RV Reshmi Nair, Shamin Jacob, K. Praveena, NV Latha, M. Vishnupriya
Introduction: Noncontact infrared meibography (NIM) is a technique for quantitative assessment of meibomian gland (MG) dysfunction by providing images of the morphology of MGs. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess MG morphology using NIM (with meiboscore values) in posterior blepharitis patients and the normal population and to assess the lid margin abnormality score (LMAS), lid margin expression score, tear breakup time (TBUT), and Schirmer test values in posterior blepharitis. Methods: This was a hospital-based study on 100 consecutive patients attending the outpatient department of ophthalmology of the study institute, from June 2019 to May 2020 after getting ethical clearance. The study included 75 patients with symptoms and signs of posterior blepharitis and 25 normal patients with no evidence of posterior blepharitis. All patients were examined using slit lamp biomicroscopy for signs of posterior blepharitis and TBUT, superficial punctate keratopathy, Schirmer 1 test, and LMAS. NIM was performed for both upper and lower eyelids and was documented using the meiboscore system. Results: The meibography gland dropout was significantly higher in posterior blepharitis patients (P < 0.01) compared to normal patients. The normal patients had normal meibography in 32% and total meiboscore of Grade 1 in 56%. The LMAS was significantly higher in posterior blepharitis patients. Superficial punctate keratitis was not significantly higher in posterior blepharitis patients. The lid margin expression score was significantly higher in posterior blepharitis (P < 0.01). TBUT was significantly shorter in posterior blepharitis people (P < 0.01). The Schirmer test showed an adequate tear secretion in both groups of patients. Conclusion: NIM system can be performed easily, quickly, noninvasively and was a patient-friendly method to obtain information about the MG morphology. In our study, the majority of patients with posterior blepharitis showed significant gland dropout as viewed on NIM, compared to the normal cases studied.
{"title":"A study to assess meibomian gland morphology using meibography in posterior blepharitis patients and normal population: A hospital-based observational study","authors":"RV Reshmi Nair, Shamin Jacob, K. Praveena, NV Latha, M. Vishnupriya","doi":"10.4103/kjo.kjo_135_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/kjo.kjo_135_21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Noncontact infrared meibography (NIM) is a technique for quantitative assessment of meibomian gland (MG) dysfunction by providing images of the morphology of MGs. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess MG morphology using NIM (with meiboscore values) in posterior blepharitis patients and the normal population and to assess the lid margin abnormality score (LMAS), lid margin expression score, tear breakup time (TBUT), and Schirmer test values in posterior blepharitis. Methods: This was a hospital-based study on 100 consecutive patients attending the outpatient department of ophthalmology of the study institute, from June 2019 to May 2020 after getting ethical clearance. The study included 75 patients with symptoms and signs of posterior blepharitis and 25 normal patients with no evidence of posterior blepharitis. All patients were examined using slit lamp biomicroscopy for signs of posterior blepharitis and TBUT, superficial punctate keratopathy, Schirmer 1 test, and LMAS. NIM was performed for both upper and lower eyelids and was documented using the meiboscore system. Results: The meibography gland dropout was significantly higher in posterior blepharitis patients (P < 0.01) compared to normal patients. The normal patients had normal meibography in 32% and total meiboscore of Grade 1 in 56%. The LMAS was significantly higher in posterior blepharitis patients. Superficial punctate keratitis was not significantly higher in posterior blepharitis patients. The lid margin expression score was significantly higher in posterior blepharitis (P < 0.01). TBUT was significantly shorter in posterior blepharitis people (P < 0.01). The Schirmer test showed an adequate tear secretion in both groups of patients. Conclusion: NIM system can be performed easily, quickly, noninvasively and was a patient-friendly method to obtain information about the MG morphology. In our study, the majority of patients with posterior blepharitis showed significant gland dropout as viewed on NIM, compared to the normal cases studied.","PeriodicalId":32483,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"35 1","pages":"42 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42495456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Our study was conducted to evaluate and compare the predictive capacity of five intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas (SRK/T, HOFFERQ, HOLLADAY1, HAIGIS, BARRETT UNIVERSAL II) in eyes with axial length (AL) <22 mm. Subjects and Methods: In our study, 100 patients with a preoperative AL of <22 mm were included. All patients underwent uneventful cataract surgery with IOL implantation and postoperative target of refraction were analyzed after 40 days. The mean estimation error and mean absolute error (MAE) were calculated for each formula, and ANOVA test was applied to compare the differences in the MAEs of the formulas. A statistically significant difference was defined as P < 0.05. Results: A statistically significant difference was seen between Barrett Universal II formula in comparison to SRK/T formula. There was no statistically significant difference seen among the absolute error of all the five IOL power calculation formula groups. Conclusions: Among the formulas compared, Barrett Universal II formula is the most accurate in predicting postoperative refractive error in hyperopic patients. Hoffer Q, Haigis, and Holladay 1 formula give better results than the commonly used SRK/T formula.
{"title":"A study on efficacy of various formulas for intraocular lens power calculation in hyperopic patients at a tertiary care center","authors":"Kunjan Patel, Dipika Patel, Parth Dave","doi":"10.4103/kjo.kjo_169_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/kjo.kjo_169_21","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Our study was conducted to evaluate and compare the predictive capacity of five intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas (SRK/T, HOFFERQ, HOLLADAY1, HAIGIS, BARRETT UNIVERSAL II) in eyes with axial length (AL) <22 mm. Subjects and Methods: In our study, 100 patients with a preoperative AL of <22 mm were included. All patients underwent uneventful cataract surgery with IOL implantation and postoperative target of refraction were analyzed after 40 days. The mean estimation error and mean absolute error (MAE) were calculated for each formula, and ANOVA test was applied to compare the differences in the MAEs of the formulas. A statistically significant difference was defined as P < 0.05. Results: A statistically significant difference was seen between Barrett Universal II formula in comparison to SRK/T formula. There was no statistically significant difference seen among the absolute error of all the five IOL power calculation formula groups. Conclusions: Among the formulas compared, Barrett Universal II formula is the most accurate in predicting postoperative refractive error in hyperopic patients. Hoffer Q, Haigis, and Holladay 1 formula give better results than the commonly used SRK/T formula.","PeriodicalId":32483,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"35 1","pages":"72 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45850667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 on ophthalmology residency training - can it be swept under the rug?","authors":"Anubhav Singh, Dipika Sainath, Anujeet Paul","doi":"10.4103/kjo.kjo_1_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/kjo.kjo_1_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32483,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"35 1","pages":"117 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43451576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Changing trends in the use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) biosimilars: Insights from the Vitreoretinal Society of India Biosimilars of Anti-VEGF Survey","authors":"Dhanya Radhamani Sasidharan","doi":"10.4103/kjo.kjo_102_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/kjo.kjo_102_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32483,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70823574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ocular features of Weill-Marchesani syndrome include ectopia lentis, myopia, and pupillary block glaucoma. The purpose of this case report is to describe a case of secondary glaucoma in an 18-year-old female with suspected Weill-Marchesani syndrome.
{"title":"“Ousted little elf”—Secondary glaucoma in Weill-Marchesani syndrome","authors":"Devi Karthya","doi":"10.4103/kjo.kjo_65_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/kjo.kjo_65_23","url":null,"abstract":"Ocular features of Weill-Marchesani syndrome include ectopia lentis, myopia, and pupillary block glaucoma. The purpose of this case report is to describe a case of secondary glaucoma in an 18-year-old female with suspected Weill-Marchesani syndrome.","PeriodicalId":32483,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70826238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Context: The incidence of the fungal disease, mucormycosis, is showing a steady increase among the Indian population in recent past years. Considered as a form of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, the disease is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. Aims: The aim of this study was to study the clinical presentations, species distribution, and treatment outcomes in patients of rhinomucormycosis. Settings and Design: This was a tertiary care hospital-based case series. Subjects and Methods: The study was carried out between June 2018 and February 2020. All laboratory-confirmed cases of rhinomucormycosis were included in the study population. Results: Sixteen cases of histopathologically and microbiologically confirmed cases of rhinomucormycosis were included in the study. The study population included ten females and six males. Diabetes mellitus was found to be the most common comorbid condition in the study group (81.25%). Among the study group, swelling of cheek and thick blood-stained discharge were the most common presenting symptoms (9 cases out of 16). The most common clinical type was rhino-orbital mucormycosis. Rhizopus was the most common species encountered (87.5%). In spite of utmost care, treatment outcome was not favorable in most of the cases. Conclusion: An early diagnosis of mucormycosis in the background of immunocompromised status can help in initiating appropriate treatment, thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease condition.
{"title":"Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment outcome of Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis: A 2-year experience at a tertiary care center","authors":"A. Vivekanand, S. Nannaware","doi":"10.4103/kjo.kjo_137_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/kjo.kjo_137_21","url":null,"abstract":"Context: The incidence of the fungal disease, mucormycosis, is showing a steady increase among the Indian population in recent past years. Considered as a form of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, the disease is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. Aims: The aim of this study was to study the clinical presentations, species distribution, and treatment outcomes in patients of rhinomucormycosis. Settings and Design: This was a tertiary care hospital-based case series. Subjects and Methods: The study was carried out between June 2018 and February 2020. All laboratory-confirmed cases of rhinomucormycosis were included in the study population. Results: Sixteen cases of histopathologically and microbiologically confirmed cases of rhinomucormycosis were included in the study. The study population included ten females and six males. Diabetes mellitus was found to be the most common comorbid condition in the study group (81.25%). Among the study group, swelling of cheek and thick blood-stained discharge were the most common presenting symptoms (9 cases out of 16). The most common clinical type was rhino-orbital mucormycosis. Rhizopus was the most common species encountered (87.5%). In spite of utmost care, treatment outcome was not favorable in most of the cases. Conclusion: An early diagnosis of mucormycosis in the background of immunocompromised status can help in initiating appropriate treatment, thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease condition.","PeriodicalId":32483,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"35 1","pages":"49 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42452063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marshall-Smith syndrome (MSS) is an extremely rare developmental disorder characterized by accelerated skeletal maturation, failure to thrive, dysmorphic facies, respiratory difficulties, and neurological abnormalities. Herein, the authors report bilateral proptosis in a 10-year-old child with MSS. At present, there are limited reports on ophthalmologic considerations in MSS; therefore, this article subserves to broaden the clinical spectrum seen in this syndrome.
{"title":"Bilateral proptosis in Marshall-Smith syndrome","authors":"D. Das, Divya Chauhan, Sahil Agrawal, M. Bajaj","doi":"10.4103/kjo.kjo_123_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/kjo.kjo_123_21","url":null,"abstract":"Marshall-Smith syndrome (MSS) is an extremely rare developmental disorder characterized by accelerated skeletal maturation, failure to thrive, dysmorphic facies, respiratory difficulties, and neurological abnormalities. Herein, the authors report bilateral proptosis in a 10-year-old child with MSS. At present, there are limited reports on ophthalmologic considerations in MSS; therefore, this article subserves to broaden the clinical spectrum seen in this syndrome.","PeriodicalId":32483,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"35 1","pages":"17 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41956627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Keratoprosthesis (Kpro) is considered as the last resort for bilateral endstage corneal blindness. Commonly performed Kpros are Boston Type 1 and 2 Kpros, Modified Osteoodonto Kpro, OsteoKpro, and Pintucci Kpro. These procedures require an exclusive setup, longterm follow-up, and postKpro care. There is always a significant long-term risk of complications of infection or extrusion of the device with these procedures as the keratoprosthesis is a foreign body. Most common complications of Kpro procedure are postoperative glaucoma, retroprosthetic membrane, sterile melts, and endophthalmitis.
角膜假体(Kpro)被认为是治疗双侧终末期角膜失明的最后手段。常用的Kpros是Boston Type 1和2 Kpros, Modified Osteoodonto Kpro, OsteoKpro和Pintucci Kpro。这些手术需要专门的设置、长期随访和术后护理。由于角膜假体是异物，这些手术总是存在感染或设备挤压并发症的重大长期风险。Kpro手术最常见的并发症是术后青光眼、假体后膜、无菌熔体和眼内炎。
{"title":"Keratoprosthesis","authors":"AH Arya, D. Jacob","doi":"10.4103/kjo.kjo_3_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/kjo.kjo_3_23","url":null,"abstract":"Keratoprosthesis (Kpro) is considered as the last resort for bilateral endstage corneal blindness. Commonly performed Kpros are Boston Type 1 and 2 Kpros, Modified Osteoodonto Kpro, OsteoKpro, and Pintucci Kpro. These procedures require an exclusive setup, longterm follow-up, and postKpro care. There is always a significant long-term risk of complications of infection or extrusion of the device with these procedures as the keratoprosthesis is a foreign body. Most common complications of Kpro procedure are postoperative glaucoma, retroprosthetic membrane, sterile melts, and endophthalmitis.","PeriodicalId":32483,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"35 1","pages":"111 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44520065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: This review focuses on the optical and therapeutic benefits which can be offered to patients by evaluating them for scleral contact lenses, and the purpose of this study is to select the indications and to find out how efficient the scleral contact lenses are in treating severe corneal ectasias, highly irregular astigmatism and ocular surface diseases (OSDs) which are otherwise difficult to manage. This retrospective observational case series study analyzed a database of 50 consecutive patients (69 eyes) fitted with scleral lenses between January 2017 and December 2019. All consecutive eyes which were given scleral contact lens trials were analyzed. Results: The study population included 34 males and 16 females, with ages ranging from 7 to 80 years. The mean follow-up was 12 months. The mean wearing time in the successful wearers group was 12.2 hours per day (range 10–16). Vision improvement (optical purpose) was the reason for the fitting in 48 eyes (67.60%), and OSD management (therapeutic purpose) in 23 eyes (32.39%). In the former group, 56.52% (n = 26) had keratoconus, and 43.48% (n = 20) had irregular astigmatism other than keratoconus. Among the OSD patients, 56.52% had Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS) sequelae, 17.39% had severe dry eye, 17.39% had chemical injury sequelae, and 8.69% had xeroderma. Keratoconus patients achieved visual acuity of more than 20/32 in 92.3% of eyes. Among the SJS patients, 69.23% had more than 20/40 (38.46% had 20/20). Conclusion: There is compelling evidence in the literature that scleral contact lenses can provide good results for the challenging patient groups described in this review. We have experienced that scleral contact lenses expand the management of corneal pathologies, especially in OSDs.
{"title":"Management of ocular surface irregularity with scleral contact lenses: Experience from a tertiary eye care center","authors":"A. Jabbar","doi":"10.4103/kjo.kjo_72_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/kjo.kjo_72_21","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This review focuses on the optical and therapeutic benefits which can be offered to patients by evaluating them for scleral contact lenses, and the purpose of this study is to select the indications and to find out how efficient the scleral contact lenses are in treating severe corneal ectasias, highly irregular astigmatism and ocular surface diseases (OSDs) which are otherwise difficult to manage. This retrospective observational case series study analyzed a database of 50 consecutive patients (69 eyes) fitted with scleral lenses between January 2017 and December 2019. All consecutive eyes which were given scleral contact lens trials were analyzed. Results: The study population included 34 males and 16 females, with ages ranging from 7 to 80 years. The mean follow-up was 12 months. The mean wearing time in the successful wearers group was 12.2 hours per day (range 10–16). Vision improvement (optical purpose) was the reason for the fitting in 48 eyes (67.60%), and OSD management (therapeutic purpose) in 23 eyes (32.39%). In the former group, 56.52% (n = 26) had keratoconus, and 43.48% (n = 20) had irregular astigmatism other than keratoconus. Among the OSD patients, 56.52% had Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS) sequelae, 17.39% had severe dry eye, 17.39% had chemical injury sequelae, and 8.69% had xeroderma. Keratoconus patients achieved visual acuity of more than 20/32 in 92.3% of eyes. Among the SJS patients, 69.23% had more than 20/40 (38.46% had 20/20). Conclusion: There is compelling evidence in the literature that scleral contact lenses can provide good results for the challenging patient groups described in this review. We have experienced that scleral contact lenses expand the management of corneal pathologies, especially in OSDs.","PeriodicalId":32483,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"35 1","pages":"32 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44962556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Amblyopia an important health problem among young children causing lifelong visual impairment if not treated at correct age. Timely screening of children for amblyopia and its appropriate treatment can prevent the consequences of the problem in their adulthood. Materials and Methods: This study carried out a visual screening of 1234 school children in the age group of 3–12 years of urban and rural schools. All children having vision < 6/6, were called for detailed ophthalmic evaluation at tertiary care Government Hospital. Children who met the inclusion criteria and their best-corrected visual acuity found to be <6/6 on Snellen's chart even after refractive check-up, were assessed for different amblyopia tests to categorize amblyopia into various types and severity. Results: The prevalence of amblyopia in study group was 2.41% (8) in rural and 1.43% (13) in urban schools of 78 children from urban and 37 children from rural referred for detailed Ophthalmic evaluation which includes dropout rate of 24.35% and 35.13% from urban and rural, respectively. The prevalence of isoametropic amblyopia (38.46%) was maximum in urban whereas in rural it was anisometropic amblyopia (37.5%). Among the strabismic amblyopia, most frequent pattern was exotropia in both the groups, moderate degree amblyopia was more in urban and severe degree in rural. Amblyopia was bilateral in most of urban (61.53%) whereas unilateral in most of rural (75%) children. Hypermetropic refractive error was more prevalent in both urban and rural. Conclusion: The prevalence of amblyopia was found more in rural children. The study highlighted differences in the severity of amblyopia, its types, and common refractive errors in both the groups. On the whole, there was no statistically significant difference in all parameters among both the groups.
{"title":"Amblyopia: Effectiveness of visual screening for early detection in a comparative study between urban and rural school children","authors":"BV Sneha, P. Kapadia, Shivani Jariwala","doi":"10.4103/kjo.kjo_37_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/kjo.kjo_37_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Amblyopia an important health problem among young children causing lifelong visual impairment if not treated at correct age. Timely screening of children for amblyopia and its appropriate treatment can prevent the consequences of the problem in their adulthood. Materials and Methods: This study carried out a visual screening of 1234 school children in the age group of 3–12 years of urban and rural schools. All children having vision < 6/6, were called for detailed ophthalmic evaluation at tertiary care Government Hospital. Children who met the inclusion criteria and their best-corrected visual acuity found to be <6/6 on Snellen's chart even after refractive check-up, were assessed for different amblyopia tests to categorize amblyopia into various types and severity. Results: The prevalence of amblyopia in study group was 2.41% (8) in rural and 1.43% (13) in urban schools of 78 children from urban and 37 children from rural referred for detailed Ophthalmic evaluation which includes dropout rate of 24.35% and 35.13% from urban and rural, respectively. The prevalence of isoametropic amblyopia (38.46%) was maximum in urban whereas in rural it was anisometropic amblyopia (37.5%). Among the strabismic amblyopia, most frequent pattern was exotropia in both the groups, moderate degree amblyopia was more in urban and severe degree in rural. Amblyopia was bilateral in most of urban (61.53%) whereas unilateral in most of rural (75%) children. Hypermetropic refractive error was more prevalent in both urban and rural. Conclusion: The prevalence of amblyopia was found more in rural children. The study highlighted differences in the severity of amblyopia, its types, and common refractive errors in both the groups. On the whole, there was no statistically significant difference in all parameters among both the groups.","PeriodicalId":32483,"journal":{"name":"Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"1 1","pages":"20 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70825759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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