Abstract In February 1914, the Agricultural Associations of Housewives, operating in the Eastern provinces of Prussia since the 1890s, were subordinated to organisations responsible for the development of agriculture in Prussia, which were dominated by conservatives and noble landowners. This came about on the initiative of some influential agrarians, who, in this way, wanted to strengthen their influence in rural areas, as well as to include the women’s agrarian movement in combating the outflow of labour from agriculture. The women’s organizations, having been politicized in this way and adopted by agrarian leaders after 1908, were to implement a new strategy for preventing the migration of rural population to cities. This is as a resulted of the partial support for Heinrich Sohnrey’s programme and his concept of improving the quality of life in rural areas. Elisabet Boehm, the founder of the associations, from the very beginning of their existence, sought to cooperate with agricultural organizations. She believed that this would be the only way for members to gain access to the expertise for implementing the main point of the association’s agenda, i.e. the professionalization of women’s work in rural areas. The article focuses on explaining the circumstances that led to the interest of the agrarians in the women’s agrarian movement and its inclusion in the reform programme for rural prosperity launched just before the war and showing that the cooperation was primarily aimed at using the associations to strengthen their influence in rural areas.
{"title":"Femina oeconomica. Fighting against Landflucht in the Program of Agrarian Women’s Movement in Prussia before the Outbreak of World War I","authors":"Agnieszka Szudarek","doi":"10.2478/sho-2019-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sho-2019-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In February 1914, the Agricultural Associations of Housewives, operating in the Eastern provinces of Prussia since the 1890s, were subordinated to organisations responsible for the development of agriculture in Prussia, which were dominated by conservatives and noble landowners. This came about on the initiative of some influential agrarians, who, in this way, wanted to strengthen their influence in rural areas, as well as to include the women’s agrarian movement in combating the outflow of labour from agriculture. The women’s organizations, having been politicized in this way and adopted by agrarian leaders after 1908, were to implement a new strategy for preventing the migration of rural population to cities. This is as a resulted of the partial support for Heinrich Sohnrey’s programme and his concept of improving the quality of life in rural areas. Elisabet Boehm, the founder of the associations, from the very beginning of their existence, sought to cooperate with agricultural organizations. She believed that this would be the only way for members to gain access to the expertise for implementing the main point of the association’s agenda, i.e. the professionalization of women’s work in rural areas. The article focuses on explaining the circumstances that led to the interest of the agrarians in the women’s agrarian movement and its inclusion in the reform programme for rural prosperity launched just before the war and showing that the cooperation was primarily aimed at using the associations to strengthen their influence in rural areas.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"37 1","pages":"25 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42505190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary The article analyzes the position and the positioning strategy of East Central Europe in the so-called “first globalization (1850-1914)”. The focus is on foreign trade and the transfer of the two most important production factors, i.e. capital and labor. East Central Europe included in this period the territories of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Kingdom of Poland as a part of the Russian Empire, and the eastern provinces of the Kingdom of Prussia which were from 1871 onwards part of the German Reich. The article combines the theories and methods of economic history and transnational history. It sees itself as a contribution to a trans-regional history of East Central Europe by analyzing first the main “flows” and then the influence of “controls”. The article analyzes to what extent and in what way East Central Europe was involved in the globalization processes of the late 19th century. It discusses whether East Central Europe was only the object of global developments or even shaped them. In this context it asks about the role of the empires (Habsburg monarchy, German Reich, Russia) for the position of East Central European economies in the world economy. It shows that the economic elites in the centers but also on the edges of the empires developed different strategies for how to respond to the challenges of globalization.
{"title":"East Central Europe in the First Globalization (1850-1914)","authors":"U. Müller","doi":"10.2478/sho-2018-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sho-2018-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The article analyzes the position and the positioning strategy of East Central Europe in the so-called “first globalization (1850-1914)”. The focus is on foreign trade and the transfer of the two most important production factors, i.e. capital and labor. East Central Europe included in this period the territories of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Kingdom of Poland as a part of the Russian Empire, and the eastern provinces of the Kingdom of Prussia which were from 1871 onwards part of the German Reich. The article combines the theories and methods of economic history and transnational history. It sees itself as a contribution to a trans-regional history of East Central Europe by analyzing first the main “flows” and then the influence of “controls”. The article analyzes to what extent and in what way East Central Europe was involved in the globalization processes of the late 19th century. It discusses whether East Central Europe was only the object of global developments or even shaped them. In this context it asks about the role of the empires (Habsburg monarchy, German Reich, Russia) for the position of East Central European economies in the world economy. It shows that the economic elites in the centers but also on the edges of the empires developed different strategies for how to respond to the challenges of globalization.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"36 1","pages":"71 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42293700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A drastic decrease in the European pond turtle population occurred at the end of 18th century and during the first half of 19th century. The exploitation of this species, as a source of food and drug substances, is nowadays almost forgotten. The present paper aimed at, firstly, underlining some historical sources concerning the exploitation of the European pond turtle. Secondly, its goal is to answer the following question: to what extent did the exploitation of the species contribute to the decline of the population? The author concludes with the importance and necessity of historical and economic analysis in order to understand the phenomenon of the decline of the European pond turtle population. This research, which must be continued by historians, will help the naturalists in action to protect and reintroduce the species into its former geographical range.
{"title":"The Forgotten Trade of European Pond Turtle Emys orbicularis in Central Europe in the 18th and 19th Centuries – An Essential Introduction to Historical and Economic Investigation","authors":"P. Daszkiewicz","doi":"10.2478/sho-2018-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sho-2018-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A drastic decrease in the European pond turtle population occurred at the end of 18th century and during the first half of 19th century. The exploitation of this species, as a source of food and drug substances, is nowadays almost forgotten. The present paper aimed at, firstly, underlining some historical sources concerning the exploitation of the European pond turtle. Secondly, its goal is to answer the following question: to what extent did the exploitation of the species contribute to the decline of the population? The author concludes with the importance and necessity of historical and economic analysis in order to understand the phenomenon of the decline of the European pond turtle population. This research, which must be continued by historians, will help the naturalists in action to protect and reintroduce the species into its former geographical range.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"36 1","pages":"99 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45549338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trade and Commercial Relations Between Poland and the Military Governments of the US/UK and French Zones of Occupation in Germany 1946–1949 – Trade Agreement, List of Products, Payments Agreement","authors":"","doi":"10.2478/sho-2018-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sho-2018-0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47773344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
tions of Galicia and Bukovina1 and other Austrian countries at the end of the 19th century. In our deliberations, we will deal with the Galician trade exchange with foreign contractors from outside the Austro-Hungarian Empire customs area, the largest of which Galicia maintained with Germany. Not only are issues related to the export of goods by rail from Galicia and Bukovina to Germany presented, but also imports of goods from Germany to these countries. For comparative and cognitive purposes, the results obtained on the trade of Galicia and Bukovina with the German Empire were presented on a broader comparative background, primarily including also other countries of the Austrian monarchy, mainly the Czech Republic. Galicia, as a typically agricultural region, was for long a period of annexation the main supplier of agricultural and forestry products for the better-industrialized regions of Western Europe, including Germany. One of the elements of the analysis undertaken in this study is to determine the structure of trade with other countries, as well as to indicate the main directions of transport routes connecting Galicia with individual trade districts of Germany.
{"title":"Foreign Trade of Galicia and Bukovina and Other Austrian Countries at the End of the 19th Century Based on German Railway Statistics","authors":"Robert Lipelt","doi":"10.2478/sho-2018-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sho-2018-0002","url":null,"abstract":"tions of Galicia and Bukovina1 and other Austrian countries at the end of the 19th century. In our deliberations, we will deal with the Galician trade exchange with foreign contractors from outside the Austro-Hungarian Empire customs area, the largest of which Galicia maintained with Germany. Not only are issues related to the export of goods by rail from Galicia and Bukovina to Germany presented, but also imports of goods from Germany to these countries. For comparative and cognitive purposes, the results obtained on the trade of Galicia and Bukovina with the German Empire were presented on a broader comparative background, primarily including also other countries of the Austrian monarchy, mainly the Czech Republic. Galicia, as a typically agricultural region, was for long a period of annexation the main supplier of agricultural and forestry products for the better-industrialized regions of Western Europe, including Germany. One of the elements of the analysis undertaken in this study is to determine the structure of trade with other countries, as well as to indicate the main directions of transport routes connecting Galicia with individual trade districts of Germany.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"36 1","pages":"23 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41857759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary The article concerns the transfer of ownership of forest property, nationalized after World War II. It covers the subject matter of the process of property acquisition by way of nationalization decrees, in particular in the area of the so-called Regained Territories and dilemmas related to the issue of reprivatization. The work includes issues proposed over the years and existing statutory solutions, as well as case law affecting the interpretation of legal norms.
{"title":"Transfer of Ownership of Forests in the Western and Northern Teritories after World War II: Nationalization and Reprivatization","authors":"Joanna Jaroszyk-Pawlukiewicz","doi":"10.2478/sho-2018-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sho-2018-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The article concerns the transfer of ownership of forest property, nationalized after World War II. It covers the subject matter of the process of property acquisition by way of nationalization decrees, in particular in the area of the so-called Regained Territories and dilemmas related to the issue of reprivatization. The work includes issues proposed over the years and existing statutory solutions, as well as case law affecting the interpretation of legal norms.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"36 1","pages":"125 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47731931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
dzy chód) applied to King Frederick William III for the award of the re vised town ordinance, a civil servant of the Ministry of the Interior praised the town’s conditions and recommended the award without reservation. Birnbaum, as he emphasized in his letter to Interior Minister von Brenn, differed positively from other small towns in the province, and it had a “de cent, wellmeaning population” of 2,453 inhabitants, consisting mainly of Germans. The financial situation of the municipality was well ordered and it was expected that the introduction of the town order (Städteordnung) would have a positive effect on the development of the urban situation.1 In his administrative report for the year 1832, which he had submitted together with the application of the magistrate, Mayor Wieczorowski de scribed the circumstances somewhat more differentiated2: the town was free of debt and the main streets were almost all newly paved. They also had an orderly firefighting system and public safety, which was the con cern of four gendarmes and four night watchmen, was guaranteed. The economic and social conditions, however, caused the mayor sorrow. In re cent years – since the export of cloths to Russia had come to a standstill – Birnbaum had lost, with a few exceptions, its clothiers, who had so far
{"title":"The Decline of the Cloth Industry in Birnbaum (Międzychód) After the Napoleonic Wars","authors":"T. Lorenz","doi":"10.2478/sho-2018-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sho-2018-0005","url":null,"abstract":"dzy chód) applied to King Frederick William III for the award of the re vised town ordinance, a civil servant of the Ministry of the Interior praised the town’s conditions and recommended the award without reservation. Birnbaum, as he emphasized in his letter to Interior Minister von Brenn, differed positively from other small towns in the province, and it had a “de cent, wellmeaning population” of 2,453 inhabitants, consisting mainly of Germans. The financial situation of the municipality was well ordered and it was expected that the introduction of the town order (Städteordnung) would have a positive effect on the development of the urban situation.1 In his administrative report for the year 1832, which he had submitted together with the application of the magistrate, Mayor Wieczorowski de scribed the circumstances somewhat more differentiated2: the town was free of debt and the main streets were almost all newly paved. They also had an orderly firefighting system and public safety, which was the con cern of four gendarmes and four night watchmen, was guaranteed. The economic and social conditions, however, caused the mayor sorrow. In re cent years – since the export of cloths to Russia had come to a standstill – Birnbaum had lost, with a few exceptions, its clothiers, who had so far","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"36 1","pages":"91 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47940833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“From the East, This Town Borders the River Zbruch Bordering Poland...”.","authors":"Tomasz Kargol, Krzysztof Ślusarek","doi":"10.2478/sho-2018-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sho-2018-0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"36 1","pages":"3 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46784407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
a stable level, and the entire cultural industry there has grown into one of the most profitable in the world. It is not surprising that Japanese pop culture has begun global expansion, succeeding in its successful march in the West. In 2006, the New York Times wrote that the Japanese comic strip represents one of the better-growing publishing sectors in the US [Kelts R. 2006: 19]. The charm of the so-called manga has not been resisted even by Europe, becoming an equally lucrative market. Eventually, Polish society willingly joined the fascination with far eastern picture art.
{"title":"Transfer of Japanese Culture Patterns on the Example of a Comic Book.","authors":"Tomasz Bazylewicz","doi":"10.2478/sho-2018-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sho-2018-0007","url":null,"abstract":"a stable level, and the entire cultural industry there has grown into one of the most profitable in the world. It is not surprising that Japanese pop culture has begun global expansion, succeeding in its successful march in the West. In 2006, the New York Times wrote that the Japanese comic strip represents one of the better-growing publishing sectors in the US [Kelts R. 2006: 19]. The charm of the so-called manga has not been resisted even by Europe, becoming an equally lucrative market. Eventually, Polish society willingly joined the fascination with far eastern picture art.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"36 1","pages":"105 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42869030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Throughout the existence of the Polish People’s Republic (PPR), its scientific and technical intelligence (S&TI) supported Polish mining, energy, metallurgy, and machine industries. Cooperation with companies and research and development centers intensified in the first half of the 1970s, as a natural consequence of the experience accumulated by the intelligence service in the previous fifteen years. The most crucial issues related to the improvement of secret methods of acquiring technologies for the Polish economy were defining the scope of the tasks, i.e. the types of technologies which can be acquired by intelligence or purchased in the black market, selecting objects, (i.e. institutions and organizations with the required knowledge), and recruiting personal sources of information in western facilities. Apart from acquiring specific solutions S&TI also developed analyses related to specific countries, as well as to specific technologies in the global aspect or to international corporations that possessed the technologies. Furthermore, S&TI was engaged by the Polish government to provide information to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of International Trade during trade negotiations with foreign contractors. Author draws the history of Polish S&TI during the 70s and 80s, showcasing its operations, explaining its modus operandi and discussing the question about the efficiency of illicit transfer of know-how from OECD for the purposes technical progress in communist Poland. Article bases on recently declassified documents of Polish intelligence service from the pre-1990 period. There are moreover other archival records as well as secondary sources explored.
{"title":"Informational Support of Civilian Intelligence for Heavy Industry (Including Machine Industry) and the Energy Sector in the Polish People’s Republic in the Years 1970–1990","authors":"M. Sikora","doi":"10.2478/sho-2018-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sho-2018-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Throughout the existence of the Polish People’s Republic (PPR), its scientific and technical intelligence (S&TI) supported Polish mining, energy, metallurgy, and machine industries. Cooperation with companies and research and development centers intensified in the first half of the 1970s, as a natural consequence of the experience accumulated by the intelligence service in the previous fifteen years. The most crucial issues related to the improvement of secret methods of acquiring technologies for the Polish economy were defining the scope of the tasks, i.e. the types of technologies which can be acquired by intelligence or purchased in the black market, selecting objects, (i.e. institutions and organizations with the required knowledge), and recruiting personal sources of information in western facilities. Apart from acquiring specific solutions S&TI also developed analyses related to specific countries, as well as to specific technologies in the global aspect or to international corporations that possessed the technologies. Furthermore, S&TI was engaged by the Polish government to provide information to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of International Trade during trade negotiations with foreign contractors. Author draws the history of Polish S&TI during the 70s and 80s, showcasing its operations, explaining its modus operandi and discussing the question about the efficiency of illicit transfer of know-how from OECD for the purposes technical progress in communist Poland. Article bases on recently declassified documents of Polish intelligence service from the pre-1990 period. There are moreover other archival records as well as secondary sources explored.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"36 1","pages":"143 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68916663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：