The study assessed the histological changes in the structure of gills and liver of juvenile Heterobranchus longifilis after exposure to varying sub-lethal concentrations of Dichlorvos. The fish, 120specimenswith mean weight of 47.33±2.31g and total length 10.67±0.58cm were selected and used for the experiment. Test fish were treated with concentrations of 0.00, 0.01, 0.015 and 0.02mg/l of Dichlorvos representing treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. The study was carried out in a static renewal bioassay system. Fish samples were stocked in plastic bowls of 75litre capacity and the exposure period was7 days. All analyses were done using standard methods. The results showed prominent changes in the gills which included: partial epithelia lifting, hyperplasia, heavy degeneration changes, oedema, congestions and vacuolization. Changes in the liver included: congestion with sub-massive necrosis, liver parenchymal cell prominent with fatty/glycogen degeneration, hepatocytes and enlargement of portal tract. Histopathological changes on the two tissues increased with concentration of dichlorvos with severe damages observed at higher concentrations. This study showed that the use of dichlorvos as pesticides, which often find their way into the aquatic system, may have negative effects on fish. Thus, the use of organic pesticides should be encouraged. Keywords: Histopathology, sub-lethal, Heterobranchus longifilis, dichlorvos, gills and liver
{"title":"Sub-Lethal Toxicity of Dichlorvos on Gills and Liver of Juvenile Heterobranchus longifilis","authors":"I. Obaroh, D. Attah, M. Zuru","doi":"10.4314/JAS.V35I2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JAS.V35I2.17","url":null,"abstract":"The study assessed the histological changes in the structure of gills and liver of juvenile Heterobranchus longifilis after exposure to varying sub-lethal concentrations of Dichlorvos. The fish, 120specimenswith mean weight of 47.33±2.31g and total length 10.67±0.58cm were selected and used for the experiment. Test fish were treated with concentrations of 0.00, 0.01, 0.015 and 0.02mg/l of Dichlorvos representing treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. The study was carried out in a static renewal bioassay system. Fish samples were stocked in plastic bowls of 75litre capacity and the exposure period was7 days. All analyses were done using standard methods. The results showed prominent changes in the gills which included: partial epithelia lifting, hyperplasia, heavy degeneration changes, oedema, congestions and vacuolization. Changes in the liver included: congestion with sub-massive necrosis, liver parenchymal cell prominent with fatty/glycogen degeneration, hepatocytes and enlargement of portal tract. Histopathological changes on the two tissues increased with concentration of dichlorvos with severe damages observed at higher concentrations. This study showed that the use of dichlorvos as pesticides, which often find their way into the aquatic system, may have negative effects on fish. Thus, the use of organic pesticides should be encouraged. \u0000Keywords: Histopathology, sub-lethal, Heterobranchus longifilis, dichlorvos, gills and liver","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"149-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82074408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Edoreh, J. I. Izegaegbe, E. Osimen, C. Inegbenosun, H. A. Ojagefu, E. Weyinmi
Freshwater ecosystems afford essential needs and services to humans and have not been spared the effects of anthropogenic pressures exacerbated by increasing urbanization and industrialization. The study was undertaken in two southern inland rivers in Edo State, Nigeria, following concerns that the increasing human population in the region, coupled with indiscriminate discharges into rivers could erode water quality and elevate metal concentrations above allowable limits. Water samples were collected and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using standard procedures. The results showed that metal concentrations were generally within national and international limits for drinking water with exceptions in cadmium and lead. Water pollution indices showed metal pollution index for cadmium (1037, 757) and lead (503, 379) in Ovia and Ossiomo Rivers respectively. These values far exceeded the critical level of 100 with a high contamination index (>6) of cadmium in both rivers. Water quality index from physico-chemical analysis indicated poor conditions in Ossiomo River relative to very poor water conditions in Ovia River. The study demonstrated that cadmium and lead were the major contributors to the adverse environmental conditions in both rivers. Thus, incessant anthropogenic pressures adversely affected water quality of these rivers rendering them unsuitable for human use. This would potentially have serious ecological and human health implications as chronic effects may be unquantifiable. Keywords: Ovia and Ossiomo Rivers, heavy metal, water quality index, contamination index
{"title":"Assessment of Water Pollution Indices of Two Anthropogenic Impacted Rivers in Southern Nigeria","authors":"J. Edoreh, J. I. Izegaegbe, E. Osimen, C. Inegbenosun, H. A. Ojagefu, E. Weyinmi","doi":"10.4314/JAS.V35I2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JAS.V35I2.15","url":null,"abstract":"Freshwater ecosystems afford essential needs and services to humans and have not been spared the effects of anthropogenic pressures exacerbated by increasing urbanization and industrialization. The study was undertaken in two southern inland rivers in Edo State, Nigeria, following concerns that the increasing human population in the region, coupled with indiscriminate discharges into rivers could erode water quality and elevate metal concentrations above allowable limits. Water samples were collected and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using standard procedures. The results showed that metal concentrations were generally within national and international limits for drinking water with exceptions in cadmium and lead. Water pollution indices showed metal pollution index for cadmium (1037, 757) and lead (503, 379) in Ovia and Ossiomo Rivers respectively. These values far exceeded the critical level of 100 with a high contamination index (>6) of cadmium in both rivers. Water quality index from physico-chemical analysis indicated poor conditions in Ossiomo River relative to very poor water conditions in Ovia River. The study demonstrated that cadmium and lead were the major contributors to the adverse environmental conditions in both rivers. Thus, incessant anthropogenic pressures adversely affected water quality of these rivers rendering them unsuitable for human use. This would potentially have serious ecological and human health implications as chronic effects may be unquantifiable. \u0000Keywords: Ovia and Ossiomo Rivers, heavy metal, water quality index, contamination index","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"125-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90519557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Synthetic hormones are widely used for induced breeding with significant successes. This study compared spawning successes in paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis) using synthetic hormone (Ovaprim) and natural simulation in glass tanks (0.3m x 0.6m). The experiment was conducted in two parts using two males and two females brood fish. The weights of the fish were between 4.0 and 5.0g for the males and 5.0 and 6.0g for the females. For the induced spawning, Ovaprim was injected intramuscularly according to the fish body weight after which they were left to spawn. The group on natural spawning were not induced by any hormone. Hatching of the eggs occurred within 48 hours at a temperature of 28.80C. Total number of eggs obtained by artificial and natural breeding were 430 and 322eggs respectively. Percentage fertilization in artificial breeding was 63.26% while 41.93% was recorded in natural breeding. Fry were raised on compounded diet for 6 weeks. Results showed that artificially bred fish had a higher mean weight gain (2.31 g) and survival rate (48.17%) than those from natural breeding having 2.10 g and 44.26% respectively. The results suggest that artificial breeding using synthetic hormone (Ovaprim) yielded better spawning success and survival rate than natural process. Keywords: Paradise fish, natural breeding, hormone, fertilization, survival
合成激素被广泛用于诱导育种，并取得了显著的成功。本研究比较了在人造激素(Ovaprim)和自然模拟的玻璃水箱(0.3m x 0.6m)中天堂鱼(Macropodus opercularis)的产卵成功率。试验分两部分进行，分别选用雄、雌两种育雏鱼。雄鱼体重在4.0 ~ 5.0g，雌鱼体重在5.0 ~ 6.0g。为了诱导产卵，根据鱼的体重肌肉注射Ovaprim，然后让鱼产卵。自然产卵组不受任何激素诱导。在28.80摄氏度的温度下，这些卵在48小时内孵化。人工养殖和自然养殖所得蛋数分别为430枚和322枚。人工育种受精率为63.26%，自然育种受精率为41.93%。饲喂复合饲料6周。结果表明，人工养殖鱼的平均增重(2.31 g)和成活率(48.17%)高于自然养殖鱼(2.10 g和44.26%)。结果表明，使用人工合成激素(Ovaprim)进行人工繁殖，产卵成功率和成活率均高于自然繁殖。关键词:天堂鱼，自然繁殖，激素，受精，存活
{"title":"Comparative study on spawning success of paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis) using synthetic hormone and natural simulation","authors":"P. C. Onuoha, K. Elezuo, E. Okeke","doi":"10.4314/jas.v35i1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v35i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic hormones are widely used for induced breeding with significant successes. This study compared spawning successes in paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis) using synthetic hormone (Ovaprim) and natural simulation in glass tanks (0.3m x 0.6m). The experiment was conducted in two parts using two males and two females brood fish. The weights of the fish were between 4.0 and 5.0g for the males and 5.0 and 6.0g for the females. For the induced spawning, Ovaprim was injected intramuscularly according to the fish body weight after which they were left to spawn. The group on natural spawning were not induced by any hormone. Hatching of the eggs occurred within 48 hours at a temperature of 28.80C. Total number of eggs obtained by artificial and natural breeding were 430 and 322eggs respectively. Percentage fertilization in artificial breeding was 63.26% while 41.93% was recorded in natural breeding. Fry were raised on compounded diet for 6 weeks. Results showed that artificially bred fish had a higher mean weight gain (2.31 g) and survival rate (48.17%) than those from natural breeding having 2.10 g and 44.26% respectively. The results suggest that artificial breeding using synthetic hormone (Ovaprim) yielded better spawning success and survival rate than natural process. \u0000Keywords: Paradise fish, natural breeding, hormone, fertilization, survival","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":"83-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87132081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phytoplankton composition and abundance could be used to evaluate the health of any aquatic ecosystem. Phytoplankton species were quantitatively sampled for twelve calendar months from Abak River, Nigeria using standard methods. Data generated were pooled and subjected to appropriate statistical analysis including descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that 3,901 cells/l, 45 species, 36 genera and 4 phytoplankton taxonomic groups were identified. The dominant species in terms of number of cells/l was Phormidium valderiae (1,770 cells/l; 45.37%) while the least (1 cell/l; 0.02%) were Closteriopsis longissima and Netrium digitus. Order of significance in terms of number of species was: Chlorophyta (20 species; 44.45 %) > Bacillariophyta (15 species; 33.33%) > Cyanophyta (9 species; 20.00%) > Xanthophyta (1 species; 2.22%). Dominance of the phytoplankton cell counts were observed in the following trend: Cyanophyta (65.27%) > Bacillariophyta (20.06%) > Chlorophyta (13.30%) > Xanthophyta (1.38%). Low abundance of this flora accompanied by the high occurrence of Cyanophyta cells and species are indications of pollution of this important aquatic ecosystem. Hence, wastes generation and dumping without pretreatments into the river especially, organic and inorganic fertilizers should be discouraged. Keywords: Phytoplankton group, abundance, species composition, cell counts
{"title":"Phytoplankton species composition and abundance in a freshwater ecotone, Akwa Ibom State, South-Eastern Nigeria","authors":"I. Ekpo, I. I. Joseph","doi":"10.4314/jas.v35i1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v35i1.11","url":null,"abstract":"Phytoplankton composition and abundance could be used to evaluate the health of any aquatic ecosystem. Phytoplankton species were quantitatively sampled for twelve calendar months from Abak River, Nigeria using standard methods. Data generated were pooled and subjected to appropriate statistical analysis including descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that 3,901 cells/l, 45 species, 36 genera and 4 phytoplankton taxonomic groups were identified. The dominant species in terms of number of cells/l was Phormidium valderiae (1,770 cells/l; 45.37%) while the least (1 cell/l; 0.02%) were Closteriopsis longissima and Netrium digitus. Order of significance in terms of number of species was: Chlorophyta (20 species; 44.45 %) > Bacillariophyta (15 species; 33.33%) > Cyanophyta (9 species; 20.00%) > Xanthophyta (1 species; 2.22%). Dominance of the phytoplankton cell counts were observed in the following trend: Cyanophyta (65.27%) > Bacillariophyta (20.06%) > Chlorophyta (13.30%) > Xanthophyta (1.38%). Low abundance of this flora accompanied by the high occurrence of Cyanophyta cells and species are indications of pollution of this important aquatic ecosystem. Hence, wastes generation and dumping without pretreatments into the river especially, organic and inorganic fertilizers should be discouraged. \u0000Keywords: Phytoplankton group, abundance, species composition, cell counts","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"56 1","pages":"91-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75375451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. .. Nwabunike, G. Igwe, I. K. Agama, C. E. Esheya
The study was conducted with the broad objective of analyzing the profitability of marketing different forms (whole and filleted) of stock fish in Ebonyi rural markets. A total of 80 stock fish sellers were carefully selected through an unbiased (multi-stage and random) sampling technique. The data collected were analyzed using simple frequency and percentages as well as gross margin and comparative cost ratio. The result showed that 92.5% of the stockfish sellers were females and married with mean age of 38 years, mean household size of 9 persons and mean year of experience of 14. It was further observed that between the two forms of stock fish marketed in Ebonyi rural communities, filleted type was more profitable having a profit of N669,000 and benefit cost ratio (BCR) of N1: 2.352 as against that of whole form with a profit of N286,000 and BCR of N1: 1.685. The results of the study implied that it is advisable to market stock fish in the filleted form rather than selling it whole. Keywords: Stock fish, gross margin, marketing, profitability, Ebonyi Rural Area
{"title":"Analysis of whole and filleted stockfish (Gadusmorhua) marketing IN Ebonyi Rural Areas","authors":"M. .. Nwabunike, G. Igwe, I. K. Agama, C. E. Esheya","doi":"10.4314/jas.v35i1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v35i1.12","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted with the broad objective of analyzing the profitability of marketing different forms (whole and filleted) of stock fish in Ebonyi rural markets. A total of 80 stock fish sellers were carefully selected through an unbiased (multi-stage and random) sampling technique. The data collected were analyzed using simple frequency and percentages as well as gross margin and comparative cost ratio. The result showed that 92.5% of the stockfish sellers were females and married with mean age of 38 years, mean household size of 9 persons and mean year of experience of 14. It was further observed that between the two forms of stock fish marketed in Ebonyi rural communities, filleted type was more profitable having a profit of N669,000 and benefit cost ratio (BCR) of N1: 2.352 as against that of whole form with a profit of N286,000 and BCR of N1: 1.685. The results of the study implied that it is advisable to market stock fish in the filleted form rather than selling it whole. \u0000Keywords: Stock fish, gross margin, marketing, profitability, Ebonyi Rural Area","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"103-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72718511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aimed at testing the effects of dietary β-carotene supplementation on growth, feed utilization and pigmentation of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry (mean weight 0.43±0.00g and total length of 1.34±0.00cm). Five levels of carotenoid concentrations (0.00, 0.003, 0.006, 0.008, 0.010g/kg) were employed to formulate a 38.00% protein balanced diet. The diets were designated and referred to as Control, Diet 1, Diet 2, Diet 3 and Diet 4 respectively. Fish were stocked at 10fish/15.6litre capacity aquaria and reared for 12weeks. Fry were fed in triplicates at 5% body weight. The database was analyzed and results revealed a dose dependent percentage weight gain with koi carp treated with the extracts experiencing 667.44±10.48%, 691.47±2.79%, 865.12±16.33% and 854.34±12.42% for Diets 1 to 4 respectively. Proximate analysis of fish flesh revealed no significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments in all the parameters. Astaxanthin dominated the body of koi carp, regardless of the concentrations of dietary β-carotene included in the diets. Survival rates were generally high and was not particularly dependent on carotenoid inclusion level. Inference from the study showed that β-carotene at 0.003g/kg to 0.010g/kg inclusion in the diets resulted in increased food conversion, mean weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio. Keywords: β-carotene, growth, survival, feed utilization, koi carp.
{"title":"Effects of dietary β-carotene on growth and pigmentation of ornamental carp (koi, Cyprinus carpio L.)","authors":"M. Effiong, E. Ufodike","doi":"10.4314/jas.v35i1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v35i1.13","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed at testing the effects of dietary β-carotene supplementation on growth, feed utilization and pigmentation of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry (mean weight 0.43±0.00g and total length of 1.34±0.00cm). Five levels of carotenoid concentrations (0.00, 0.003, 0.006, 0.008, 0.010g/kg) were employed to formulate a 38.00% protein balanced diet. The diets were designated and referred to as Control, Diet 1, Diet 2, Diet 3 and Diet 4 respectively. Fish were stocked at 10fish/15.6litre capacity aquaria and reared for 12weeks. Fry were fed in triplicates at 5% body weight. The database was analyzed and results revealed a dose dependent percentage weight gain with koi carp treated with the extracts experiencing 667.44±10.48%, 691.47±2.79%, 865.12±16.33% and 854.34±12.42% for Diets 1 to 4 respectively. Proximate analysis of fish flesh revealed no significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments in all the parameters. Astaxanthin dominated the body of koi carp, regardless of the concentrations of dietary β-carotene included in the diets. Survival rates were generally high and was not particularly dependent on carotenoid inclusion level. Inference from the study showed that β-carotene at 0.003g/kg to 0.010g/kg inclusion in the diets resulted in increased food conversion, mean weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio. \u0000Keywords: β-carotene, growth, survival, feed utilization, koi carp.","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"111-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84667231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. .. Nwabunike, G. Igwe, I. K. Agama, C. E. Esheya, C. O. Nwite
The study analyzed the lipids of catfish, (Clarias albopunctatus) from four rivers (Mkpuma, Amaka, Enyigba and Ebonyi) in Ebonyi State. Fishes were harvested, weighed and sacrificed and the gill tissues were collected and used for the extraction of lipid for the analysis. All extracted lipids were homogenized in a chloroform-methanol solution using standard procedure. After extraction, lipids were resolved and analyzed differently while simple correlation was used to analyze the data collected. Results showed that there were varying levels of lipid composition among the catfish samples from the different rivers. Results further revealed the correlation between triglyceride (TG) and other lipids to be only significant for phosphatidylcholine (PC) (r=0.818, p 0.05). Free fatty acid (FFA) had strong positive significant correlation with cholesterol (CHO) (r=0.981, p 0.05) was observed with phosphatidylcholine (PC). Cholesterol also had strong positive correlation with SM and PE and insignificant correlation with PC while a strong positive correlation was observed between SM and PC (r=0.828, p<0.01). Keywords: Lipid profile, catfish, water bodies, Ebonyi State, correlation.
本研究分析了埃邦伊州四条河流(Mkpuma、Amaka、Enyigba和Ebonyi)的鲶鱼(Clarias albopunctatus)的脂质。鱼被收获、称重和宰杀，鳃组织被收集并用于提取脂质用于分析。所有提取的脂质使用标准程序在氯仿-甲醇溶液中均质。提取后对脂质进行分离分析，采用简单相关法对采集数据进行分析。结果表明，来自不同河流的鲶鱼样本的脂质组成水平不同。结果进一步显示甘油三酯(TG)与其他脂质之间的相关性仅与磷脂酰胆碱(PC)相关(r=0.818, p 0.05)。游离脂肪酸(FFA)与胆固醇(CHO)呈极显著正相关(r=0.981, p 0.05)。胆固醇与SM、PE呈极显著正相关，与PC呈极显著正相关(r=0.828, p<0.01)。关键词:脂质谱，鲶鱼，水体，Ebonyi州，相关性
{"title":"Analysis of lipid profile of catfish (Clarias albopunctatus) from selected water bodies in Ebonyi State, Nigeria","authors":"M. .. Nwabunike, G. Igwe, I. K. Agama, C. E. Esheya, C. O. Nwite","doi":"10.4314/jas.v35i1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v35i1.14","url":null,"abstract":"The study analyzed the lipids of catfish, (Clarias albopunctatus) from four rivers (Mkpuma, Amaka, Enyigba and Ebonyi) in Ebonyi State. Fishes were harvested, weighed and sacrificed and the gill tissues were collected and used for the extraction of lipid for the analysis. All extracted lipids were homogenized in a chloroform-methanol solution using standard procedure. After extraction, lipids were resolved and analyzed differently while simple correlation was used to analyze the data collected. Results showed that there were varying levels of lipid composition among the catfish samples from the different rivers. Results further revealed the correlation between triglyceride (TG) and other lipids to be only significant for phosphatidylcholine (PC) (r=0.818, p 0.05). Free fatty acid (FFA) had strong positive significant correlation with cholesterol (CHO) (r=0.981, p 0.05) was observed with phosphatidylcholine (PC). Cholesterol also had strong positive correlation with SM and PE and insignificant correlation with PC while a strong positive correlation was observed between SM and PC (r=0.828, p<0.01). \u0000Keywords: Lipid profile, catfish, water bodies, Ebonyi State, correlation.","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"176 1","pages":"119-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75463616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nutraceutical evaluation was determined for two aquatic plants: Heinsia bussie and Diplazium sammatii. Plant leaves were collected from a stream in Mbak Ikot Abasi in Etoi, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria and analyzed for phytochemicals, nutrients, anti-nutrients, minerals and vitamin constituents using standard analytical methods. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive compounds: alkaloids (7.26+0.06), tannin (1.05+0.37), saponin (1.68+0.42), flavonoids (7.83+0.11), cardiac glycosides (6.94+0.48) and terpenes (6.03+0.47) in H. bussie while alkaloids (7.74+0.05), tannin (0.03+0.00), flavonoids (5.37+0.83) cardiac glycosides (4.66+0.38) and terpenes (5.17+0.21) in mg/100g were found in D. sammatii. Results also showed that the leaves contained appreciable amounts of essential nutrients such as crude protein: 11.90±0.62% in H. bussie and 10.80±0.07% in D. sammatii; carbohydrate, 49.70±0.41% in D. sammatii and 39.90±0.02% in H. bussie. Other components like ash and lipid were also present in appreciable amounts. Anti-nutrients such as phytate, saponin and tannins were significantly (p=0.05) low in both vegetables. Minerals analysis showed the highest values for iron (12.05+0.0807mg/kg) and potassium (9.04+0.0307mg/kg) in D. sammatii. Other minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were moderate in both vegetables. The vitamins recorded were axephthol, thiamin, riboflavin and ascorbic acid and were significantly (p=0.05) high. The plant leaves could be said to possess vital phytochemical and nutritional properties as well as essential mineral elements and vitamins. Therefore, these vegetables could be utilized as dietary supplement for aqua-feed production. Keywords: H. bussie, D. sammatii, nutraceutical, Athyriaceae, Rubiaceae
{"title":"Nutraceutical records of aquatic plants (Heinsia bussie and Diplazium sammatii) of lesser known values in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","authors":"J. Okon","doi":"10.4314/jas.v35i1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v35i1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Nutraceutical evaluation was determined for two aquatic plants: Heinsia bussie and Diplazium sammatii. Plant leaves were collected from a stream in Mbak Ikot Abasi in Etoi, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria and analyzed for phytochemicals, nutrients, anti-nutrients, minerals and vitamin constituents using standard analytical methods. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive compounds: alkaloids (7.26+0.06), tannin (1.05+0.37), saponin (1.68+0.42), flavonoids (7.83+0.11), cardiac glycosides (6.94+0.48) and terpenes (6.03+0.47) in H. bussie while alkaloids (7.74+0.05), tannin (0.03+0.00), flavonoids (5.37+0.83) cardiac glycosides (4.66+0.38) and terpenes (5.17+0.21) in mg/100g were found in D. sammatii. Results also showed that the leaves contained appreciable amounts of essential nutrients such as crude protein: 11.90±0.62% in H. bussie and 10.80±0.07% in D. sammatii; carbohydrate, 49.70±0.41% in D. sammatii and 39.90±0.02% in H. bussie. Other components like ash and lipid were also present in appreciable amounts. Anti-nutrients such as phytate, saponin and tannins were significantly (p=0.05) low in both vegetables. Minerals analysis showed the highest values for iron (12.05+0.0807mg/kg) and potassium (9.04+0.0307mg/kg) in D. sammatii. Other minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were moderate in both vegetables. The vitamins recorded were axephthol, thiamin, riboflavin and ascorbic acid and were significantly (p=0.05) high. The plant leaves could be said to possess vital phytochemical and nutritional properties as well as essential mineral elements and vitamins. Therefore, these vegetables could be utilized as dietary supplement for aqua-feed production. \u0000Keywords: H. bussie, D. sammatii, nutraceutical, Athyriaceae, Rubiaceae","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"16 1","pages":"73-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78958091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was conducted to assess the reproductive biology and condition index of Pseudotolithus typus in Qua Iboe Estuary using standard methods. A total of 580 fish specimen were sampled over a period of 8 months (January – August, 2018). Condition index was generally low with the highest value of 1.03 recorded in the month of April. The overall mean condition index significantly deviated (p<0.05) from the expected value of 1.0. Male-female ratio of the species showed female dominance. Significant variation (p<0.05) were observed in condition and gonadosomatic indices with peak values in the months of March and July for females. Male fish showed no seasonality in gonadosomatic index. The average fecundity ranged from 2140 eggs to 8560 eggs with mean value of 4891±641 eggs. Positive correlation was observed between fecundity and total length, body weight, standard length and gonad weight of the fish. Thus, it could be concluded that P. typus is a dual seasonal spawner having spawning periods early in the year (March) and in the peak of wet season (July). Keywords: Pseudotolithus typus, condition index, gonadosomatic index, fecundity, estuary.
{"title":"Aspects of the reproductive biology of Pseudotolithus typus (Bleeker, 1863) from qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria","authors":"A. Nta, A. Akpan, A. O. Okon, I. K. Esenowo","doi":"10.4314/jas.v35i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v35i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to assess the reproductive biology and condition index of Pseudotolithus typus in Qua Iboe Estuary using standard methods. A total of 580 fish specimen were sampled over a period of 8 months (January – August, 2018). Condition index was generally low with the highest value of 1.03 recorded in the month of April. The overall mean condition index significantly deviated (p<0.05) from the expected value of 1.0. Male-female ratio of the species showed female dominance. Significant variation (p<0.05) were observed in condition and gonadosomatic indices with peak values in the months of March and July for females. Male fish showed no seasonality in gonadosomatic index. The average fecundity ranged from 2140 eggs to 8560 eggs with mean value of 4891±641 eggs. Positive correlation was observed between fecundity and total length, body weight, standard length and gonad weight of the fish. Thus, it could be concluded that P. typus is a dual seasonal spawner having spawning periods early in the year (March) and in the peak of wet season (July). \u0000Keywords: Pseudotolithus typus, condition index, gonadosomatic index, fecundity, estuary.","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"23 1","pages":"57-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77989993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study investigated effects of replacing maize meal with cassava stem meal on growth performance and haematology of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. Cassava stem meal (CSM) was substituted for maize at 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% to produce five isonitrogenous (45% CP) diets. C. gariepinus fingerlings (mean weight 3.08±0.02g) were randomly distributed into concrete tanks (0.9m3) at 10 fish/tank in triplicates and fed twice daily for 8 weeks. Results showed the highest mean weight gain (1.72±0.01g) and the best food conversion ratio (0.08±0.01) in fish fed diet containing 25% CSM which were significantly different (p<0.05) from other treatments. Fish fed 100% CSM recorded the highest value for protein efficiency ratio which differed significantly (p<0.05) from other treatments. The highest survival rate of (73.3±0.01%) was recorded in fish fed 50% and 100% cassava stem meal inclusion levels while the lowest (33.4±0.01%) was observed in the control diet. The haematological results showed that packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) were significantly different (p<0.05) among treatments. There was an increase in the counts of PCV, white blood cell, Hb, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin while mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration remained constant in all the treatments. The study revealed that 25% substitution rate of maize with cassava stem meal would not have any adverse effect on the growth and blood parameters of catfish. Key words: Cassava stems meal, fish growth, nutrient utilization, haematology, C. gariepinus
{"title":"Effects of replacement of maize with cassava stem meal on growth and haematology of african catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) fingerling","authors":"T. N. Ikwor, J. Nwakpa, J. Awoke, M. Agim","doi":"10.4314/jas.v35i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v35i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigated effects of replacing maize meal with cassava stem meal on growth performance and haematology of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. Cassava stem meal (CSM) was substituted for maize at 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% to produce five isonitrogenous (45% CP) diets. C. gariepinus fingerlings (mean weight 3.08±0.02g) were randomly distributed into concrete tanks (0.9m3) at 10 fish/tank in triplicates and fed twice daily for 8 weeks. Results showed the highest mean weight gain (1.72±0.01g) and the best food conversion ratio (0.08±0.01) in fish fed diet containing 25% CSM which were significantly different (p<0.05) from other treatments. Fish fed 100% CSM recorded the highest value for protein efficiency ratio which differed significantly (p<0.05) from other treatments. The highest survival rate of (73.3±0.01%) was recorded in fish fed 50% and 100% cassava stem meal inclusion levels while the lowest (33.4±0.01%) was observed in the control diet. The haematological results showed that packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) were significantly different (p<0.05) among treatments. There was an increase in the counts of PCV, white blood cell, Hb, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin while mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration remained constant in all the treatments. The study revealed that 25% substitution rate of maize with cassava stem meal would not have any adverse effect on the growth and blood parameters of catfish. \u0000Key words: Cassava stems meal, fish growth, nutrient utilization, haematology, C. gariepinus","PeriodicalId":32064,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"47-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87810800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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