines the properties in medium and high Ca geopolymers. Moreover, the carbonization environment enables calciferous geopolymers with higher surface areas and smaller pore sizes. Such adequate pore structures can significantly improve the performance of the geopolymers. This study presents novel insights into the influence of Ca on geopolymerization and in strengthening geopolymer properties.","PeriodicalId":319570,"journal":{"name":"Minerals and Mineral Materials","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124910309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antibiotics generally cause drug-resistant genes (ARGs) and drug-resistant bacteria (ARBs). With a complex class of antibiotics, it is very crucial to select specific adsorbents for different kinds of antibiotics. Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) and calcined layered double hydroxide (LDO) were prepared as absorbents for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and ofloxacin (OFX), which were two antibiotics with different structures. According to the results of the adsorption experiments, LDO has the best adsorption capacity on TCH, reaching 322.58 mg/g. Acid-base titration, XRD, TEM, SEM, BET, and FI-TR analyses indicate that LDO has more active sites on the surface, the “memory effect”, and a larger specific surface area. In contrast, the removal rate of OFX by LDO is low because OFX has a more stable quinolone ring structure. Furthermore, after five adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption rate of TCH remains at 94.9%, demonstrating that LDO has good cyclic adsorption capacity for TCH. This study creatively combines acid-base buffering characteristics to study the mechanism of the adsorption of antibiotics by hydrotalcite, and proposes that LDO can be used as a special adsorbent for TCH.
{"title":"Differential removal of tetracycline hydrochloride and quinolone antibiotics by calcined and uncalcined layered double hydroxides","authors":"Cui-xuan Zhang, J. V. García-Meza, Yinta Li","doi":"10.20517/mmm.2022.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/mmm.2022.10","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics generally cause drug-resistant genes (ARGs) and drug-resistant bacteria (ARBs). With a complex class of antibiotics, it is very crucial to select specific adsorbents for different kinds of antibiotics. Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) and calcined layered double hydroxide (LDO) were prepared as absorbents for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and ofloxacin (OFX), which were two antibiotics with different structures. According to the results of the adsorption experiments, LDO has the best adsorption capacity on TCH, reaching 322.58 mg/g. Acid-base titration, XRD, TEM, SEM, BET, and FI-TR analyses indicate that LDO has more active sites on the surface, the “memory effect”, and a larger specific surface area. In contrast, the removal rate of OFX by LDO is low because OFX has a more stable quinolone ring structure. Furthermore, after five adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption rate of TCH remains at 94.9%, demonstrating that LDO has good cyclic adsorption capacity for TCH. This study creatively combines acid-base buffering characteristics to study the mechanism of the adsorption of antibiotics by hydrotalcite, and proposes that LDO can be used as a special adsorbent for TCH.","PeriodicalId":319570,"journal":{"name":"Minerals and Mineral Materials","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129954436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zijia Zhang, Yu Zhang, J. V. García-Meza, Ling Xia
Improving the power generation performance and pollutant removal of photosynthetic microalgae microbial fuel cells (PMMFCs) is the key to their large-scale application. In this work, microalgae (Chlorella sp. QB-102) were used as a biocatalyst in the cathode, and foam nickel modified by graphene oxide with two degrees of oxidation was used as the electrode. The results showed that the maximum power density of PMMFCs with high oxidation degree graphene oxide modified electrode (NF-GO-H) reached 209.07 mW·m-2, which was 6 times that of PMMFCs with low oxidation degree graphene oxide modified electrode (NF-GO-L), indicating that the use of the NF-GO-H electrode can effectively improve the electrical properties of PMMFCs. Simultaneously, the NF-GO-H electrode can effectively remove Cd(II), with a capacity of 6.039 g·m-2, which is twice that of the NF-GO-L electrode. Moreover, through the synergistic electrochemical action of Chlorella sp. QB-102, a large number of hydroxyl groups can be generated to convert the adsorbed Cd(II) into a more stable Cd(OH)2 precipitate. The results of this work will further expand the application of PMMFCs in power generation and heavy metal removal.
{"title":"Graphene oxide modified electrode enhances electricity generation and heavy metal removal in photosynthetic microalgae microbial fuel cells","authors":"Zijia Zhang, Yu Zhang, J. V. García-Meza, Ling Xia","doi":"10.20517/mmm.2022.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/mmm.2022.11","url":null,"abstract":"Improving the power generation performance and pollutant removal of photosynthetic microalgae microbial fuel cells (PMMFCs) is the key to their large-scale application. In this work, microalgae (Chlorella sp. QB-102) were used as a biocatalyst in the cathode, and foam nickel modified by graphene oxide with two degrees of oxidation was used as the electrode. The results showed that the maximum power density of PMMFCs with high oxidation degree graphene oxide modified electrode (NF-GO-H) reached 209.07 mW·m-2, which was 6 times that of PMMFCs with low oxidation degree graphene oxide modified electrode (NF-GO-L), indicating that the use of the NF-GO-H electrode can effectively improve the electrical properties of PMMFCs. Simultaneously, the NF-GO-H electrode can effectively remove Cd(II), with a capacity of 6.039 g·m-2, which is twice that of the NF-GO-L electrode. Moreover, through the synergistic electrochemical action of Chlorella sp. QB-102, a large number of hydroxyl groups can be generated to convert the adsorbed Cd(II) into a more stable Cd(OH)2 precipitate. The results of this work will further expand the application of PMMFCs in power generation and heavy metal removal.","PeriodicalId":319570,"journal":{"name":"Minerals and Mineral Materials","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123004008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Gomez-Flores, L. Mweene, Hyunjung Kim, L. L. Leal Filho
{"title":"The latest green and sustainable development of mineral processing and extraction","authors":"A. Gomez-Flores, L. Mweene, Hyunjung Kim, L. L. Leal Filho","doi":"10.20517/mmm.2023.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/mmm.2023.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":319570,"journal":{"name":"Minerals and Mineral Materials","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131485792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the whole world to deliver net zero by 2050, large-scale mining is more critical for metals such as lithium, cobalt, platinum, palladium, REE, gallium, tungsten, tellurium, and indium as these metals are essential for green technology applications such as making wind turbines, solar panels, fuel-cells, electric vehicles, and data storage systems required to transition to a low-carbon economy. Since land-based mineral deposits are depleting fast, seabed resources are seen as a new resource frontier for mineral exploration and extraction. They include mainly deep-ocean mineral deposits, such as massive sulfides, manganese nodules, ferromanganese crusts, phosphorites, and REE-rich marine muds. Manganese nodules contain mainly manganese and iron, but also valuable metals like nickel, cobalt, and copper, as well as REE and platinum, which are used in making several high-technology and green technology products. For example, deep-sea mud enriched in REE (> 2000 µg/g) was found in the western North Pacific Ocean. High concentrations of REE range from 1,727 to 2,511 μg/g in the crust samples collected from the Afanasy Nikitin Seamount (ANS) in the Indian Ocean. However, these deposits usually have lower REE grades than land-based REE deposits such as carbonatite-hosted deposits but form greater potential volumes. Though the mining companies and their sponsoring countries are in the process of developing the required technologies to mine the three deep-sea environments: abyssal plains, seamounts, and hydrothermal vents, due to severe concerns about the possible environmental damages, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) has not granted any mining permissions so far, although deep-sea mining becomes inevitable in the future green energy revolution.
{"title":"Deep-sea mineral deposits as a future source of critical metals, and environmental issues - a brief review","authors":"Balaram Vysetti","doi":"10.20517/mmm.2022.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/mmm.2022.12","url":null,"abstract":"For the whole world to deliver net zero by 2050, large-scale mining is more critical for metals such as lithium, cobalt, platinum, palladium, REE, gallium, tungsten, tellurium, and indium as these metals are essential for green technology applications such as making wind turbines, solar panels, fuel-cells, electric vehicles, and data storage systems required to transition to a low-carbon economy. Since land-based mineral deposits are depleting fast, seabed resources are seen as a new resource frontier for mineral exploration and extraction. They include mainly deep-ocean mineral deposits, such as massive sulfides, manganese nodules, ferromanganese crusts, phosphorites, and REE-rich marine muds. Manganese nodules contain mainly manganese and iron, but also valuable metals like nickel, cobalt, and copper, as well as REE and platinum, which are used in making several high-technology and green technology products. For example, deep-sea mud enriched in REE (> 2000 µg/g) was found in the western North Pacific Ocean. High concentrations of REE range from 1,727 to 2,511 μg/g in the crust samples collected from the Afanasy Nikitin Seamount (ANS) in the Indian Ocean. However, these deposits usually have lower REE grades than land-based REE deposits such as carbonatite-hosted deposits but form greater potential volumes. Though the mining companies and their sponsoring countries are in the process of developing the required technologies to mine the three deep-sea environments: abyssal plains, seamounts, and hydrothermal vents, due to severe concerns about the possible environmental damages, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) has not granted any mining permissions so far, although deep-sea mining becomes inevitable in the future green energy revolution.","PeriodicalId":319570,"journal":{"name":"Minerals and Mineral Materials","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124614299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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