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Occurrence of thermal and mineralized waters as an opportunity for development of therapeutic resorts as the touristic attractions in Warsaw region 温泉和矿化水的出现为华沙地区的旅游景点提供了发展疗养胜地的机会
Pub Date : 2018-11-20 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7123
Izabella Gryszkiewicz, M. Socha
The thermal and mineralized waters in the subsurface of Sulejówek, Józefów, and Otwock towns of the Warsaw region have been analyzed. An initial assessment of the utilization of such waters based on deep boreholes and significance of these waters for development of the communities has been considered. The analysis shows that in the area of Sulejówek, Józefów and Otwock communes there are chloride and sodium waters in the aquifer of the Lower Cretaceous and the Jurassic of mineralization from about 10 to over 70 g/dm3, probably characterized by an increased content of specific components desirable in the case of waters used in balneotherapy – iodides (above 1 mg/dm3 in the lower cretaseous and lower jurassic) and divalent iron (over 10 mg/dm3 in the lower jurassic). The values of subsurface temperature in this area at a depth of 1000 m are about 35°C, at a depth of 2000 m the temperature exceeds 50°C. An optimist scenario includes a possibility of future development of touristic attractions in terms of therapeutic resorts in the Warsaw region.
对华沙地区Sulejówek、Józefów和Otwock镇地下的热水和矿水进行了分析。已经考虑了基于深钻孔对这种水的利用的初步评估以及这些水对社区发展的重要性。分析表明,在Sulejówek、Józefów和Otwock公社地区,下白垩统和成矿侏罗纪的含水层中含有氯化物和钠水,含量约为10至70 g/dm3以上,其特征可能是用于温泉治疗的水中所需的特定成分-碘化物(下白垩统和下侏罗纪超过1 mg/dm3)和二价铁(下侏罗纪超过10 mg/dm3)的含量增加。该地区1000m深地下温度约为35℃,2000m深地下温度超过50℃。乐观的情况包括在华沙地区的治疗胜地方面的旅游景点的未来发展的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
The appearance of copper-bearing mineralization in the region of Muang Xay, Laos 老挝曼赛地区含铜矿化特征
Pub Date : 2018-11-20 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7122
Karol Zglinicki, K. Szamałek, Michał Pilaszkiewicz
Geotectonic events in the Indochina Peninsula, associatted with the Indosinian orogeny between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, has created many fold structures and fault areas oin the territory of Laos. Magmatic processes and Earth’s crust deformation enabled arising of rich Cu mineralization. A prospective area for the occurrence of Cu, Ag and Au minerals is the folded region on Muang Xay, northern Laos. The main purpose of geological research of the Muang Xay area was the recognition of chemical and mineralogical composition of rock samples and the evaluation of the area of potential geological resources. During field reconnaissance in 2018, the rock samples were taken from an abandoned mine. It was concluded that primary rocks suffered intense Na-metasomatic processes, preserving primary copper sulphides – bornite, chalcocite and covellite. The content of Cu is up to 49.64% and Ag up to 119.5 ppm. As a result of metasomatism of igneous rocks, diorite or andesite types – albitite was formed. Albitite is composed of medium-grained albite, Mg-chlorite and Cu-carbonates. The prospective research shows that the Muang Xay region has a high potential of metalliferous deposits.
岩浆作用和地壳变形使丰富的铜成矿作用产生。老挝北部孟赛褶皱带是铜、银、金矿产的找矿远景区。芒赛地区地质研究的主要目的是对岩石样品的化学和矿物组成进行识别,并对潜在地质资源区进行评价。在2018年的野外侦察期间,岩石样本是从一个废弃的矿井中采集的。结果表明,原生岩石经历了强烈的钠交代作用,保存了原生硫化铜——斑铜矿、辉铜矿和铜绿岩。铜和银的含量分别高达49.64%和119.5 ppm。由于火成岩的交代作用,形成了闪长岩或安山岩类型的钠长岩。钠长石由中粒钠长石、镁绿泥石和碳酸铜组成。远景研究表明,蒙赛地区具有较大的成矿潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of exploitation possibilities of the Bełchatów – Kamieńsk field lignite deposit Bełchatów - Kamieńsk矿区褐煤矿床开发潜力评价
Pub Date : 2018-11-20 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7114
W. Naworyta, Maciej Zajączkowski
In view of the shrinking reserves of the Bełchatów lignite deposit in the currently exploited Bełchatów and Szczerców fields, the prolongation of the Bełchatów power plant activity, producing about 20% of Polish electricity, requires access to new deposits. The article presents a preliminary analysis of mining opportunities for the Bełchatów – Kamieńsk field deposit, located in close vicinity of the power plant. The assessment of geological parameters of the deposit and the conditions of possible mining exploitation, as well as external (natural and anthropogenic) conditions, is presented. Analyses have shown that despite the favourable quality parameters of coal in the Kamieńsk field, the deposit has no value as a reserve base for the Bełchatów power plant due to its geological conditions and the depth to the deposit. In addition, surface development facilities prevent profitable exploitation of this deposit. In conclusion, it was pointed out that the location of the external dump in the immediate vicinity of the Bełchatów – Kamieńsk field deposit is not the main reason why the profitable exploitation of this deposit is not possible.
鉴于目前已开采的Bełchatów和Szczerców油田Bełchatów褐煤矿床的储量不断减少,Bełchatów发电厂的活动(生产波兰约20%的电力)的延长需要获得新的矿床。本文对位于电厂附近的Bełchatów - Kamieńsk油田矿床的开采机会进行了初步分析。对矿床的地质参数和可能开采的条件以及外部(自然和人为)条件进行了评价。分析表明,尽管Kamieńsk矿区煤的质量参数较好,但由于地质条件和矿床深度的原因,该矿床没有作为Bełchatów电厂储备基地的价值。此外,地表开发设施阻碍了该矿床的盈利开采。最后指出,外部排土场的位置紧靠Bełchatów - Kamieńsk矿区矿床并不是该矿床无法实现盈利开采的主要原因。
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引用次数: 0
NEW RESULTS OF POLYMETALLIC, PGE AND REE MINERALIZATION RESEARCH IN THE SUWAŁKI ANORTHOSITE MASSIF (NE POLAND) 波兰东北部suwaŁki斜长岩体多金属、page和ree矿化研究新成果
Pub Date : 2018-11-20 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.6933
J. Wiszniewska, E. Krzemińska, O. Polechońska, Z. Petecki, M. Ruszkowski, S. Salwa
Suwałki Anortosite Massif (SAM) occurs in the crystalline basement of NE Poland within 200 km of the magmatic, Mesoproterozoic AMCG (anorthosite–mangerite–charnockite–granite) rock suite terrane called the Mazury Complex. SAM was discovered as a result of the drilling research of the prominent negative magnetic and gravimetric anomalies. There is an extensive negative anomaly of both potential fields related to the anorthosite massif. Gravimetric anomaly is surrounded by the bands of positive anomalies caused by rocks with elevated densities, such as granitoids, monzondiorites and granodiorites. A negative magnetic anomaly is surrounded by the bands of positive anomalies with significant amplitudes, particularly strongly marked from the south, west and north. Positive magnetic anomalies are associated with the presence of rocks with proven strong magnetic susceptibility due to the content of ferrolites (ilmenite-magnetite rocks) with accompanying Fe-Cu-Ni-Co sulphide mineralization. Fe-Ti-(V) ore deposits in the SAM were discovered in the early 1960s, in the region of Krzemianka and Udryn, but also Jeleniewo and Jezioro Okrągłe, under a thick overburden of Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks within small positive magnetic anomalies. These deposits were documented in about 100 deep boreholes to a depth of 2300 m, and the resources in C1 + C2 category were estimated for about 1.5 billion tons of titanium-magnetite ores with vanadium, mainly in the Krzemianka and Udryn ore fields. The model age obtained by the Re-Os NTIMS method for Fe-Ti-V ores and sulphides from the Krzemianka and Jezioro Okrągłe ore deposits was 1559 ±37 Ma with an initial ratio of 187Os/188Os = 1.16 ±0.06. This age was recognized as the age of the entire Suwałki Massif. Despite many years of research, the deep structure and the form of the massif has not been fully recognized. At present, geophysical and geological 3D modelling of borehole data is carried out using the OasisMontaj (Geosoft) software package. The 3D model is generated in the GeoModeller 3D application (Intrepid Geophysics) in order to recognize the geological correctness and interpretation of magnetic-gravity anomalies of the whole massif and its cover.
Suwałki斜长岩地块(SAM)产于波兰东北部的结晶基底,距离岩浆、中元古代AMCG(斜长岩-锰铁-绿绿岩-花岗岩)岩套地体(称为Mazury杂岩)200公里。地磁异常是在对该地突出的磁重负异常进行钻探研究后发现的。与斜长岩体有关的两个势场均存在广泛的负异常。重力异常周围是由花岗岩类、二长闪长岩和花岗闪长岩等高密度岩石引起的正异常带。负磁异常被正磁异常带所包围,这些正磁异常带具有显著的振幅,特别是从南、西和北明显可见。正磁异常与已证实具有强磁化率的岩石的存在有关,这是由于铁铁矿(钛铁矿-磁铁矿岩石)的含量与伴随的Fe-Cu-Ni-Co硫化物矿化。20世纪60年代初,在Krzemianka和Udryn地区以及Jeleniewo和Jezioro Okrągłe地区发现了Fe-Ti-(V)矿床,这些矿床位于显生宙沉积岩的厚覆盖层内,存在小的正磁异常。这些矿床记录于约100个深孔,深度2300 m,估计C1 + C2类含钒钛磁铁矿资源量约15亿吨,主要分布在Krzemianka和Udryn矿田。Krzemianka和Jezioro Okrągłe矿床中Fe-Ti-V矿石和硫化物的Re-Os NTIMS模型年龄为1559±37 Ma,初始比值为187Os/188Os = 1.16±0.06。这个时代被认为是整个Suwałki地块的时代。尽管经过多年的研究,对该地块的深层构造和形态仍未完全认识。目前,钻孔数据的地球物理和地质三维建模是使用OasisMontaj (Geosoft)软件包进行的。在GeoModeller 3D应用程序(Intrepid Geophysics)中生成三维模型,以识别整个地块及其覆盖层的地质正确性和磁重异常解释。
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引用次数: 3
‘Cylinder of conflict’ as an extended model of environmental conflicts in the context of mining activity “冲突圆柱体”作为采矿活动背景下环境冲突的扩展模型
Pub Date : 2018-11-20 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.6910
Joanna Iza Belzyt, J. Badera
Based on the discussion on the sources and mechanisms of environmental conflicts (especially those related to mining activities), it was pointed out that the structural model of conflict (the so-called ‘circle of conflict’, introduced by Ch. Moore in 1986) can, and even should be, supplemented with additional, new items. As a result, it forms a spatial solid, i.e. ‘cylinder of conflict’. The authors believe that the addition of supplementary elements will form a solid, with emotions and language codes as the ends, which may be both the cause and the result of the conflict. The authors decided to supplement the ‘circle of conflict’ based on the analysis of the literature and their own experiences. The authors paid attention to the change in the dynamics of the system, in which the remaining causes of the conflict ‘mix’ and collide constantly, overlapping and growing, which may lead to escalation and final disruption of relations between stakeholders. Thus, the discussed model itself takes on an even more dynamic character than the ‘circle of conflict’. According to the authors, it is a good metaphor for the issues discussed, and probably also for any other conflicts.
根据对环境冲突(特别是与采矿活动有关的冲突)的来源和机制的讨论,有人指出,冲突的结构模型(摩尔先生于1986年提出的所谓“冲突循环”)可以,甚至应该补充新的项目。因此,它形成了一个空间实体,即“冲突圆柱体”。笔者认为,补充元素的加入会形成一个以情感和语言符码为目的的实体,这可能是冲突的原因,也可能是冲突的结果。作者基于对文献的分析和自身的体会,决定对“冲突圈”进行补充。作者关注了系统动态的变化,其中冲突的剩余原因不断“混合”和碰撞,重叠和增长,这可能导致利益相关者之间关系的升级和最终破坏。因此,所讨论的模型本身具有比“冲突循环”更动态的特征。根据作者的说法,这是对所讨论问题的一个很好的比喻,也可能是对任何其他冲突的一个很好的比喻。
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引用次数: 0
The occurrence of associated and critical elements in the selected documented Zn-Pb, Cu-Ag, Fe-Ti-V, Mo-Cu-W, Sn, Au-As and Ni deposits in Poland 波兰有文献记载的Zn-Pb、Cu-Ag、Fe-Ti-V、Mo-Cu-W、Sn、Au-As和Ni矿床中伴生元素和关键元素的赋存状态
Pub Date : 2018-11-20 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7113
S. Mikulski, S. Oszczepalski, Katarzyna Sadłowska, A. Chmielewski, Rafał Małek
As part of the research subject of the Polish Geological Survey, funded by NFOŚiGW, a research project was carried out at PGI-NRI in 2015–2018. Its main task was quantitative and qualitative identification of elements accompanying the main ore and associated elements, including critical ones, and mineralogical identification of their main carriers in metallic ore deposits documented after World War II, representing the main metallogenic formations in Poland. The research focused mainly on drill cores from historical survey boreholes, rarely samples from open-pits and deep mines, representing: Mesozoic Zn-Pb ores, Lower Zechstein Cu-Ag ores, Mesoproterozoic Fe-Ti-V ores, Mo-Cu-W porphyry ores, stratiform Sn ores in the Sudetes, Variscan vein and metasomatic Au-As polymetallic ores, and Cenozoic Ni ores. The PIG-PIB Chemical Laboratory performed analytical work (ICP-MS, WD-XRF, GF-ASS), which allowed quantitative identification of approximately 60 chemical elements. In addition, complementary mineralogical and petrographic studies of the trace element carriers were carried out using a polarizing microscope and an electron microprobe (CAMECA SX-100). Before sampling, metal ore-bearing intervals were examined for the content of chemical elements using a portable spectrometer (Olympus XRF Delta). The results indicate the presence of numerous elements in studied deposits, including those currently regarded as critical for the European Union economy. The collected materials allowed both developing detailed geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of ores from individual deposits and identifying critical elements. They show a clear correlation with the main ore metals, and their resources can be a matter of interest in terms of raw materials.
作为波兰地质调查局研究课题的一部分,由NFOŚiGW资助,PGI-NRI于2015-2018年开展了一项研究项目。其主要任务是定量和定性鉴定伴随主要矿石和伴生元素的元素,包括关键元素,以及矿物学鉴定第二次世界大战后记录的金属矿床中它们的主要载体,代表波兰的主要成矿地层。研究主要集中于历史调查钻孔钻孔岩心,很少有露天矿和深部矿山样品,主要有:中生代Zn-Pb矿石、下Zechstein Cu-Ag矿石、中元古代Fe-Ti-V矿石、Mo-Cu-W斑岩矿石、苏台德斯层状Sn矿石、Variscan脉状和交代型Au-As多金属矿,以及新生代Ni矿石。PIG-PIB化学实验室进行了分析工作(ICP-MS、WD-XRF、GF-ASS),对大约60种化学元素进行了定量鉴定。此外,利用偏光显微镜和电子探针(CAMECA SX-100)对微量元素载体进行了互补的矿物学和岩石学研究。取样前,使用便携式光谱仪(Olympus XRF Delta)检测金属含矿层的化学元素含量。结果表明,在被研究的矿床中存在许多元素,包括那些目前被认为对欧盟经济至关重要的元素。收集到的材料既可以从单个矿床中开发出详细的地球化学和矿物学特征,也可以确定关键元素。它们显示出与主要矿石金属的明显相关性,它们的资源可能是原材料的兴趣问题。
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引用次数: 1
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE HYPORHEIC ZONE FLUIDIZATION 半潜带流化的数学模型
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.4908
M. Marciniak, M. Kaczmarek, A. Szczucińska
In the hyporheic zone, exchange of surface water and groundwater takes place. During the groundwater drainage and the increase in hydraulic gradient, this zone can be fluidized. The paper presents a mathematical model of hyporheic zone fluidization. It has been obtained from a balance of forces related to the water filtration through the hyporheic zone. The mathematical model makes it possible to predict the occurrence of fluidization depending on the increase in water table position. A series of laboratory tests were carried out, which confirmed the predictions according to the model. The hydrological and hydrogeological influences of hyporheic zone fluidization were also analyzed, namely: the decline of diurnal water level fluctuations in headwaters and the variable rate of decline of water level after rainfall flood.
在潜流带,地表水和地下水发生交换。随着地下水的排水和水力梯度的增大,该区域可发生流态化。本文建立了一个潜流区流化的数学模型。它是从与水通过潜流带过滤有关的力的平衡中得到的。该数学模型可以根据地下水位的增加来预测流态化的发生。进行了一系列的实验室测试,证实了该模型的预测。分析了潜流化的水文和水文地质影响,即源区日水位波动的下降和降雨洪水后水位下降的变化率。
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引用次数: 0
MODEL RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TECHNICAL METHODS OF LIMITING THE EXPANSION OF THE DEPRESSION CONE CAUSED BY DEWATERING OF THE PLANNED GUBIN OPEN-PIT BROWN COAL MINE 限制拟建古滨露天褐煤矿井脱水沉降锥扩展技术方法有效性的模型研究
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.4737
J. Fiszer
Due to the planned exploitation of the Gubin lignite deposit by opencast method, a numerical hydrogeological model was built. The main goal of the model was to forecast the development of the cone of depression caused by the future mine dewatering. Due to the location of the mine near the Nysa Łużycka River, a drainage system will be developed. The main task of this system is to eliminate the development of the cone of depression in the upper Quaternary aquifer in Germany, as well as to protect the Natura 2000 areas located in the immediate vicinity of the mine against harmful effects on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. The modelling studies allowed analyzing the efficiency of slurry walls, deep barriers of recharge wells, and shallow soakaway systems for water from the future mine dewatering. It has been shown that in case of dewatering of a multi-layer aquifer complex with many hydraulic contacts, the use of slurry walls may be insufficient to limit the development of the cone of depression. However, the combination of slurry walls with the systems recharging the aquifers enables effective counteracting the negative impact of dewatering on the environment.
针对姑滨褐煤计划露天开采,建立了数值水文地质模型。该模型的主要目的是预测未来矿井脱水引起的凹锥的发展情况。由于矿区位于Nysa Łużycka河附近,因此将开发排水系统。该系统的主要任务是消除德国上第四纪含水层中凹锥的发展,以及保护位于矿山附近的Natura 2000地区免受对地下水依赖生态系统的有害影响。建模研究允许分析浆液墙的效率,补给井的深层屏障,以及未来矿井脱水水的浅层渗水系统。研究表明,在具有许多水力接触的多层含水层复合体的脱水情况下,使用泥浆壁可能不足以限制凹陷锥的发展。然而,将泥浆墙与含水层补水系统相结合,可以有效抵消脱水对环境的负面影响。
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引用次数: 0
ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF DISCREPANCY OF THE LOCATION OF GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATERSHEDS ON THE QUANTITY OF CALCULATED RENEWABLE RESOURCES, EXEMPLIFIED BY THE P-IX BALANCE REGION IN THE WARTA WATER REGION 评价地下水与地表水流域位置差异对可再生资源计算量的影响,以瓦塔水区的p-ix平衡区为例
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.5055
Zbigniew Wieteska, A. Dobkowska
The article presents the results of research on the renewal of a hydrogeological system that is characterized by a significant discrepancy of the location of groundwater and surface watersheds. The area of the hydrological and hydrogeological studies is part of the P-IX balance region (Warta River from the Prosna to the Mosiński Canal) located south of the Warta River. The evaluation of groundwater renewability has been made using a hydrological method and mathematical modelling. When using the hydrological method, which is a commonly used control method for water balance calculations, it is assumed that the surface and groundwater watersheds are identical. Comparison of the results of water balance calculations obtained with both methods required the assessment of the compatibility of the groundwater catchment and morphological boundaries. This was done by calculating the difference between the quantities of renewable resources determined by two variants of the hydrological method. In the first (standard) variant, renewable resources were determined based on data from water-gauge and hydrometric profiles closing the catchments of the Warta tributaries draining the analyzed water-management regions. In the second (extended) method, they were determined based on data from water gauges controlling the Warta sub-basin. Enlargement of the balanced unit as far as the boundaries of the Warta basin was consistent with the principle that the reliability of calculations of groundwater resources increases proportionally to the analyzed catchment area and the significance of its drainage zone in the regional groundwater circulation (Toth, 1963). The quantity of renewable resources determined by the standard and extended variants of the hydrological method amounted to 107,100 m3/day and 184,000 m3/day, respectively. The difference is 72% of the value determined using the standard method. The article also provides an analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of the nature of the hydraulic relationship between surface water and groundwater, and the influence of this variability on the reliability of water balance calculations, based on stationary observations of surface water flow.
本文介绍了以地下水和地表水流域位置显著差异为特征的水文地质系统更新的研究结果。水文和水文地质研究的区域是位于瓦尔塔河以南的P-IX平衡区(瓦尔塔河从普罗斯纳河到Mosiński运河)的一部分。利用水文方法和数学模型对地下水可再生性进行了评价。水文学法是水平衡计算中常用的一种控制方法,在使用水文学法时,假定地表流域和地下水流域是相同的。比较两种方法得到的水平衡计算结果需要评估地下水集水区和形态边界的相容性。这是通过计算由水文方法的两种变体确定的可再生资源数量之间的差异来完成的。在第一种(标准)变体中,根据水位计和水文剖面的数据确定了可再生资源,这些数据关闭了瓦尔塔河支流的汇水区,这些汇水区被分析为水资源管理区。在第二种(扩展)方法中,它们是根据控制Warta子盆地的水位计数据确定的。将平衡单元扩大到瓦尔塔盆地的边界,符合地下水资源计算的可靠性与所分析的集水区及其流域在区域地下水循环中的重要性成比例增加的原则(Toth, 1963)。水文方法的标准变体和扩展变体确定的可再生资源量分别为107100立方米/天和18.4万立方米/天。差异为使用标准方法测定值的72%。本文还分析了地表水和地下水之间水力关系性质的时空变异性,以及这种变异性对基于地表水流量的稳定观测的水平衡计算可靠性的影响。
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引用次数: 1
HYDROGEOLOGICAL REGIONAL MODEL AS A PERMANENT TOOL IN SOLVING VARIOUS-SCALE TASKS – EXPERIENCE FROM THE LEGNICA-GŁOGÓW COPPER REGION (LGOM) 水文地质区域模型作为解决各种尺度任务的永久工具——来自legnica-gŁogÓw铜区(lgom)的经验
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.4738
J. Gurwin, M. Wcisło
Regional models, covering several thousand km2, are usually implemented to reflect the functioning of hydrogeological systems, whose internal conditions exert an influence over long distances. These include rivers (a model of a catchment), groundwater basins (models covering recharge areas), large intakes and mines (models covering capture zones). Due to the manner of formulating the hydrogeological task and accuracy dictated by the scale, such models are forgotten immediately after verifying, archiving and introducing the results into planning documents and studies. A numerical model with an area of approx. 3 thousand km2 is presented, which is subject to updates and successfully solves subsequent tasks from 2010. It shows how the solutions can be approached on a local scale, on the order of several tens – several hundred metres, using a 400-metre discretization grid. The construction of the regional model requires a high amount of documentation, field and computer work. Therefore, we should aim to use regional models in the long-term, as permanent, with the involvement of people who participated in their creation.
通常采用覆盖数千平方公里的区域模式,以反映水文地质系统的功能,水文地质系统的内部条件会对远距离产生影响。这些包括河流(集水区的模型)、地下水盆地(覆盖补给区的模型)、大型取水口和矿山(覆盖捕获区的模型)。由于水文地质任务的制定方式和比例尺所规定的精度,这些模型在验证、存档并将结果引入规划文件和研究后立即被遗忘。面积约为的数值模型。提出的面积为3000平方公里,可随时更新,并成功解决2010年以后的后续任务。它展示了如何在局部尺度上解决问题,在几十米到几百米的范围内,使用400米的离散网格。区域模型的构建需要大量的文件、实地和计算机工作。因此,我们的目标应该是长期地、永久地使用区域性模式,并让参与创建这些模式的人参与其中。
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引用次数: 0
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