The end of the Great War led to the annexation of German-speaking South Tyrol to Italy. Italian efforts to culturally subordinate its German-speaking inhabitants clashed with their sense of strong regional patriotism. As a result, the population of South Tyrol was subjected to a strong and multidimensional Italianization, especially during the period of Italian fascism and the times immediately before it. Tyroleans had to bear a huge burden on the road to autonomy, still feeling like guests and not hosts in their local homeland. However, even in the reborn democratic state of Italy after World War II, the problems did not go away. The difficult history of interwar years turned out to be the first stage of the struggle for the right to self-determination of the regional community in South Tyrol.
{"title":"Being a Guest in Your Own Home: Political Situation of South Tyrol and Its Inhabitants in the Years 1918–1945","authors":"Paweł Kaszuba","doi":"10.12775/hip.2024.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2024.012","url":null,"abstract":"The end of the Great War led to the annexation of German-speaking South Tyrol to Italy. Italian efforts to culturally subordinate its German-speaking inhabitants clashed with their sense of strong regional patriotism. As a result, the population of South Tyrol was subjected to a strong and multidimensional Italianization, especially during the period of Italian fascism and the times immediately before it. Tyroleans had to bear a huge burden on the road to autonomy, still feeling like guests and not hosts in their local homeland. However, even in the reborn democratic state of Italy after World War II, the problems did not go away. The difficult history of interwar years turned out to be the first stage of the struggle for the right to self-determination of the regional community in South Tyrol.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":"113 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141376801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of the war in Ukraine on different sectors of Poland’s security and the sense of security of Polish citizens. To allow a broader discussion on the issue, the article starts with a definition of security and how this notion can be divided into different types. This is followed by a brief overview of Poland’s relations with Russia and an analysis of the main security sectors endangered by Russia’s ongoing war in Ukraine, i.e., energy, food, and cybersecurity in Poland. Finally, the author examines how secure Polish citizens feel and analyzes the results of social surveys carried out in Poland by the Centre for Public Opinion Research (CBOS).
{"title":"War in Ukraine and the Sense of Security of Polish Citizens","authors":"Ewelina Kancik-Kołtun","doi":"10.12775/hip.2024.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2024.011","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of the war in Ukraine on different sectors of Poland’s security and the sense of security of Polish citizens. To allow a broader discussion on the issue, the article starts with a definition of security and how this notion can be divided into different types. This is followed by a brief overview of Poland’s relations with Russia and an analysis of the main security sectors endangered by Russia’s ongoing war in Ukraine, i.e., energy, food, and cybersecurity in Poland. Finally, the author examines how secure Polish citizens feel and analyzes the results of social surveys carried out in Poland by the Centre for Public Opinion Research (CBOS).","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":"82 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141376534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main aim of the article is to analyze the forms of activity of state archives in Poland in the field of education and its prospects. Therefore, the statutory tasks and organizational structure of the state archives were defined; the concept and importance of education in the state archives was defined; its forms were discussed; educational activities were presented on the example of the State Archives in Szczecin; the challenges facing education in state archives were outlined. The caesuras of work are marked by the years of rule of the so-called United Right, i.e., the Law and Justice (PiS) and its coalition partners.
{"title":"Education in State Archives in Poland (2015–2023)","authors":"Krzysztof Kowalczyk","doi":"10.12775/hip.2024.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2024.018","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of the article is to analyze the forms of activity of state archives in Poland in the field of education and its prospects. Therefore, the statutory tasks and organizational structure of the state archives were defined; the concept and importance of education in the state archives was defined; its forms were discussed; educational activities were presented on the example of the State Archives in Szczecin; the challenges facing education in state archives were outlined. The caesuras of work are marked by the years of rule of the so-called United Right, i.e., the Law and Justice (PiS) and its coalition partners.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141381416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piotr Kosiorek, Marcin Szydzisz, Elżbieta Szyszlak
This study deals with the dispute between secular Jews (Hilonim) and Orthodox Jews (Haredim) that is taking place in Israel today. Because of its nature – it concerns values, lifestyles, religion, worldview, and identity issues – it can be categorised as a cultural conflict. They represent one of the most significant challenges to cultural security. The case of Israel is no different. This paper looks closely at the determinants of the dispute between Haredim and Hilonim and the critical issues at stake. The discussion is placed in the context of Israel’s major cultural security issues.
{"title":"Between Secularity and Ultra-Orthodoxy: The Cultural Conflict between Hilonim and Haredim and Its Impact on Israel’s Cultural Security","authors":"Piotr Kosiorek, Marcin Szydzisz, Elżbieta Szyszlak","doi":"10.12775/hip.2024.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2024.013","url":null,"abstract":"This study deals with the dispute between secular Jews (Hilonim) and Orthodox Jews (Haredim) that is taking place in Israel today. Because of its nature – it concerns values, lifestyles, religion, worldview, and identity issues – it can be categorised as a cultural conflict. They represent one of the most significant challenges to cultural security. The case of Israel is no different. This paper looks closely at the determinants of the dispute between Haredim and Hilonim and the critical issues at stake. The discussion is placed in the context of Israel’s major cultural security issues.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":"10 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141380627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, the scope of freedom in political systems has been undergoing considerable erosion. This phenomenon also refers to contemporary democratic systems, including those of long-standing and well-established traditions as well as to those that are often referred to as young transforming democracies. The study is focused on the erosion of democracy observed in the CEE countries based on Visegrad Group (V4) states, with particular consideration of Poland. A relationship between populism and very rapid development of social media is also emphasized, along with its dysfunctional features that are applied to form filter bubbles and social polarisation. The Author points out a correlation that favours restrictions imposed on the freedom of the political system in Poland and the development of right-wing populism with a negative aspect of the functioning of social media.
{"title":"Role of Social Media Manipulation in Promoting Democratic Decay: The Case of Poland","authors":"A. Kozłowski","doi":"10.12775/hip.2024.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2024.015","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the scope of freedom in political systems has been undergoing considerable erosion. This phenomenon also refers to contemporary democratic systems, including those of long-standing and well-established traditions as well as to those that are often referred to as young transforming democracies. The study is focused on the erosion of democracy observed in the CEE countries based on Visegrad Group (V4) states, with particular consideration of Poland. A relationship between populism and very rapid development of social media is also emphasized, along with its dysfunctional features that are applied to form filter bubbles and social polarisation. The Author points out a correlation that favours restrictions imposed on the freedom of the political system in Poland and the development of right-wing populism with a negative aspect of the functioning of social media.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141381534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the article is to present the financial situation in Ukraine and the activities of the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) for the stability of the financial system during the ongoing war with Russia. The impact of the war on the financial stability of the banking sector is undeniable. The main goal was to analyze and assess the causes of the deteriorating financial situation of the country, the increase in the level of credit risk, the causes of the deterioration of the quality of the loan portfolio, and the increase in the level of non-performing assets in Ukrainian banks. The development of the ratio of assets and liabilities in foreign currencies in Ukrainian banks in the years 2018–2022 was considered. Statistical data published in the reports of the National Bank of Ukraine and the State Statistical Service of Ukraine were used for the analyses and assessments carried out.
{"title":"Security of the Financial System of Ukraine under Martial Law","authors":"H. Petryshyn","doi":"10.12775/hip.2024.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2024.017","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article is to present the financial situation in Ukraine and the activities of the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) for the stability of the financial system during the ongoing war with Russia. The impact of the war on the financial stability of the banking sector is undeniable. The main goal was to analyze and assess the causes of the deteriorating financial situation of the country, the increase in the level of credit risk, the causes of the deterioration of the quality of the loan portfolio, and the increase in the level of non-performing assets in Ukrainian banks. The development of the ratio of assets and liabilities in foreign currencies in Ukrainian banks in the years 2018–2022 was considered. Statistical data published in the reports of the National Bank of Ukraine and the State Statistical Service of Ukraine were used for the analyses and assessments carried out.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":"126 s1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141376052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The basis for the current analysis and the case-study method applied herein is provided by press reports, scholarly articles and books, both in the paper and online forms, containing the positions and statements by politicians from Sweden and elsewhere, the media community, public service officials, as well as average residents of Sweden who had encountered problems that resulted from the 2015 refugee crisis and the uncontrolled influx of migrants and refugees, especially those hailing from the Islamic world. Some of the research questions posed by the author are which Swedish political forces and circles supported this influx and which were against it, and how this was reflected in the political and media discourse. Other research questions concern the attitudes towards refugees and migrants presented by the country’s native residents and by persons of other origins who have lived there for a long time, as well as the factors influencing the media portrayal and the existing evaluation of events, in relation to the escalation of violence that occurred in some Swedish cities in the years 2016 and 2017. This issue is examined through an analysis of various statements made by residents of the Kingdom of Sweden: political figures, scholars, and ordinary people. The closing caesura is the year 2018 and the state of affairs after the parliamentary elections, in which the right-wing Sweden Democrats achieved a significant success. The analysis of the events of 2015–2018 as reflected in the media and political discourse, which is presented in the article, indicates how the massive influx of migrants and refugees has changed the sense of social security of the Swedes and what effects this “clash of civilisations” has already had and may have in the future.
{"title":"Image of Migrants and Refugees in Sweden in 2015 and the Following Years as Emerging from the Opinions of Political Elites and the Media Discourse","authors":"Dariusz Wybranowski","doi":"10.12775/hip.2023.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2023.029","url":null,"abstract":"The basis for the current analysis and the case-study method applied herein is provided by press reports, scholarly articles and books, both in the paper and online forms, containing the positions and statements by politicians from Sweden and elsewhere, the media community, public service officials, as well as average residents of Sweden who had encountered problems that resulted from the 2015 refugee crisis and the uncontrolled influx of migrants and refugees, especially those hailing from the Islamic world. Some of the research questions posed by the author are which Swedish political forces and circles supported this influx and which were against it, and how this was reflected in the political and media discourse. Other research questions concern the attitudes towards refugees and migrants presented by the country’s native residents and by persons of other origins who have lived there for a long time, as well as the factors influencing the media portrayal and the existing evaluation of events, in relation to the escalation of violence that occurred in some Swedish cities in the years 2016 and 2017. This issue is examined through an analysis of various statements made by residents of the Kingdom of Sweden: political figures, scholars, and ordinary people. The closing caesura is the year 2018 and the state of affairs after the parliamentary elections, in which the right-wing Sweden Democrats achieved a significant success. The analysis of the events of 2015–2018 as reflected in the media and political discourse, which is presented in the article, indicates how the massive influx of migrants and refugees has changed the sense of social security of the Swedes and what effects this “clash of civilisations” has already had and may have in the future.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139275870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The origin of the first research on the definition of nationalism dates back to the 18th century. Thus, the formation of the concept of nationalism was influenced by the Industrial Revolution, and then the concept continued to develop until today. The aim of the article is to explain the basic arguments of modernist nationalism theories and their shortcomings.
{"title":"Nationalism: A Theoretical Approach","authors":"Selin Çınar","doi":"10.12775/hip.2023.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2023.036","url":null,"abstract":"The origin of the first research on the definition of nationalism dates back to the 18th century. Thus, the formation of the concept of nationalism was influenced by the Industrial Revolution, and then the concept continued to develop until today. The aim of the article is to explain the basic arguments of modernist nationalism theories and their shortcomings.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":"67 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139275959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article concerns the support for the gender quota system in the elections in Poland. The research was conducted on a double sample of adults for a representative national research, by means of quota sampling method (n = 2119). The respondents who believed that there is insufficient representation of women in parliament outnumbered those with the opposite opinion. We have observed a reluctance among the respondents to introduce solutions aimed at strengthening women’s representation. The difference in views were determined by political preferences, gender, age, domicile, and education. Women and leftist supporters more frequently believed that there are too few women in parliament and supported quotas, as opposed to men and persons with right-wing views. The differences were observed in the youngest age category, where women more often opted for quotas than men.
{"title":"Voters’ Attitudes towards the Gender Quota System in Elections in Poland and the Possibility of Its Modification","authors":"Łukasz Tomczak, R. Iwański, Katarzyna Zawadzka","doi":"10.12775/hip.2023.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2023.033","url":null,"abstract":"The article concerns the support for the gender quota system in the elections in Poland. The research was conducted on a double sample of adults for a representative national research, by means of quota sampling method (n = 2119). The respondents who believed that there is insufficient representation of women in parliament outnumbered those with the opposite opinion. We have observed a reluctance among the respondents to introduce solutions aimed at strengthening women’s representation. The difference in views were determined by political preferences, gender, age, domicile, and education. Women and leftist supporters more frequently believed that there are too few women in parliament and supported quotas, as opposed to men and persons with right-wing views. The differences were observed in the youngest age category, where women more often opted for quotas than men.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139274066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the article was to present, in the proverbial nutshell, the issues related to the military situation in the 1950s and 1960s during the so-called Cold War in the Baltic Sea, based on the materials of the Naval Reconnaissance Unit of the Polish People’s Republic. These materials were very important for analytical teams preparing concepts for operations in the Northern European Theater of Operations, as well as ensuring the security of the maritime borders of the Warsaw Pact countries. The 1950s and 1960s were characterized by a wide range of reconnaissance activities as a consequence of the changing reality in the Baltic Sea. The naval potential of both NATO countries, especially Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), was expanded, thus the other side began to create the People’s Navy of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), as well as to strengthen the combat potential of the naval forces of the People’s Republic of Poland. At the same time, the cooperation of allied fleets of the Warsaw Pact countries was improved, and for this purpose, staff exercises were conducted on maps and in the Baltic Sea. In retrospect, both NATO and the Warsaw Pact appreciated the military importance of the Danish Straits and the Baltic Sea. In the following years, efforts were made to improve the concepts of naval forces in these waters.
{"title":"Military Security in the Baltic Sea during Cold War: Analysis Based on the Materials of the Naval Reconnaissance Unit of the Polish People’s Republic","authors":"Jerzy Będźmirowski, Miłosz Gac","doi":"10.12775/hip.2023.032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2023.032","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article was to present, in the proverbial nutshell, the issues related to the military situation in the 1950s and 1960s during the so-called Cold War in the Baltic Sea, based on the materials of the Naval Reconnaissance Unit of the Polish People’s Republic. These materials were very important for analytical teams preparing concepts for operations in the Northern European Theater of Operations, as well as ensuring the security of the maritime borders of the Warsaw Pact countries. The 1950s and 1960s were characterized by a wide range of reconnaissance activities as a consequence of the changing reality in the Baltic Sea. The naval potential of both NATO countries, especially Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), was expanded, thus the other side began to create the People’s Navy of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), as well as to strengthen the combat potential of the naval forces of the People’s Republic of Poland. At the same time, the cooperation of allied fleets of the Warsaw Pact countries was improved, and for this purpose, staff exercises were conducted on maps and in the Baltic Sea. In retrospect, both NATO and the Warsaw Pact appreciated the military importance of the Danish Straits and the Baltic Sea. In the following years, efforts were made to improve the concepts of naval forces in these waters.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":"19 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139275974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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