Pub Date : 2018-12-20DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7706
W. Alexandrowicz, S. Żurek
Three types of molluscan assemblages have been identified in a profile of calcareous gyttja and peat penetrated by drilling within the raised peat-bog of the Słupiańska Bay. Numerous shells of molluscs have been identified within the 5.35 m thick intervals of fine detritus of the calcareous gyttja. The shells belonged primarily to the bivalves and water snails. Terrigenous species appeared only rarely and have been more frequent in the upper part of the penetrated interval. The three distinguished molluscan assemblages have been described and interpreted in terms of representing different environmental conditions. Assemblage with Gyraulus laevis that occurs within the lower part of the interval consists of the cold-loving forms representing early Holocene. Assemblage with Gyraulus albus that occurs in the middle part of the interval consists of warm-loving species linked to the Atlantic Phase. Assemblage with terrigenous species, mainly snails, occurs in the upper part of the interval. The distinguished types of molluscan assemblages are composed of species characteristic of littoral habitat of ephemeral lakes and some of terrestrial habitats. Lake-level fluctuations are expressed by changing of molluscan fauna. Variable proportions of Bithynia tentaculata shells and opercula indicates low-level water stages of the Wigry Lake that took place during the Boreal Phase, the middle part of the Atlantic Phase and during the termination of the Sub Boreal and Sub Atlantic phases. The completion of gyttja accumulation and the beginning of peat deposition are associated with the latter period.
{"title":"HOLOCENE EVOLUTION OF THE PEAT-BOG IN SŁUPIAŃSKA BAY (WIGRY LAKE, NE POLAND) IN THE LIGHT OF MALACOLOGICAL ANALYSIS","authors":"W. Alexandrowicz, S. Żurek","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0012.7706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7706","url":null,"abstract":"Three types of molluscan assemblages have been identified in a profile of calcareous gyttja and peat penetrated by drilling within the raised peat-bog of the Słupiańska Bay. Numerous shells of molluscs have been identified within the 5.35 m thick intervals of fine detritus of the calcareous gyttja. The shells belonged primarily to the bivalves and water snails. Terrigenous species appeared only rarely and have been more frequent in the upper part of the penetrated interval. The three distinguished molluscan assemblages have been described and interpreted in terms of representing different environmental conditions. Assemblage with Gyraulus laevis that occurs within the lower part of the interval consists of the cold-loving forms representing early Holocene. Assemblage with Gyraulus albus that occurs in the middle part of the interval consists of warm-loving species linked to the Atlantic Phase. Assemblage with terrigenous species, mainly snails, occurs in the upper part of the interval. The distinguished types of molluscan assemblages are composed of species characteristic of littoral habitat of ephemeral lakes and some of terrestrial habitats. Lake-level fluctuations are expressed by changing of molluscan fauna. Variable proportions of Bithynia tentaculata shells and opercula indicates low-level water stages of the Wigry Lake that took place during the Boreal Phase, the middle part of the Atlantic Phase and during the termination of the Sub Boreal and Sub Atlantic phases. The completion of gyttja accumulation and the beginning of peat deposition are associated with the latter period.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":321173,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130893765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-20DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7712
Krzysztof Urbański
The road-cuts and other new excavation works provide an excellent opportunity for upgrading the geological maps in Poland. Such opportunity should not be missed. Updating The Detailed Geological Map of Poland at the scale of 1:50 000 should be the priority. Ephemeral nature of the freshly cut outcrops makes this research rather urgent. It would require an adequate planning and organization. Geological mapping based on the new road-cuts and rock sections exposed by new investments should be one of the main tasks of the Geological Survey of Poland.
{"title":"SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ROAD-CUTS AND OTHER ROCK SECTIONS EXPOSED BY THE NEW LINEAR INVESTMENTS FOR THE GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN POLAND","authors":"Krzysztof Urbański","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0012.7712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7712","url":null,"abstract":"The road-cuts and other new excavation works provide an excellent opportunity for upgrading the geological maps in Poland. Such opportunity should not be missed. Updating The Detailed Geological Map of Poland at the scale of 1:50 000 should be the priority. Ephemeral nature of the freshly cut outcrops makes this research rather urgent. It would require an adequate planning and organization. Geological mapping based on the new road-cuts and rock sections exposed by new investments should be one of the main tasks of the Geological Survey of Poland.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":321173,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126660265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-20DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7708
A. Kowalski
Despite the relatively large number of individual landslides recognized and described over the last several years from the Sudety (Sudetes) Mountains (Lower Silesia, SW Poland), most of the papers focused on the geomorphological characterisation of these forms. This paper presents the results of geological and geomorphological mapping of individual landslides, recognized within three geological units: the Wleń Graben (Northsudetic Synclinorium), the Łączna Elevation (Intrasudetic Synclinorium) and the Glinno Graben (Sowie Mountains Block). Particular attention has been paid to the role of the geological structure in the initiation and development of mass movements as well as the degree of transformation of the planar, structural elements (bedding planes, joints, faults) of the landslide bedrock. The results of geological mapping and geomorphometric analysis with a basis in Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) show that the structural measurements carried out in the past within previously unrecognized landslides were probably the main reason for incorrect interpretations of the geology of the areas investigated.
{"title":"LANDSLIDES AND THE INCORRECT INTERPRETATION OF GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE – EXAMPLES FROM THE SUDETY MOUNTAINS","authors":"A. Kowalski","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0012.7708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7708","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the relatively large number of individual landslides recognized and described over the last several years from the Sudety (Sudetes) Mountains (Lower Silesia, SW Poland), most of the papers focused on the geomorphological characterisation of these forms. This paper presents the results of geological and geomorphological mapping of individual landslides, recognized within three geological units: the Wleń Graben (Northsudetic Synclinorium), the Łączna Elevation (Intrasudetic Synclinorium) and the Glinno Graben (Sowie Mountains Block). Particular attention has been paid to the role of the geological structure in the initiation and development of mass movements as well as the degree of transformation of the planar, structural elements (bedding planes, joints, faults) of the landslide bedrock. The results of geological mapping and geomorphometric analysis with a basis in Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) show that the structural measurements carried out in the past within previously unrecognized landslides were probably the main reason for incorrect interpretations of the geology of the areas investigated.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":321173,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132929994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-20DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7710
W. Salski
The paper presents the estimates of Polands’s reserves of mineral raw materials after World War II until 2005. This refers to energy minerals (methane, natural gas, oil, black and brown coals), metal ores (iron, copper, lead and zinc) and chemical mineral raw materials (sulphur, rock salt). The period of 1960–1980 was characterised by a dynamic increase of the reserves. In many cases, it was an effect of discoveries of new large deposits, and even large mineral-rich areas. The amount of reserves increased three to four times compared with its volume in 1960. For instance, sulphur reserves increased seven times, natural gas – sixteen times. Discoveries of new deposits as well as intense mining have caused a change in geographical distribution of the main mining centres. However, the last 15 years have been characterised by a depletion of reserves and a drop in the mining extraction. Mining of iron ores and sulphur has been abandoned, and lead and zinc deposits have been significantly depleted. Generally, the role of the potential of mineral raw materials has greatly weakened in the national economy.
{"title":"VARIATIONS IN THE AMOUNT OF MINERAL RESOURCES AND MINING PRODUCTION OF POLAND AFTER WORLD WAR II","authors":"W. Salski","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0012.7710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7710","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the estimates of Polands’s reserves of mineral raw materials after World War II until 2005. This refers to energy minerals (methane, natural gas, oil, black and brown coals), metal ores (iron, copper, lead and zinc) and chemical mineral raw materials (sulphur, rock salt). The period of 1960–1980 was characterised by a dynamic increase of the reserves. In many cases, it was an effect of discoveries of new large deposits, and even large mineral-rich areas. The amount of reserves increased three to four times compared with its volume in 1960. For instance, sulphur reserves increased seven times, natural gas – sixteen times. Discoveries of new deposits as well as intense mining have caused a change in geographical distribution of the main mining centres. However, the last 15 years have been characterised by a depletion of reserves and a drop in the mining extraction. Mining of iron ores and sulphur has been abandoned, and lead and zinc deposits have been significantly depleted. Generally, the role of the potential of mineral raw materials has greatly weakened in the national economy.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":321173,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134110787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-20DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7709
A. Pasieczna
The purpose of the work was to determine the degree of accumulation of heavy metals, arsenic and sulphur in the soils of the central part of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region. Heavy industry, mining of metal ores and hard coal, iron and non-ferrous metallurgy as well as the discharge of industrial and municipal sewage caused a strong degradation of the natural environment of this area. The content of twenty one elements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sr, Ti, V i Zn) have been assayed in the soils of central part Upper Silesian Industrial Region. The contamination of the soils was assessed on the basis of contamination factors, enrichment factors and geoaccumulation indexes. The tests revealed elevated content of metals, arsenic and sulphur exceeding the levels of the regional geochemical background. Factor analysis made it possible to combine chemical elements into groups, probably derived from the same lithological or/and anthropogenic sources.
{"title":"SOIL CONTAMINATION INDUCED BY HISTORICAL ZINC-LEAD ORE MINING AND IRON AND ZINC \u0000SMELTING IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE UPPER SILESIAN INDUSTRIAL REGION (SOUTHERN POLAND)","authors":"A. Pasieczna","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0012.7709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7709","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the work was to determine the degree of accumulation of heavy metals, arsenic and sulphur in the soils of the central part of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region. Heavy industry, mining of metal ores and hard coal, iron and non-ferrous metallurgy as well as the discharge of industrial and municipal sewage caused a strong degradation of the natural environment of this area. The content of twenty one elements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sr, Ti, V i Zn) have been assayed in the soils of central part Upper Silesian Industrial Region. The contamination of the soils was assessed on the basis of contamination factors, enrichment factors and geoaccumulation indexes. The tests revealed elevated content of metals, arsenic and sulphur exceeding the levels of the regional geochemical background. Factor analysis made it possible to combine chemical elements into groups, probably derived from the same lithological or/and anthropogenic sources.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":321173,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","volume":"25 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113980412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-20DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7121
P. Kuc, P. Lenik, J. Bazarnik
The analysis of chemical composition using the portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (p-XRF) is recently rapidly developing instrumental research method. This method was applied to analyze the content of selected elements in soil samples from the Strużna region of the Holy Cross Mountains. The Olympus Delta Premium p-XRF spectrometer (4W Ta anode X ray tube, 40 kV, 200 μA current beam, “soil” mode, 135 seconds) was used. Prior to analyze the soil samples, the NIST 2710a and NIST 2711a reference standards were utilized in order to calibrate the p-XRF spectrometer. The maps showing obtained results of K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, As and Pb were constructed using the SURFER 7.0 software with kriging procedure. The obtained results show arithmetic means similar to the previously obtained using traditional methods of chemical analysis for the soils of Holy Cross Mountains. These results combined with the high accuracy of measurements obtained by using the p-XRF Olympus Delta X spectrometer proved this device to be the effective tool for environmental and geochemical studies.
{"title":"Application of the portable spectrometer XRF for the determination of content of some metals in soil: A case study from Holy Cross Mountains (Central Poland)","authors":"P. Kuc, P. Lenik, J. Bazarnik","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0012.7121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7121","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of chemical composition using the portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (p-XRF) is recently rapidly developing instrumental research method. This method was applied to analyze the content of selected elements in soil samples from the Strużna region of the Holy Cross Mountains. The Olympus Delta Premium p-XRF spectrometer (4W Ta anode X ray tube, 40 kV, 200 μA current beam, “soil” mode, 135 seconds) was used. Prior to analyze the soil samples, the NIST 2710a and NIST 2711a reference standards were utilized in order to calibrate the p-XRF spectrometer. The maps showing obtained results of K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, As and Pb were constructed using the SURFER 7.0 software with kriging procedure. The obtained results show arithmetic means similar to the previously obtained using traditional methods of chemical analysis for the soils of Holy Cross Mountains. These results combined with the high accuracy of measurements obtained by using the p-XRF Olympus Delta X spectrometer proved this device to be the effective tool for environmental and geochemical studies.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":321173,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128693955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-20DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7120
Cezary Sroga, W. Bobiński, W. Kozdrój
From 1969 to 1993, investigation for the Ba-F mineralization was executed within the metamorphic Kaczawa complex, north of the Intra-Sudetic Fault in the Jeżów Sudecki-Dziwiszów area (Kaczawa Mts., Western Sudetes). The article presents unpublished results of those prospecting works. A small deposit of Ba-F with Zn, Pb, Cu-sulphides, on the SE slope of the Szybowisko hill near Jelenia Góra, was documented in 1994. The economic mineralization is developed in the Jeżów Sudecki fault, steep fracture zone running parallel to the Intra-Sudetic Fault, and was identified at a distance of 600 m along the strike of the fault (in the W–E direction) and up to a depth of 500 m along the dip (towards the south). Two (locally three) bifurcating veins were found. The average content of the main components is: BaSO4 – 63.18%, CaF2 – 8.60%. The Ba-F mineralization is associated with the Jeżów Sudecki fault, synchronous with the formation of the Intra-Sudetic Fault zone. Both of these faults are Variscan and fall steeply southward. Younger, alpine (?) inverse and transverse normal faults were formed after the intrusion of a rhyolite dyke into the Kaczawa complex rocks and after the formation of the barite deposit. The Ba-F mineralization developed in a multi-stage process and shows a pulsatory nature. Five mineral parageneses were distinguished in the deposit. The age of the Ba-F mineralization has not been definitively established.
{"title":"Geological setting of the barite-fluorite deposit at Jeżów Sudecki (Kaczawa Mts.)","authors":"Cezary Sroga, W. Bobiński, W. Kozdrój","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0012.7120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7120","url":null,"abstract":"From 1969 to 1993, investigation for the Ba-F mineralization was executed within the metamorphic Kaczawa complex, north of the Intra-Sudetic Fault in the Jeżów Sudecki-Dziwiszów area (Kaczawa Mts., Western Sudetes). The article presents unpublished results of those prospecting works. A small deposit of Ba-F with Zn, Pb, Cu-sulphides, on the SE slope of the Szybowisko hill near Jelenia Góra, was documented in 1994. The economic mineralization is developed in the Jeżów Sudecki fault, steep fracture zone running parallel to the Intra-Sudetic Fault, and was identified at a distance of 600 m along the strike of the fault (in the W–E direction) and up to a depth of 500 m along the dip (towards the south). Two (locally three) bifurcating veins were found. The average content of the main components is: BaSO4 – 63.18%, CaF2 – 8.60%. The Ba-F mineralization is associated with the Jeżów Sudecki fault, synchronous with the formation of the Intra-Sudetic Fault zone. Both of these faults are Variscan and fall steeply southward. Younger, alpine (?) inverse and transverse normal faults were formed after the intrusion of a rhyolite dyke into the Kaczawa complex rocks and after the formation of the barite deposit. The Ba-F mineralization developed in a multi-stage process and shows a pulsatory nature. Five mineral parageneses were distinguished in the deposit. The age of the Ba-F mineralization has not been definitively established.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":321173,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129859943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-20DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7119
J. Wierchowiec
W obrębie sekwencji okruchowych przedpola Sudetów Wschodnich wyróżniono w sumie pięć różnowiekowych poziomów złotonośnych związanych z preglacjalnymi „białymi” żwirami typu serii Gozdnicy, wodnolodowcowymi piaskami i żwirami plejstocenu oraz osadami holoceńskich tarasów Złotego Potoku i Białej Głuchołaskiej. Maksymalne zawartości Au (0,4 g/m3 osadu) notuje się w grubookruchowych żwirach kwarcowych, przestrzennie związanych z preglacjalną (eoplejstoceńską) doliną paleo-Białej Głuchołaskiej. Na powierzchni wyróżnionych dwóch podtypów złocin (ziarna blaszkowo-płytkowe, płaskie lub wtórnie zdeformowane oraz cementacyjno-grudkowe) rozpoznano i opisano nano- i mikrostruktury (morfotypy) Au oraz wewnętrzne tekstury (widoczne w przekroju ziaren), wskazujące na procesy tzw. odnawiania się rozsypisk złotonośnych. Są one wiązane z selektywnym rozpuszczaniem złota w warunkach hipergenicznych, jego wytrącaniem z roztworu i wtórną rekrystalizacją prowadzącą w rezultacie do formowania skupień złota autogenicznego. Rozpoznano dwa morfotypy złota autogenicznego: banieczkowate lub drobnorobaczkowe skupienia Au oraz krystaliczne skupienia i przerosty złota. Wspomniane morfotypy są bardzo dobrze zachowane i nie noszą oznak abrazji. Szczegółowa analiza SEM pokazuje, że pojedyncze banieczkowate nanocząsteczki z czasem zrastały się formując inkrustacje Au, a ostatecznie warstwę złota autogenicznego na powierzchni złociny pełniącej rolę swego rodzaju osadnika dla nowych nanocząstek. Występowanie banieczkowatych lub drobnorobaczkowych skupień Au w paragenezie z minerałami ilastymi oraz brak jakichkolwiek oznak abrazji tych skupień wskazują, że utworzyły się one in situ, to jest są pochodzenia autogenicznego. Nano- i mikroskupienia złota robaczkowo-pęcherzykowego zbudowane ze złota amorficznego mogą być wynikiem koagulacji koloidów lub ich adsorpcji przez minerały ilaste wypełniające kawerny na powierzchni złocin. Krystaliczne przerosty złota są prawdopodobnie efektem rekrystalizacji złota koloidalnego wytrącanego na powierzchni złocin po depozycji w rozsypisku.
{"title":"Odnawianie się rozsypisk złotonośnych przedpola Sudetów Wschodnich","authors":"J. Wierchowiec","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0012.7119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7119","url":null,"abstract":"W obrębie sekwencji okruchowych przedpola Sudetów Wschodnich wyróżniono w sumie pięć różnowiekowych poziomów złotonośnych związanych z preglacjalnymi „białymi” żwirami typu serii Gozdnicy, wodnolodowcowymi piaskami i żwirami plejstocenu oraz osadami holoceńskich tarasów Złotego Potoku i Białej Głuchołaskiej. Maksymalne zawartości Au (0,4 g/m3 osadu) notuje się w grubookruchowych żwirach kwarcowych, przestrzennie związanych z preglacjalną (eoplejstoceńską) doliną paleo-Białej Głuchołaskiej. Na powierzchni wyróżnionych dwóch podtypów złocin (ziarna blaszkowo-płytkowe, płaskie lub wtórnie zdeformowane oraz cementacyjno-grudkowe) rozpoznano i opisano nano- i mikrostruktury (morfotypy) Au oraz wewnętrzne tekstury (widoczne w przekroju ziaren), wskazujące na procesy tzw. odnawiania się rozsypisk złotonośnych. Są one wiązane z selektywnym rozpuszczaniem złota w warunkach hipergenicznych, jego wytrącaniem z roztworu i wtórną rekrystalizacją prowadzącą w rezultacie do formowania skupień złota autogenicznego. Rozpoznano dwa morfotypy złota autogenicznego: banieczkowate lub drobnorobaczkowe skupienia Au oraz krystaliczne skupienia i przerosty złota. Wspomniane morfotypy są bardzo dobrze zachowane i nie noszą oznak abrazji. Szczegółowa analiza SEM pokazuje, że pojedyncze banieczkowate nanocząsteczki z czasem zrastały się formując inkrustacje Au, a ostatecznie warstwę złota autogenicznego na powierzchni złociny pełniącej rolę swego rodzaju osadnika dla nowych nanocząstek. Występowanie banieczkowatych lub drobnorobaczkowych skupień Au w paragenezie z minerałami ilastymi oraz brak jakichkolwiek oznak abrazji tych skupień wskazują, że utworzyły się one in situ, to jest są pochodzenia autogenicznego. Nano- i mikroskupienia złota robaczkowo-pęcherzykowego zbudowane ze złota amorficznego mogą być wynikiem koagulacji koloidów lub ich adsorpcji przez minerały ilaste wypełniające kawerny na powierzchni złocin. Krystaliczne przerosty złota są prawdopodobnie efektem rekrystalizacji złota koloidalnego wytrącanego na powierzchni złocin po depozycji w rozsypisku.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":321173,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129962373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-20DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7100
P. Urbański
Current and future EU regulations are forcing Poland to reduce the participation of coal in the energy mix in 2030 and in the more distant perspective for the significant development of unsteady renewable sources. The stability of the Polish power system will still be based on lignite that is the cheapest source of energy in the country. This involves the exploitation of new deposits and construction of new power plants that will be useful as the reserve for renewable sources. The Poznań rift valleys system belongs to the richest lignite-bearing areas in Poland. In total, there are estimated over 7.8 billion tons of lignite possible to extraction. These deposits should be a guarantee of energy security for Poland.
{"title":"Lignite deposits of the Poznań rift valleys system as a guarantee of energy security for Poland","authors":"P. Urbański","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0012.7100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7100","url":null,"abstract":"Current and future EU regulations are forcing Poland to reduce the participation of coal in the energy mix in 2030 and in the more distant perspective for the significant development of unsteady renewable sources. The stability of the Polish power system will still be based on lignite that is the cheapest source of energy in the country. This involves the exploitation of new deposits and construction of new power plants that will be useful as the reserve for renewable sources. The Poznań rift valleys system belongs to the richest lignite-bearing areas in Poland. In total, there are estimated over 7.8 billion tons of lignite possible to extraction. These deposits should be a guarantee of energy security for Poland.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":321173,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126173101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-20DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7098
Stanisław Wołkowicz, Olimipa Kozłowska, K. Andrzejewska-Kubrak, D. Brzeziński
The article presents a proposal for the new rules for the selection of deposits, which due to their value should be protected as Mineral Deposits of Public Importance (MDoPI) on national level. It was assumed that safeguarding should cover only the largest recognized deposits in terms of resources located in areas not excluding exploitation, which meet jointly two criteria: the total resources of the largest deposits should cover at least 50% of national geological resources and simultaneously they should meet the criterion of security of supply minerals for at least 50 years, with average demand calculated based on data from the last 10 years. Using the above criteria, analysis of the following deposits was performed: gypsum and anhydrite, basalt, granite, granodiorite, erratic boulder and syenite, dolomite, marl, travertine, limestone and dolomitic limestone, quartzite, greywacke, sandstone, quartzite sandstone, marl and limestone for the cement industry as well as limestone and marl for the lime industry. In total, 828 deposits were analyzed, and the assumed criteria were fulfilled in this group of deposits by a total number of 82 deposits. Among them, 6 deposits are very conflict, 71 – conflict, and 5 – partly conflict. In the case of several very conflict deposits, there is a high probability that their exploitation will not be possible, so meeting the criteria will require extending the list of deposits by 6 other ones. It was proposed that the verification of valorisation of deposits classified as MDoPI should be carried out periodically – not more often than every 5, but not less than every 10 years. This task should belong to the duties of the geological survey.
{"title":"SAFEGUARDING OF MINERAL RAW MATERIALS DEPOSITS – A CONCEPT OF VALORIZATION AND SELECTION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS OF PUBLIC IMPORTANCE","authors":"Stanisław Wołkowicz, Olimipa Kozłowska, K. Andrzejewska-Kubrak, D. Brzeziński","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0012.7098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7098","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents a proposal for the new rules for the selection of deposits, which due to their value should be protected as Mineral Deposits of Public Importance (MDoPI) on national level. It was assumed that safeguarding should cover only the largest recognized deposits in terms of resources located in areas not excluding exploitation, which meet jointly two criteria: the total resources of the largest deposits should cover at least 50% of national geological resources and simultaneously they should meet the criterion of security of supply minerals for at least 50 years, with average demand calculated based on data from the last 10 years. Using the above criteria, analysis of the following deposits was performed: gypsum and anhydrite, basalt, granite, granodiorite, erratic boulder and syenite, dolomite, marl, travertine, limestone and dolomitic limestone, quartzite, greywacke, sandstone, quartzite sandstone, marl and limestone for the cement industry as well as limestone and marl for the lime industry. In total, 828 deposits were analyzed, and the assumed criteria were fulfilled in this group of deposits by a total number of 82 deposits. Among them, 6 deposits are very conflict, 71 – conflict, and 5 – partly conflict. In the case of several very conflict deposits, there is a high probability that their exploitation will not be possible, so meeting the criteria will require extending the list of deposits by 6 other ones. It was proposed that the verification of valorisation of deposits classified as MDoPI should be carried out periodically – not more often than every 5, but not less than every 10 years. This task should belong to the duties of the geological survey.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":321173,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121952048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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