Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.14746/sho.2023.41.2.008
Dariusz Łukasiewicz
Abstract Nowadays we perceive child labour as a shameful torture and a wicked destruction of the natural order of things. After all, childhood is a time for carelessness, fun and schooling, and children are innocent and vulnerable. Nowadays people believe that these are primeval and natural rights, which is not true. There used to be two models of child labour which I present in my paper. Domestic work in the countryside and in cities, characteristic of the feudal economy at the time when a workplace and a place of residence were the same place (this is still the case in the countryside nowadays), and work outside home, for example in a factory, characteristic of the capitalist economy. There were also varied mixed forms. Thus, in the pre-modern period, rural children were already given to work on a lord’s farm, to a rich farmer, or to serve in a city. Similarly, in modern times, children worked at home in domestic industries. The extensive use of child labour was first made possible by the lack of compulsory schooling, which in turn later prevented regular child labour. As long as there was an economic need, however, school had to give way to earning a living for one’s family.
{"title":"Two Models of Child Labour in the Past","authors":"Dariusz Łukasiewicz","doi":"10.14746/sho.2023.41.2.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/sho.2023.41.2.008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nowadays we perceive child labour as a shameful torture and a wicked destruction of the natural order of things. After all, childhood is a time for carelessness, fun and schooling, and children are innocent and vulnerable. Nowadays people believe that these are primeval and natural rights, which is not true. There used to be two models of child labour which I present in my paper. Domestic work in the countryside and in cities, characteristic of the feudal economy at the time when a workplace and a place of residence were the same place (this is still the case in the countryside nowadays), and work outside home, for example in a factory, characteristic of the capitalist economy. There were also varied mixed forms. Thus, in the pre-modern period, rural children were already given to work on a lord’s farm, to a rich farmer, or to serve in a city. Similarly, in modern times, children worked at home in domestic industries. The extensive use of child labour was first made possible by the lack of compulsory schooling, which in turn later prevented regular child labour. As long as there was an economic need, however, school had to give way to earning a living for one’s family.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":" 9","pages":"145 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138612099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.14746/sho.2023.41.2.002
Kamil Śmiechowski
Abstract Łódź, the so-called “Polish Manchester”, was the biggest textile center in the Eastern Europe, which developed in the 19th century and experienced all dramatic changes that happened in Poland during the long 20th century. As the vanguard of modernity, this industrial city was the place when all the pros and cons of the early capitalism appeared in much more dramatic way then elsewhere in Poland. In a result the problem such as workers motherhood and child labor became the real social phenomenon that forced many journalists, medical doctors, factory inspector and political activists to work against them. In this article, the way in which the workers motherhood and child labor was problematized in the discourse of Łódź is analyzed as the struggle with modernity. In author’s opinion, the experience of living in the industrial cities cause that approach to such complicated social problems developed in places like Łódź is less ideological and more empathizing then nationwide one. The specific case of Łódź can be useful in refreshing the Polish debate about modernity.
{"title":"Some Remarks About the Workers’ Motherhood in the Industrial City of Łódź in the 19th–20th Centuries","authors":"Kamil Śmiechowski","doi":"10.14746/sho.2023.41.2.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/sho.2023.41.2.002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Łódź, the so-called “Polish Manchester”, was the biggest textile center in the Eastern Europe, which developed in the 19th century and experienced all dramatic changes that happened in Poland during the long 20th century. As the vanguard of modernity, this industrial city was the place when all the pros and cons of the early capitalism appeared in much more dramatic way then elsewhere in Poland. In a result the problem such as workers motherhood and child labor became the real social phenomenon that forced many journalists, medical doctors, factory inspector and political activists to work against them. In this article, the way in which the workers motherhood and child labor was problematized in the discourse of Łódź is analyzed as the struggle with modernity. In author’s opinion, the experience of living in the industrial cities cause that approach to such complicated social problems developed in places like Łódź is less ideological and more empathizing then nationwide one. The specific case of Łódź can be useful in refreshing the Polish debate about modernity.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"67 2","pages":"19 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138627242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.005
Zbigniew Hojka
Abstract The aim of this article is to present a tourist mining path located in southern Poland. This involves coal, silver, gold, salt, flint, chalk, uranium mines and oil wells. It includes some buildings connected with workers and mine-owners as well. These buildings were previously tied to mining. Currently, they function as museums or service-buildings.
{"title":"Second Life of Post-Mining Facilities: Mines as a Tourist Attraction of Southern Poland","authors":"Zbigniew Hojka","doi":"10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this article is to present a tourist mining path located in southern Poland. This involves coal, silver, gold, salt, flint, chalk, uranium mines and oil wells. It includes some buildings connected with workers and mine-owners as well. These buildings were previously tied to mining. Currently, they function as museums or service-buildings.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"41 1","pages":"121 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46159003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.008
Karolina Filipowska
XXIIIth International Congress of Historical Sciences 2020/2022 in Poznań.
第二十三届2020/2022年波兹南国际历史科学大会。
{"title":"Reports: Report from the 23rd International Congress of Historical Sciences Poznań 2020/2022 on 21–27 August 2022","authors":"Karolina Filipowska","doi":"10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.008","url":null,"abstract":"XXIIIth International Congress of Historical Sciences 2020/2022 in Poznań.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"41 1","pages":"153 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43064033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.002
D. Jarosz
Abstract The article attempts to determine the usefulness of the concept of resourcefulness for research in the field of social history of the People’s Republic of Poland. On the basis of examples concerning problems with provisions, housing, professional work and retirement benefits, an analysis of specific issues was made, where this resourcefulness manifested itself particularly intensively. The research shows that in many cases it was pathological. It meant a strategy of behavior consisting in achieving the assumed goals by individuals or various groups of people using means that are in conflict with the norms, rules, procedures accepted as appropriate in a given political and socio-economic order.
{"title":"Food, Housing, Work, Retirement: Resourcefulness in Everyday Life as an Element of the Functioning of Society and the Economy in the People’s Republic of Poland (Selected Aspects)","authors":"D. Jarosz","doi":"10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article attempts to determine the usefulness of the concept of resourcefulness for research in the field of social history of the People’s Republic of Poland. On the basis of examples concerning problems with provisions, housing, professional work and retirement benefits, an analysis of specific issues was made, where this resourcefulness manifested itself particularly intensively. The research shows that in many cases it was pathological. It meant a strategy of behavior consisting in achieving the assumed goals by individuals or various groups of people using means that are in conflict with the norms, rules, procedures accepted as appropriate in a given political and socio-economic order.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"41 1","pages":"29 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45209994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.006
Marta Czerwieniec-Ivasyk
Leończyk S. (2021) Mniejszość Polska w Federacji Rosyjskiej: uwarunkowania, stan aktualny i perspektywy. Prace Instytutu Europy Środkowej nr 13/2021. Lublin: Instytut Europy Środkowej.
{"title":"Book Review: Polish Minority in the Russian Federation: Conditions, Current Status and Prospects [Mniejszość Polska W Federacji Rosyjskiej: Uwarunkowania, Stan Aktualny I Perspektywy]","authors":"Marta Czerwieniec-Ivasyk","doi":"10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.006","url":null,"abstract":"Leończyk S. (2021) Mniejszość Polska w Federacji Rosyjskiej: uwarunkowania, stan aktualny i perspektywy. Prace Instytutu Europy Środkowej nr 13/2021. Lublin: Instytut Europy Środkowej.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"41 1","pages":"143 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46448350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.001
Zbyszko Górczak
Abstract In the second half of the 13th century, the process of incorporation or institution of cities (a.k.a. the process of granting municipal rights) under German law began in Greater Poland. By 1314, i.e. until the end of the existence of a separate district duchy of Greater Poland, 51 successful city incorporations were carried out in its area, by princes and clerical as well as secular feudal lords At the same time, there were also 8 unsuccessful incorporation initiatives (14%). An unsuccessful settlement is a settlement that did not lead to the creation of a town or a settlement that had to be repeated after some time, especially with the consent of another ruler or another settlement owner. The article discusses these failed ventures while attempting to analyse the specific reasons for the failures. The following factors or their combinations can be pointed out: periodic unrest and political instability in the region, limiting the circle of potential settlers only to newcomers from abroad (with the exclusion of the locals), unclear legal and ownership status of the settlement being incorporated, competition from a nearby, stronger center, lack of sufficient support from the feudal owner (especially in the case of clerical and private feudals). At this early stage in the development of urban life, it is also possible to see a clear advantage of monarchical incorporations, which usually had a greater chance of success and further successful development. A similar distribution of unsuccessful and successful granting of municipal rights to towns (15%) has been noted by the literature in medieval Silesia.
{"title":"Unsuccessful Attempts at the Incorporation of Cities in the District Duchy of Greater Poland in the 13th Century","authors":"Zbyszko Górczak","doi":"10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the second half of the 13th century, the process of incorporation or institution of cities (a.k.a. the process of granting municipal rights) under German law began in Greater Poland. By 1314, i.e. until the end of the existence of a separate district duchy of Greater Poland, 51 successful city incorporations were carried out in its area, by princes and clerical as well as secular feudal lords At the same time, there were also 8 unsuccessful incorporation initiatives (14%). An unsuccessful settlement is a settlement that did not lead to the creation of a town or a settlement that had to be repeated after some time, especially with the consent of another ruler or another settlement owner. The article discusses these failed ventures while attempting to analyse the specific reasons for the failures. The following factors or their combinations can be pointed out: periodic unrest and political instability in the region, limiting the circle of potential settlers only to newcomers from abroad (with the exclusion of the locals), unclear legal and ownership status of the settlement being incorporated, competition from a nearby, stronger center, lack of sufficient support from the feudal owner (especially in the case of clerical and private feudals). At this early stage in the development of urban life, it is also possible to see a clear advantage of monarchical incorporations, which usually had a greater chance of success and further successful development. A similar distribution of unsuccessful and successful granting of municipal rights to towns (15%) has been noted by the literature in medieval Silesia.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"41 1","pages":"1 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43945142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.003
J. Kaliński
Abstract State entrepreneurship, or rather statism, was a strongly developed phenomenon in the economy of interwar Poland. Initially, its source was the legacy of the partition period in the form of the considerable assets of the partitioned states, numerous industrial plants, banks, transport infrastructure, forests and land. In a reborn Poland, in order to strengthen the economy and military potential, the authorities undertook, among other things, a number of industrial investments, developed state-owned banking and transport enterprises and organised profitable treasury monopolies. The share of the state sector in the economy reached 20%, and in some areas even 100%. Researchers of state entrepreneurship, usually, have emphasised its considerable economic efficiency and important social role.
{"title":"State Entrepreneurship in Interwar Poland","authors":"J. Kaliński","doi":"10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract State entrepreneurship, or rather statism, was a strongly developed phenomenon in the economy of interwar Poland. Initially, its source was the legacy of the partition period in the form of the considerable assets of the partitioned states, numerous industrial plants, banks, transport infrastructure, forests and land. In a reborn Poland, in order to strengthen the economy and military potential, the authorities undertook, among other things, a number of industrial investments, developed state-owned banking and transport enterprises and organised profitable treasury monopolies. The share of the state sector in the economy reached 20%, and in some areas even 100%. Researchers of state entrepreneurship, usually, have emphasised its considerable economic efficiency and important social role.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"41 1","pages":"53 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48630340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.007
L. Błażejczyk-Majka
Makowski, K.A., Michalski, M., Schramm, T. (eds), Filipowska, K. (col.) (2021) With a Zest and in a Refined Form… The 7th International Congress of Historical Sciences in Warsaw, 1933, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Miejskie Posnania, Fundacja TRES.
Makowski，K.A.，Michalski，M.，Schramm，T.（编辑），Filippowska，K.（col.）（2021）《以一种优雅的形式……1933年在华沙举行的第七届国际历史科学大会》，波兹南：Wydawnictwo Miejskie Posnania，Fundacja TRES。
{"title":"Book Review: With a Zest and in a Refined Form…The 7th International Congress of Historical Sciences in Warsaw, 1933","authors":"L. Błażejczyk-Majka","doi":"10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.007","url":null,"abstract":"Makowski, K.A., Michalski, M., Schramm, T. (eds), Filipowska, K. (col.) (2021) With a Zest and in a Refined Form… The 7th International Congress of Historical Sciences in Warsaw, 1933, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Miejskie Posnania, Fundacja TRES.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"41 1","pages":"147 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48655788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.004
J. Chumiński
Abstract Numerous studies on the economies of socialist countries indicate that one of the main sources of their weakness was the attitudes and behavior of “socialist managers”. Contrary to the predictions (e.g. by Joseph Schumpeter), they were not characterized by entrepreneurship, innovation, the ability to lead changes or the ability to formulate strategies. This was due to the nomenclature system existing in all countries of the Soviet bloc. Nominations, promotions, but also dismissals were at the discretion of party bodies. It was the main source of the communist party’s dominance in the country and the fundamental factor guaranteeing control over all spheres of social and economic life. Determining why the nomenclature system turned out to be dysfunctional requires considering three issues: what were the goals of the communist personnel policy, what methods were used to implement it, and finally who were the people appointed to perform managerial functions in the economy. We will focus our analysis on the management of Polish industry in the years 1945–1956. This is because it was the most important sector of the economy of the People’s Republic of Poland, and the personnel policy mechanisms developed at that time remained valid until the end of the “real socialism” system.
{"title":"Principles of Shaping and Composition of the Management Staff of Polish Industry (1945–1956)","authors":"J. Chumiński","doi":"10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Numerous studies on the economies of socialist countries indicate that one of the main sources of their weakness was the attitudes and behavior of “socialist managers”. Contrary to the predictions (e.g. by Joseph Schumpeter), they were not characterized by entrepreneurship, innovation, the ability to lead changes or the ability to formulate strategies. This was due to the nomenclature system existing in all countries of the Soviet bloc. Nominations, promotions, but also dismissals were at the discretion of party bodies. It was the main source of the communist party’s dominance in the country and the fundamental factor guaranteeing control over all spheres of social and economic life. Determining why the nomenclature system turned out to be dysfunctional requires considering three issues: what were the goals of the communist personnel policy, what methods were used to implement it, and finally who were the people appointed to perform managerial functions in the economy. We will focus our analysis on the management of Polish industry in the years 1945–1956. This is because it was the most important sector of the economy of the People’s Republic of Poland, and the personnel policy mechanisms developed at that time remained valid until the end of the “real socialism” system.","PeriodicalId":32183,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Oeconomicae","volume":"41 1","pages":"79 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47773519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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