Pub Date : 2021-09-21DOI: 10.22159/ijcr.2021v5i4.175
N. Norouzi
Objective: The electricity-to-hydrogen technology can convert surplus renewable energy electric energy into chemical energy. Hydrogen plays an important role in transportation, power generation, and other fields. Therefore, developing electrochemical (P2X) technology for renewable energy consumption effectively solves renewable energy curtailment. Methods: The four aspects of market scale, technical route, energy conversion efficiency, and demonstration project progress are reviewed, and the energy efficiency of the four electrochemical technologies is compared, Power consumption, marginal electricity price, equivalent output, and market share five major technical and economic indicators. To analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of P2X in China, a literature review survey was conducted, relying on recent two-decade publications from four main publishers: Scopus, Springer, Wiley, and Taylor and Francis. Keywords were selected from the first-hand references based on their impact on P2X or related topics listed in the literature databases. The keywords as Power to X, Power to chemicals, PtX, and P2X were chosen according to their actual involvement or keen interest in P2X projects. Results: The research results based on the low-temperature electrolysis technology route show that the comprehensive energy efficiency of the electricity-to-methane and electricity-to-gasoline technologies is higher (50%); the electricity-to-gasoline technology is the most economical (marginal electricity price is 0.37 yuan/kWh), but the synthesis process requires carbon monoxide and carbon emissions, And the technical risk is high; the promotion of electricity to ammonia will have the greatest impact on the market (17.18%). Reducing coal consumption by about 22.85 million tons and the environmental protection significance of electricity-to-ammonia conversion (reducing carbon emissions by about 39.1 million tons) are two important directions for future electrochemical technology. Conclusion: Facing the development of P2X technology in the future, the plan and economics of the high-temperature electrical and chemical technology route based on high-temperature solid oxides were preliminary discussed and prospected.
目的:电制氢技术可以将过剩的可再生能源电能转化为化学能。氢在交通运输、发电等领域发挥着重要作用。因此，开发用于可再生能源消纳的电化学(P2X)技术有效地解决了可再生能源弃电问题。方法:从市场规模、技术路线、能源转换效率、示范项目进展四个方面进行综述，比较四种电化学技术的能效、电耗、边际电价、当量产量、市场占有率五大技术经济指标。为了分析P2X在中国的优势、劣势、机会和威胁，我们进行了一项文献综述调查，依靠四家主要出版商最近二十年的出版物:Scopus、施普林格、Wiley和Taylor and Francis。根据对P2X的影响或文献数据库中列出的相关主题，从第一手参考文献中选择关键词。关键词Power to X, Power to chemicals, PtX和P2X是根据他们实际参与或对P2X项目的浓厚兴趣选择的。结果:基于低温电解技术路线的研究结果表明，电制甲烷和电制汽油技术的综合能源效率更高(50%);电改汽油技术最经济(边际电价为0.37元/千瓦时)，但合成过程需要一氧化碳和碳排放，技术风险高;电改氨对市场的影响最大(17.18%)。减少约2285万吨煤炭消耗和电制氨的环保意义(减少约3910万吨碳排放)是未来电化学技术的两个重要方向。结论:面对未来P2X技术的发展，对基于高温固体氧化物的高温电化技术路线的方案和经济性进行了初步探讨和展望。
{"title":"INVESTIGATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY USE IN THE P2X TECHNOLOGY","authors":"N. Norouzi","doi":"10.22159/ijcr.2021v5i4.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcr.2021v5i4.175","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The electricity-to-hydrogen technology can convert surplus renewable energy electric energy into chemical energy. Hydrogen plays an important role in transportation, power generation, and other fields. Therefore, developing electrochemical (P2X) technology for renewable energy consumption effectively solves renewable energy curtailment.\u0000Methods: The four aspects of market scale, technical route, energy conversion efficiency, and demonstration project progress are reviewed, and the energy efficiency of the four electrochemical technologies is compared, Power consumption, marginal electricity price, equivalent output, and market share five major technical and economic indicators. To analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of P2X in China, a literature review survey was conducted, relying on recent two-decade publications from four main publishers: Scopus, Springer, Wiley, and Taylor and Francis. Keywords were selected from the first-hand references based on their impact on P2X or related topics listed in the literature databases. The keywords as Power to X, Power to chemicals, PtX, and P2X were chosen according to their actual involvement or keen interest in P2X projects.\u0000Results: The research results based on the low-temperature electrolysis technology route show that the comprehensive energy efficiency of the electricity-to-methane and electricity-to-gasoline technologies is higher (50%); the electricity-to-gasoline technology is the most economical (marginal electricity price is 0.37 yuan/kWh), but the synthesis process requires carbon monoxide and carbon emissions, And the technical risk is high; the promotion of electricity to ammonia will have the greatest impact on the market (17.18%). Reducing coal consumption by about 22.85 million tons and the environmental protection significance of electricity-to-ammonia conversion (reducing carbon emissions by about 39.1 million tons) are two important directions for future electrochemical technology.\u0000Conclusion: Facing the development of P2X technology in the future, the plan and economics of the high-temperature electrical and chemical technology route based on high-temperature solid oxides were preliminary discussed and prospected.","PeriodicalId":322389,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry Research","volume":"218 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131405282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.22159/ijcr.2021v5i4.181
F. A. Itoo, J. Mir
Generally, the structural components of infectious diseases causing viruses like coronavirus, Ebola virus, etc., are mainly focused on developing effective treatment and vaccines. Meanwhile, the spike proteins play a major role in knowing the profound way out to curtail the respective infectivity. S1 and S2 act as the two main subunits to render prime significance to reveal the interaction of surface-active agents in this context. Keeping in view the importance of surfactants in developing effective treatment and vaccine for the coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19), this article describes the surface chemistry of this quest. The surface action being the main mode of infectivity can thus be halted by using surface-active compounds (surfactants). Therefore, this review emphasizes the sound role of surface action linked with COVID-19 treatment and vaccination.
{"title":"SURFACTANT MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND CORONAVIRUS SURFACE: A SURFACE INTERACTION FOR COVID-19 TREATMENT AND VACCINATION","authors":"F. A. Itoo, J. Mir","doi":"10.22159/ijcr.2021v5i4.181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcr.2021v5i4.181","url":null,"abstract":"Generally, the structural components of infectious diseases causing viruses like coronavirus, Ebola virus, etc., are mainly focused on developing effective treatment and vaccines. Meanwhile, the spike proteins play a major role in knowing the profound way out to curtail the respective infectivity. S1 and S2 act as the two main subunits to render prime significance to reveal the interaction of surface-active agents in this context. Keeping in view the importance of surfactants in developing effective treatment and vaccine for the coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19), this article describes the surface chemistry of this quest. The surface action being the main mode of infectivity can thus be halted by using surface-active compounds (surfactants). Therefore, this review emphasizes the sound role of surface action linked with COVID-19 treatment and vaccination.","PeriodicalId":322389,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry Research","volume":"303 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121269952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.22159/IJCR.2021V5I2.153
Roshdy E. Saraya, M. El-Henawee, H. Saleh, Mahmoud M. Sebaiy
In this literature review, we will introduce most of the up-to-date reported methods that have been developed for the determination of Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir and Ritonavir in their pure form, combined form with other drugs combined form with degradation products, and in biological samples. Most of reported methods includes spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods specially HPLC and HPTLC.
{"title":"MINI REVIEW: INSIGHTS ON INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS OF OMBITASVIR, PARITAPREVIR AND RITONAVIR","authors":"Roshdy E. Saraya, M. El-Henawee, H. Saleh, Mahmoud M. Sebaiy","doi":"10.22159/IJCR.2021V5I2.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22159/IJCR.2021V5I2.153","url":null,"abstract":"In this literature review, we will introduce most of the up-to-date reported methods that have been developed for the determination of Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir and Ritonavir in their pure form, combined form with other drugs combined form with degradation products, and in biological samples. Most of reported methods includes spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods specially HPLC and HPTLC.","PeriodicalId":322389,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122040816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.22159/ijcr.2021v5i3.170
R. Patel, P. Singh, R. Pandey, B. Patel, S. Mishra
Objective: The present work deals with the concerned study to determine the influence of variable season on amino acid evaluation from 90 bovine milk collected (March 2018 to February 2019) samples belongs to four tehsils of Singrauli district. Methods: An aliquot of hydrolysate of collected bovine milk samples were injected into the column (Shim-pack ISC-07/S1504 Na) of the higher performance liquid chromatography-based amino acid analyzer. Results: Most abundant amino acids were glutamic acid followed by proline and leucine. Average amino acid content comparison, results, in the rainy season, maximum amino acid content was in Deosar and minimum in Singrauli, In winter amino acid is higher in Waidhan and minimum in Deosar and maximum amino acid content was recorded intended for Waidhan and minimum for Deosar in summer. Concentration of amino acid in cow milk was found to be in order of glycine
{"title":"AMINO ACID STATUS OF BOVINE MILK UNDER SEASONAL VARIATION AROUND SINGRAULI DISTRICT","authors":"R. Patel, P. Singh, R. Pandey, B. Patel, S. Mishra","doi":"10.22159/ijcr.2021v5i3.170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcr.2021v5i3.170","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The present work deals with the concerned study to determine the influence of variable season on amino acid evaluation from 90 bovine milk collected (March 2018 to February 2019) samples belongs to four tehsils of Singrauli district.\u0000Methods: An aliquot of hydrolysate of collected bovine milk samples were injected into the column (Shim-pack ISC-07/S1504 Na) of the higher performance liquid chromatography-based amino acid analyzer.\u0000Results: Most abundant amino acids were glutamic acid followed by proline and leucine. Average amino acid content comparison, results, in the rainy season, maximum amino acid content was in Deosar and minimum in Singrauli, In winter amino acid is higher in Waidhan and minimum in Deosar and maximum amino acid content was recorded intended for Waidhan and minimum for Deosar in summer. Concentration of amino acid in cow milk was found to be in order of glycine<histidine<alanine<methionine<isoleucine<phenylalanine<threonine<tyrosine<serine<lysine<valine and aspartic acid<arginine<leucine<proline<glutamic acid. Amino acid status in buffalo milk sample was found in order Glycine<histidine<methionine<alanine<phenylalanine<isoleucine<threonine<arginine<tyrosine<serine and lysine<aspartic acid<valine<leucine<proline<glutamic acid. All the amino acids are evaluated as per the mean (n = 6) mean±SD.\u0000Conclusion: It is concluded that cow and buffalo milk samples contained all the amino acids but differed in the contents of certain amino acids. Such variation is purely biological and genetic and is intended for the nourishment of the young. The current investigation would be valuable for the dairy processing industries to formulate nutritionally improved milk-based functional products for a vulnerable segment of the population.","PeriodicalId":322389,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125312599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.22159/ijcr.2021v5i3.169
S. Shafi, R. Rajesh, S. Senthilkumar
Objective: The objective of this work is to synthesis thio-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl derivatives for industrial applications. Methods: The synthesis was done by the reaction of (S)-2-amino-2-phenylacetic acid with ethanol-derived ethyl (S)-2-amino-2-phenylacetate. The reaction of ethyl (S)-2-amino-2-phenylacetate with Boc anhydride and hydrazine produces ethyl (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-phenylacetate. The intermediate 5-alkyl amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols have been isolated as stable compounds. Results: To study the characteristics of these compounds, they are subjected to 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and IR. These studies examine the chemical structure of synthesized compounds. The mass of the novel compounds was established with the help of the LCMS test. The structural and optical properties were examined by the powder XRD and photoluminescence spectrum respectively. Conclusion: The sharp intense peak in the powder XRD indicates the crystal nature of the sample. The values obtained from the LCMS test indicate that the compounds have good thermal stability. The absorption peak at 358 nm in the PL spectrum indicates that the sample can be used in photoelectronic devices.
{"title":"SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BOC-PROTECTED THIO-1,3,4-OXADIAZOL-2-YL DERIVATIVES","authors":"S. Shafi, R. Rajesh, S. Senthilkumar","doi":"10.22159/ijcr.2021v5i3.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcr.2021v5i3.169","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The objective of this work is to synthesis thio-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl derivatives for industrial applications.\u0000Methods: The synthesis was done by the reaction of (S)-2-amino-2-phenylacetic acid with ethanol-derived ethyl (S)-2-amino-2-phenylacetate. The reaction of ethyl (S)-2-amino-2-phenylacetate with Boc anhydride and hydrazine produces ethyl (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-phenylacetate. The intermediate 5-alkyl amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols have been isolated as stable compounds.\u0000Results: To study the characteristics of these compounds, they are subjected to 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and IR. These studies examine the chemical structure of synthesized compounds. The mass of the novel compounds was established with the help of the LCMS test. The structural and optical properties were examined by the powder XRD and photoluminescence spectrum respectively.\u0000Conclusion: The sharp intense peak in the powder XRD indicates the crystal nature of the sample. The values obtained from the LCMS test indicate that the compounds have good thermal stability. The absorption peak at 358 nm in the PL spectrum indicates that the sample can be used in photoelectronic devices.","PeriodicalId":322389,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry Research","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134379305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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