The difficulty to dissect and weigh very tiny gonads and several fish specimens for the purpose of computing gonadosomatic indices (GSIs) due to non-availability of reliable electric power supply under field conditions, necessitated the study. This paper presents the performance of the gonad length indices vis-a-vis the traditional GSIs. The gonad elongation ratio (GER) (i.e. gonad length as a function of fish standard length expressed as a percentage) is here proposed for use in analyzing teleost fish breeding seasonality. The West African amphibious mudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus (Linneaus, 1766) (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Imo River estuary, Nigeria, was used as the trial species. Monthly mean testicular and ovarian elongation ratios were examined vis–a–vis the classical testicular and ovarian gonadosomatic indices. The monthly mean gonad elongation ratios followed similar monthly mean sequences of the corresponding gonadosomatic indices. Mean GSI was 0.192 in males (range 0.097 – 0.347) and 1.197 in females (range 0.512 – 3.398); whereas mean GER was 16.5 for males (varied from 12.9 to 19.2) and 19.5 in females (ranged between 16.8 and 25.3). However, the gonad elongation ratios fluctuated more finely than the gonadosomatic indices. It is 2 - 3 times much easier and faster to determine gonad elongation ratio in the field than the gonadosomatic index. The determination of gonadosomatic indices require the use of sensitive electronic balance and reliable electric power supply while these are not necessities for the determination of gonad elongation ratios. Being a quantitative measure, the gonad elongation ratio can be subjected to statistical reliability estimates such as standard deviation, standard error and confidence intervals. The gonad elongation ratio which is quantitative and has biological interpretation that is analogous to the traditional gonadosomatic index, is recommended for use.
{"title":"A new methodology for the analysis of fish breeding seasonality","authors":"R. P. King, Mfon T. Udo","doi":"10.4314/jas.v38i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v38i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The difficulty to dissect and weigh very tiny gonads and several fish specimens for the purpose of computing gonadosomatic indices (GSIs) due to non-availability of reliable electric power supply under field conditions, necessitated the study. This paper presents the performance of the gonad length indices vis-a-vis the traditional GSIs. The gonad elongation ratio (GER) (i.e. gonad length as a function of fish standard length expressed as a percentage) is here proposed for use in analyzing teleost fish breeding seasonality. The West African amphibious mudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus (Linneaus, 1766) (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Imo River estuary, Nigeria, was used as the trial species. Monthly mean testicular and ovarian elongation ratios were examined vis–a–vis the classical testicular and ovarian gonadosomatic indices. The monthly mean gonad elongation ratios followed similar monthly mean sequences of the corresponding gonadosomatic indices. Mean GSI was 0.192 in males (range 0.097 – 0.347) and 1.197 in females (range 0.512 – 3.398); whereas mean GER was 16.5 for males (varied from 12.9 to 19.2) and 19.5 in females (ranged between 16.8 and 25.3). However, the gonad elongation ratios fluctuated more finely than the gonadosomatic indices. It is 2 - 3 times much easier and faster to determine gonad elongation ratio in the field than the gonadosomatic index. The determination of gonadosomatic indices require the use of sensitive electronic balance and reliable electric power supply while these are not necessities for the determination of gonad elongation ratios. Being a quantitative measure, the gonad elongation ratio can be subjected to statistical reliability estimates such as standard deviation, standard error and confidence intervals. The gonad elongation ratio which is quantitative and has biological interpretation that is analogous to the traditional gonadosomatic index, is recommended for use.","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84414100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shellfish meat are popular due to their high protein content, low carbohydrate values, low fat/cholesterol profile, and the presence of some vital minerals such as copper, calcium, zinc, iron, and manganese. High nutritional values in shellfish has resulted in an increase in demand for the resource which eventually influences the economic growth in both local and international markets. The nutritional profile of periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) was studied with the aim of providing health related information to consumers. The proximate analysis was evaluated using standard analytical procedures. Results showed that periwinkle samples contained 3.69±0.63% ash, 38.38±0.19% moisture, 20.21±0% protein, 0.25±0.04% fat, 4.33±0% crude fibre and 33.15±0.78% carbohydrate. The results also revealed the mineral content of periwinkle thus: manganese content was 1.30ppm, magnesium content was 9.64ppm, calcium content was 1.55ppm, lead was 0.00ppm, iron was 5.60ppm and zinc was 0.11ppm. The findings from this work showed that periwinkle contained considerable amounts of protein, carbohydrate, ash, fibre, manganese, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc but low in fat with no lead content. Thus, increase consumption of periwinkle may help address micronutrient and protein deficiency problems.
{"title":"Evaluation of Nutritional Profile of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus Fuscatus) from Ekeuku Market, Owerri, Imo State","authors":"S. U. Nwaka, J. P. Udoh","doi":"10.4314/jas.v37i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v37i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Shellfish meat are popular due to their high protein content, low carbohydrate values, low fat/cholesterol profile, and the presence of some vital minerals such as copper, calcium, zinc, iron, and manganese. High nutritional values in shellfish has resulted in an increase in demand for the resource which eventually influences the economic growth in both local and international markets. The nutritional profile of periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) was studied with the aim of providing health related information to consumers. The proximate analysis was evaluated using standard analytical procedures. Results showed that periwinkle samples contained 3.69±0.63% ash, 38.38±0.19% moisture, 20.21±0% protein, 0.25±0.04% fat, 4.33±0% crude fibre and 33.15±0.78% carbohydrate. The results also revealed the mineral content of periwinkle thus: manganese content was 1.30ppm, magnesium content was 9.64ppm, calcium content was 1.55ppm, lead was 0.00ppm, iron was 5.60ppm and zinc was 0.11ppm. The findings from this work showed that periwinkle contained considerable amounts of protein, carbohydrate, ash, fibre, manganese, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc but low in fat with no lead content. Thus, increase consumption of periwinkle may help address micronutrient and protein deficiency problems.","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81167180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fish continues to be the main source of animal protein worldwide, yet trace metal pollution endangers them. Trace metal pollution originates from nature and human activities and poses public health risk to consumers of these fish. This study was conducted using fresh fish samples weighing 600g. Fish samples were divided into four groups: Group I: fresh fish sample not roasted (Control); Group II consisted of fish roasted with fire wood (FRF); Group III had fish roasted with waste vehicle tyres (FRT) and Group IV were fish roasted with plastic materials (FRP). Roasting time was four hours at high temperature. Trace metals {cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu)} were determined using acid digestion and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric. Results revealed the highest cadmium value (0.81±0.042 mg/kg) in fish samples roasted with waste vehicle tyres. This was followed by fish roasted with plastic materials (0.715±0.021 mg/kg) and thereafter, fish roasted with firewood (0.59±2.51mg/kg). The highest zinc (212.185±0.0 mg/kg) was recorded in fish roasted with plastic materials. This was followed by fish roasted with firewood (2.57±0.042 mg/kg). The mean values for iron were: FRT (7.965±0.035mg/kg), FRP (7.82±0.014mg/kg) and (6.705±0.035mg/kg) for FRF. Values for copper were 1.725±0.063mg/kg for FRT, 1.335±0.007mg/kg for FRP and 0.86±0.028mg/kg for FRF. Concentration of lead was negligible in FRF with higher values (1.485mg/kg) in FRF and (2.865mg/kg) in FRT. Fish in control group had no metal deposit in their tissues. The results of the present study have revealed that cadmium and lead concentrations in the muscles of all fish samples roasted with waste vehicle tyres and plastic materials were above permissible limits of 0.5 mg/kg set by European Commission. Thus, using these materials to generate heat in fish smoking is of great public health concern. Individuals and authorities at the Local, State and Federal level should co-operate to expose this unhealthy practice and devise strategies to eliminate it.
{"title":"Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations on Fish Flesh Smoked Using Polythene Products","authors":"S. U. Nwaka, J. P. Udoh, A. R. Onuke","doi":"10.4314/jas.v37i1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v37i1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Fish continues to be the main source of animal protein worldwide, yet trace metal pollution endangers them. Trace metal pollution originates from nature and human activities and poses public health risk to consumers of these fish. This study was conducted using fresh fish samples weighing 600g. Fish samples were divided into four groups: Group I: fresh fish sample not roasted (Control); Group II consisted of fish roasted with fire wood (FRF); Group III had fish roasted with waste vehicle tyres (FRT) and Group IV were fish roasted with plastic materials (FRP). Roasting time was four hours at high temperature. Trace metals {cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu)} were determined using acid digestion and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric. Results revealed the highest cadmium value (0.81±0.042 mg/kg) in fish samples roasted with waste vehicle tyres. This was followed by fish roasted with plastic materials (0.715±0.021 mg/kg) and thereafter, fish roasted with firewood (0.59±2.51mg/kg). The highest zinc (212.185±0.0 mg/kg) was recorded in fish roasted with plastic materials. This was followed by fish roasted with firewood (2.57±0.042 mg/kg). The mean values for iron were: FRT (7.965±0.035mg/kg), FRP (7.82±0.014mg/kg) and (6.705±0.035mg/kg) for FRF. Values for copper were 1.725±0.063mg/kg for FRT, 1.335±0.007mg/kg for FRP and 0.86±0.028mg/kg for FRF. Concentration of lead was negligible in FRF with higher values (1.485mg/kg) in FRF and (2.865mg/kg) in FRT. Fish in control group had no metal deposit in their tissues. The results of the present study have revealed that cadmium and lead concentrations in the muscles of all fish samples roasted with waste vehicle tyres and plastic materials were above permissible limits of 0.5 mg/kg set by European Commission. Thus, using these materials to generate heat in fish smoking is of great public health concern. Individuals and authorities at the Local, State and Federal level should co-operate to expose this unhealthy practice and devise strategies to eliminate it. ","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84037207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acute toxicity effects of ethanolic stem bark extract of ackee, Blighia sapida was tested on catfish fingerlings over a 96hr exposure period as a potent organic piscicide. A static toxicity bioassay was conducted after a preliminary trial tests were carried out to determine effective extract concentrations to be used. A 300 number catfish fingerlings were randomly selected and distributed in triplicate concentrations of stem bark extracts of ackee. The test fish were treated with concentrations of 0.00, 1.60, 3.20, 6.40 and 12.8g/l stem bark extracts. At the end of the exposure period, plant toxicant caused visible behavioral changes on test fish which included aggression, erratic swimming, stunned posture, opercula movement, air gulping, settlement at the bottom and eventual death. The LC50 lethal concentration of 8.394g/l was recorded while the safe concentration was established to be 1.281g/l. There were significant changes in water quality parameters of the experimental tanks. It could be inferred from the results of this study that treated fish were irritated by the plant toxicant such that unstable behavioral changes were exhibited in all treated groups. Therefore, the use of stem bark of ackee in fish harvesting should be regulated.
{"title":"Toxicity Assessment of the Ethanolic Stem Bark Extracts of Ackee, Blighia sapida on the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus","authors":"M. Effiong, S. Jacob","doi":"10.4314/jas.v37i1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v37i1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Acute toxicity effects of ethanolic stem bark extract of ackee, Blighia sapida was tested on catfish fingerlings over a 96hr exposure period as a potent organic piscicide. A static toxicity bioassay was conducted after a preliminary trial tests were carried out to determine effective extract concentrations to be used. A 300 number catfish fingerlings were randomly selected and distributed in triplicate concentrations of stem bark extracts of ackee. The test fish were treated with concentrations of 0.00, 1.60, 3.20, 6.40 and 12.8g/l stem bark extracts. At the end of the exposure period, plant toxicant caused visible behavioral changes on test fish which included aggression, erratic swimming, stunned posture, opercula movement, air gulping, settlement at the bottom and eventual death. The LC50 lethal concentration of 8.394g/l was recorded while the safe concentration was established to be 1.281g/l. There were significant changes in water quality parameters of the experimental tanks. It could be inferred from the results of this study that treated fish were irritated by the plant toxicant such that unstable behavioral changes were exhibited in all treated groups. Therefore, the use of stem bark of ackee in fish harvesting should be regulated.","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76504746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The most of the fish consumed in the Cross River State are brought from Cross River, the quality characteristics of such fishes are foremost importance. Therefore, this study was carried out to provide information on heavy metal concentrations in the water and muscles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a commercial fish species available in the markets of Cross River State and to make people aware of the possible health risk associated with their consumption. Samples were collected from nine sites along the length of the river and were designated as Stations A (Itigidi), B (Ekori), C (Ahaha), D (Ofombogha), E (Obubra), F (Ochong), G (Alesi), H (Okuni) and I (Ikom). The heavy metal profile (Pb, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe, Al and Co) was assessed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results of metal profile observed were in order of magnitude in Itigidigi > Ekori > Ahaha > Ofombogha > Ochong >Obubra > Alesi > Okuni > Ikom, while the concentration of heavy metals in the sampling stations were in the order of magnitude of fish > water. Most of the metal concentrations were below the maximum allowable levels set by the WHO, FEPA, and USEPA except zinc with mean concentration of 0.27±0.047μg.g-1 in fish and 0.31±0.18μg.g-1 in water which were above recommended limit of 0.0766μg.g-1 of USEPA at Itigidi and Ekori respectively . This implied that the waste assimilation capacity of the river is high, a phenomenon that could be ascribed to continuous water exchange, dilution, and sedimentation. This is an indication that an urban and industrial waste discharged into the Central Cross River has a significant effect on the ecological balance of the river. Thus, fish species harvested from the river may be safe for human consumption.
{"title":"Heavy Metal Analysis of Central Cross River, Nigeria using Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Water as Bio-indicators","authors":"E. O. Ayotunde","doi":"10.4314/jas.v37i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v37i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The most of the fish consumed in the Cross River State are brought from Cross River, the quality characteristics of such fishes are foremost importance. Therefore, this study was carried out to provide information on heavy metal concentrations in the water and muscles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a commercial fish species available in the markets of Cross River State and to make people aware of the possible health risk associated with their consumption. Samples were collected from nine sites along the length of the river and were designated as Stations A (Itigidi), B (Ekori), C (Ahaha), D (Ofombogha), E (Obubra), F (Ochong), G (Alesi), H (Okuni) and I (Ikom). The heavy metal profile (Pb, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe, Al and Co) was assessed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results of metal profile observed were in order of magnitude in Itigidigi > Ekori > Ahaha > Ofombogha > Ochong >Obubra > Alesi > Okuni > Ikom, while the concentration of heavy metals in the sampling stations were in the order of magnitude of fish > water. Most of the metal concentrations were below the maximum allowable levels set by the WHO, FEPA, and USEPA except zinc with mean concentration of 0.27±0.047μg.g-1 in fish and 0.31±0.18μg.g-1 in water which were above recommended limit of 0.0766μg.g-1 of USEPA at Itigidi and Ekori respectively . This implied that the waste assimilation capacity of the river is high, a phenomenon that could be ascribed to continuous water exchange, dilution, and sedimentation. This is an indication that an urban and industrial waste discharged into the Central Cross River has a significant effect on the ecological balance of the river. Thus, fish species harvested from the river may be safe for human consumption.","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85905451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. C. Edeh, C. I. Nsofor, D. C. Nnabufe, C. C. Ikechukwu, B. U. Uzonna, A. C. Umeaniebue
In Nigeria, the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus is one of the most widely cultivated fish species. It can be injured by cannibalism, high stocking density, or other means. If these injuries are not treated properly, the wounds could operate as a precursor to additional pathogen infection, causing stress, health problems, and loss of fish stocks. As a result, the ability of honey to cure wounds in African catfish was explored. Honey was added to a 40% crude protein meal at different inclusion levels of 0.0, 100, 150 and 200ml/kg diet. The lateral area (1 cm) of the fish model was lacerated after which the fish were fed varied quantities of honey-infused diets for 14 days. During this time weight gain and wound healing rate of the fish were monitored and measured. Results showed that fish fed diet containing 200ml/kg honey gained the most body weight (9.7g+3.60), while those fed the 0ml/kg honey diet recorded the least weight (5.1g+6.11). Fish fed low honey levels (0.00 and 100.00 ml/kg diet) required longer time to recover from their wounds completely, but those on a 200ml/kg honey diet recovered completely within the 14-day experimental period. From the results of this research, it is suggested that honey be included in fish diet at the rate of 200ml/kg of diet to accelerate wound healing and invariably boost fish recovery after injuries.
{"title":"Utilization of Natural Honey on Wound Healing in African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) (Siluriformes: Clariidae)","authors":"I. C. Edeh, C. I. Nsofor, D. C. Nnabufe, C. C. Ikechukwu, B. U. Uzonna, A. C. Umeaniebue","doi":"10.4314/jas.v37i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v37i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"In Nigeria, the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus is one of the most widely cultivated fish species. It can be injured by cannibalism, high stocking density, or other means. If these injuries are not treated properly, the wounds could operate as a precursor to additional pathogen infection, causing stress, health problems, and loss of fish stocks. As a result, the ability of honey to cure wounds in African catfish was explored. Honey was added to a 40% crude protein meal at different inclusion levels of 0.0, 100, 150 and 200ml/kg diet. The lateral area (1 cm) of the fish model was lacerated after which the fish were fed varied quantities of honey-infused diets for 14 days. During this time weight gain and wound healing rate of the fish were monitored and measured. Results showed that fish fed diet containing 200ml/kg honey gained the most body weight (9.7g+3.60), while those fed the 0ml/kg honey diet recorded the least weight (5.1g+6.11). Fish fed low honey levels (0.00 and 100.00 ml/kg diet) required longer time to recover from their wounds completely, but those on a 200ml/kg honey diet recovered completely within the 14-day experimental period. From the results of this research, it is suggested that honey be included in fish diet at the rate of 200ml/kg of diet to accelerate wound healing and invariably boost fish recovery after injuries. ","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79796271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alice Creek is a tributary of the Sombreiro River in the Akuku-Toru Local Government Area of Rivers State. It serves diverse purposes to the people of the area and others who depend on its aquatic resources, thereby exposing the river to influxes of pollutants that are of natural and human sources. The epiphyton assemblage and nutrient status were studied to determine organic pollution in this creek. Samples of epiphyton and surface water were collected monthly between February and May 2020 from three (3) sampling stations established along the creek course according to standard methods. Epiphytic algae samples were identified microscopically. Species diversity was calculated using standard indices. Surface water samples were analyzed for ammonia and phosphate by APHA methods. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23 for analysis of variance. A total of 50 individuals, 26 genera, and 35 species of epiphyton from six taxonomic groups, namely: Chlorophyta (10 species), Cyanophyta (9 species), Euglenophyta (6 species), Dinophyta (6 species), Bacillariophyta (3 species), and Xanthophyta (1 species) were recorded from the Alice Creek. Ammonia concentrations (mg/L) ranged between 5.59±0.91 (Station 2), 4.86±0.40 (May) and 6.24±0.86 (Station 3), 7.27±0.18 (February). Phosphate concentrations (mg/L) ranged from 0.31±0.56 (Station 2), 0.30±0.02 (May) to 0.40±0.11 (Station 1), 0.40±0.14 (March). Temporal variations of ammonia and phosphate were significant (p<0.05). The presence of Navicula (diatom), Microcystis, Oscillatoria, nabaenopsis, Anabaena, (bluegreen), high ammonia and phosphate indicated organic pollution in Alice Creek. The study recommends a coordinated environmental management plan to conserve aquatic resources of the Creek.
Alice Creek是河流州Akuku-Toru地方政府区域的Sombreiro河的一条支流。它为该地区的人民和其他依赖其水生资源的人提供各种目的，从而使河流暴露于自然和人为污染物的流入。通过研究附生植物组合和营养状况，确定了该河的有机污染。2020年2月至5月，按标准方法在沿河道建立的3个采样站逐月采集附生植物和地表水样本。对附生藻类样品进行显微鉴定。采用标准指数计算物种多样性。采用APHA法分析地表水样品中的氨和磷酸盐。数据分析使用社会科学统计软件包(SPSS)版本23进行方差分析。在爱丽斯溪共记录到绿藻门(10种)、蓝藻门(9种)、裸藻门(6种)、甲藻门(6种)、硅藻门(3种)和黄藻门(1种)6个类群的附生植物26属35种50株。氨浓度(mg/L)范围为5.59±0.91(2站)、4.86±0.40(5月)和6.24±0.86(3站)、7.27±0.18(2月)。磷酸盐浓度(mg/L)范围为0.31±0.56(2站)、0.30±0.02(5月)至0.40±0.11(1站)、0.40±0.14(3月)。氨和磷酸盐的时间变化显著(p<0.05)。黄藻(Navicula)、微囊藻(Microcystis)、振荡藻(Oscillatoria)、nabaenopsis、Anabaena、(蓝绿色)、高氨和高磷酸盐表明Alice Creek存在有机污染。该研究建议一个协调的环境管理计划，以保护该河流的水生资源。
{"title":"Evaluation of Epiphytic Algae Assemblage and Nutrient Status as Bioindicator of Organic Pollution in Alice Creek, Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"O. A. Bubu-Davies, M. B. Teere, G. Igilar","doi":"10.4314/jas.v37i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v37i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Alice Creek is a tributary of the Sombreiro River in the Akuku-Toru Local Government Area of Rivers State. It serves diverse purposes to the people of the area and others who depend on its aquatic resources, thereby exposing the river to influxes of pollutants that are of natural and human sources. The epiphyton assemblage and nutrient status were studied to determine organic pollution in this creek. Samples of epiphyton and surface water were collected monthly between February and May 2020 from three (3) sampling stations established along the creek course according to standard methods. Epiphytic algae samples were identified microscopically. Species diversity was calculated using standard indices. Surface water samples were analyzed for ammonia and phosphate by APHA methods. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23 for analysis of variance. A total of 50 individuals, 26 genera, and 35 species of epiphyton from six taxonomic groups, namely: Chlorophyta (10 species), Cyanophyta (9 species), Euglenophyta (6 species), Dinophyta (6 species), Bacillariophyta (3 species), and Xanthophyta (1 species) were recorded from the Alice Creek. Ammonia concentrations (mg/L) ranged between 5.59±0.91 (Station 2), 4.86±0.40 (May) and 6.24±0.86 (Station 3), 7.27±0.18 (February). Phosphate concentrations (mg/L) ranged from 0.31±0.56 (Station 2), 0.30±0.02 (May) to 0.40±0.11 (Station 1), 0.40±0.14 (March). Temporal variations of ammonia and phosphate were significant (p<0.05). The presence of Navicula (diatom), Microcystis, Oscillatoria, nabaenopsis, Anabaena, (bluegreen), high ammonia and phosphate indicated organic pollution in Alice Creek. The study recommends a coordinated environmental management plan to conserve aquatic resources of the Creek.","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77952422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Orogodo River is a major source of water for drinking, cooking, bathing, fishing, washing and recreation for the resident community. Apparently, anthropogenic activities threaten the sustainability of this resource, hence, the need for environmental monitoring studies. This study was carried out to investigate heavy metal content and to assess human health risk of Orogodo River vis-a-vis its suitability for human consumption. Water samples were collected from four sampling stations established along the stretch of the river with the upstream station at Site 1, two midstream stations (Sites 2 and 3) and the downstream station being Site 4 and analyzed for seven heavy metals: iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) concentrations using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results obtained from the study showed that the mean values for Fe (2.77±0.00 mg/l) in Site 4, Ni (0.15±0.19 mg/l) in Site 2, Pb (0.05±0.02 mg/l) in Site 3, Mn (0.30±0.30 mg/l) in Site 3 and Cr (0.06±0.03) in Sites 2 and 3 exceeded the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) maximum permissible limits (Fe: 0.3 mg/l; Ni: 0.02 mg/l; Pb: 0.01 mg/l; Mn: 0.2 mg/l and Cr: 0.05 mg/l) for Nigerian freshwater and thus warranted health risk assessment. Health risk assessment for all sites indicated that with exemptions of Cr (1.33 in Sites 2 and 3 for children), other metals showed no potential health risk, but their cumulative effects as indicated by the hazard index (1.19 and 2.50 for adult and children in Site 2; 1.22 and 2.91 for adult and children in Site 3 and 1.36 for children in Site 4) could be of serious concern. This calls for caution for both adults and children exposed to the water through ingestion and the dire need for enforcement of water resource management regulations by the concerned authorities.
{"title":"Assessment of Heavy Metal Content and Human Health Risk of Orogodo River, Delta State, Nigeria","authors":"J. Izegaegbe, J. Edoreh, C. O. Onogbosele","doi":"10.4314/jas.v37i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v37i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The Orogodo River is a major source of water for drinking, cooking, bathing, fishing, washing and recreation for the resident community. Apparently, anthropogenic activities threaten the sustainability of this resource, hence, the need for environmental monitoring studies. This study was carried out to investigate heavy metal content and to assess human health risk of Orogodo River vis-a-vis its suitability for human consumption. Water samples were collected from four sampling stations established along the stretch of the river with the upstream station at Site 1, two midstream stations (Sites 2 and 3) and the downstream station being Site 4 and analyzed for seven heavy metals: iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) concentrations using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results obtained from the study showed that the mean values for Fe (2.77±0.00 mg/l) in Site 4, Ni (0.15±0.19 mg/l) in Site 2, Pb (0.05±0.02 mg/l) in Site 3, Mn (0.30±0.30 mg/l) in Site 3 and Cr (0.06±0.03) in Sites 2 and 3 exceeded the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) maximum permissible limits (Fe: 0.3 mg/l; Ni: 0.02 mg/l; Pb: 0.01 mg/l; Mn: 0.2 mg/l and Cr: 0.05 mg/l) for Nigerian freshwater and thus warranted health risk assessment. Health risk assessment for all sites indicated that with exemptions of Cr (1.33 in Sites 2 and 3 for children), other metals showed no potential health risk, but their cumulative effects as indicated by the hazard index (1.19 and 2.50 for adult and children in Site 2; 1.22 and 2.91 for adult and children in Site 3 and 1.36 for children in Site 4) could be of serious concern. This calls for caution for both adults and children exposed to the water through ingestion and the dire need for enforcement of water resource management regulations by the concerned authorities. ","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81213500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fishmeal is the conventional source of protein in fish feed but is very expensive thus alternate sources of protein with similar quality to fishmeal are advocated. Soldier termite (Macrotermes bellicosus) was used to totally replace fish meal and combined with other ingredients to form a novel feed called “Termite Meal” (TM) and compared with Conventional Meal (CM) to feed eighteen (18) juvenile Clarias gariepinus (26.33g; 7.76cm) in culture tanks. A total of thirty-six (36) C. gariepinus juveniles were used for the two trial feeds. Proximate composition of the TM and CF showed that TM was significantly (p<0.05) higher than CF in crude protein (49.7%; 43.5%), ash content (11.5%; 8.39%), crude fiber (6.0%; 4.5%) and total energy (3086.0 kcal/kg; 2646.5 kcal/kg). The CF was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the TM in crude lipid (6.6%; 5.9%) and carbohydrate (0.6%; 0.3%) respectively. Juvenile C. gariepinus fed TM recorded significant (p<0.05) final weight, weight gain, final length, length gain, specific growth rate, relative growth rate, feed and protein efficiency ratios but insignificant feed conversion ratio, condition factor, and survival rate throughout the feeding trials (3rd, 6th and 9th weeks). TM proved to be a good fish feed based on the recorded significant values of final weight, weight gain, final length, length gain, specific growth rate, relative growth rate, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio. The study, therefore, suggests the total replacement of fishmeal with termite meal in fish feed production.
{"title":"Utilization of Soldier Termite (Macrotermes bellicosus) in Fish Feed Production in Bayelsa State, Nigeria","authors":"C. Thomas, O. A. Bubu-Davies, R. A. Otayoor","doi":"10.4314/jas.v37i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v37i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Fishmeal is the conventional source of protein in fish feed but is very expensive thus alternate sources of protein with similar quality to fishmeal are advocated. Soldier termite (Macrotermes bellicosus) was used to totally replace fish meal and combined with other ingredients to form a novel feed called “Termite Meal” (TM) and compared with Conventional Meal (CM) to feed eighteen (18) juvenile Clarias gariepinus (26.33g; 7.76cm) in culture tanks. A total of thirty-six (36) C. gariepinus juveniles were used for the two trial feeds. Proximate composition of the TM and CF showed that TM was significantly (p<0.05) higher than CF in crude protein (49.7%; 43.5%), ash content (11.5%; 8.39%), crude fiber (6.0%; 4.5%) and total energy (3086.0 kcal/kg; 2646.5 kcal/kg). The CF was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the TM in crude lipid (6.6%; 5.9%) and carbohydrate (0.6%; 0.3%) respectively. Juvenile C. gariepinus fed TM recorded significant (p<0.05) final weight, weight gain, final length, length gain, specific growth rate, relative growth rate, feed and protein efficiency ratios but insignificant feed conversion ratio, condition factor, and survival rate throughout the feeding trials (3rd, 6th and 9th weeks). TM proved to be a good fish feed based on the recorded significant values of final weight, weight gain, final length, length gain, specific growth rate, relative growth rate, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio. The study, therefore, suggests the total replacement of fishmeal with termite meal in fish feed production.","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75012871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Akpan, M. Essien-Ibok, N. Abiaobo, I. E. Udosen, I. E. Asuquo, E. Udoinyang, I. George
The diversity and abundance of fish species in Ekpene Ukpa River were studied from July - October, 2020. Sampling was by direct observation of the fish species at the sampling sites following landing by fishermen. Frequency, counts, and percentages were employed to determine fish species composition and abundance, while a Microsoft Excel 2003 based program was used to determine the ecological indices. A total of 14 species belonging to seven (7) families were recorded. The family, Clarotidae had the highest relative abundance (38.1%) with the least value (2.38%) observed in the family Alestidae. The index of preponderance ranged from 0.0004 in Pellonula leonensis and Trachinotus teraria to 0.100 in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus. The most abundant grouping of fish species was Chrysichthys igrodigitatus with 25.0% and the least in abundance were Pellonula leonensis and Trachinotus teraia with 1.19% each. The index of preponderance (IP) value of 0.10 was recorded for Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus which marked this species very significant in the study site. The study revealed that species richness and diversity were high in the month of October. Inference from the results clearly indicated that fish species were much diversified in all sampling months, and this is of great significance to the biodiversity of the study area. However, an inclusive management approach is recommended, such as educational awareness, involving of the local contents, and comprehensive rational planning on the management and development of the study site.
{"title":"Biodiversity and Abundance of Fish Species in Ekpene Ukpa River, A Tributary of Qua Iboe River Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria","authors":"I. Akpan, M. Essien-Ibok, N. Abiaobo, I. E. Udosen, I. E. Asuquo, E. Udoinyang, I. George","doi":"10.4314/jas.v37i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v37i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The diversity and abundance of fish species in Ekpene Ukpa River were studied from July - October, 2020. Sampling was by direct observation of the fish species at the sampling sites following landing by fishermen. Frequency, counts, and percentages were employed to determine fish species composition and abundance, while a Microsoft Excel 2003 based program was used to determine the ecological indices. A total of 14 species belonging to seven (7) families were recorded. The family, Clarotidae had the highest relative abundance (38.1%) with the least value (2.38%) observed in the family Alestidae. The index of preponderance ranged from 0.0004 in Pellonula leonensis and Trachinotus teraria to 0.100 in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus. The most abundant grouping of fish species was Chrysichthys igrodigitatus with 25.0% and the least in abundance were Pellonula leonensis and Trachinotus teraia with 1.19% each. The index of preponderance (IP) value of 0.10 was recorded for Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus which marked this species very significant in the study site. The study revealed that species richness and diversity were high in the month of October. Inference from the results clearly indicated that fish species were much diversified in all sampling months, and this is of great significance to the biodiversity of the study area. However, an inclusive management approach is recommended, such as educational awareness, involving of the local contents, and comprehensive rational planning on the management and development of the study site.","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"54 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78318637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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