Jako odmiana doktryny komunistycznej bolszewizm formował się w Rosji w latach 1903–1920, stając się po rewolucji październikowej 1917 r. oficjalną i zarazem jedyną podstawą działalności bolszewików. Podejmując i rozwijając w projekcjach społeczno-politycznych kwestie dotyczące stanowiska wobec bolszewizmu, polska nacjonalistyczna formacja polityczna dużo uwagi poświęcała jego fundamentom ideowym, mechanizmom stworzonego na jego podstawie systemu politycznego i wynikającym z tego faktu destrukcyjnym zagrożeniom przenikającym do nowo powstałego po 123 latach niewoli narodowej państwa polskiego.
{"title":"W obliczu czerwonego niebezpieczeństwa. Destrukcyjny wizerunek bolszewizmu w myśli politycznej Narodowej Demokracji 1918–1939. Wybrane aspekty","authors":"Witold Wojdyło","doi":"10.12775/hip.2022.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2022.002","url":null,"abstract":"Jako odmiana doktryny komunistycznej bolszewizm formował się w Rosji w latach 1903–1920, stając się po rewolucji październikowej 1917 r. oficjalną i zarazem jedyną podstawą działalności bolszewików. Podejmując i rozwijając w projekcjach społeczno-politycznych kwestie dotyczące stanowiska wobec bolszewizmu, polska nacjonalistyczna formacja polityczna dużo uwagi poświęcała jego fundamentom ideowym, mechanizmom stworzonego na jego podstawie systemu politycznego i wynikającym z tego faktu destrukcyjnym zagrożeniom przenikającym do nowo powstałego po 123 latach niewoli narodowej państwa polskiego.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49079402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nieśmiertelny wódz narodu, miły komendant, oswobodziciel, najlepszy syn Polski, ukochany dziadek. W ten sposób – między innymi – gazety opisywały Józefa Piłsudskiego po jego śmierci. Podkreślały, że niezłomnie walczył o wolność Polski, wyrwał ją z kajdan niewoli, a potem bronił jej granic, chroniąc Polaków przed wrogiem. Jak w połowie lat 30. XX w. pisały o tym czasopisma adresowane do dzieci i młodzieży? Autor szuka odpowiedzi na to pytanie, analizując kolejne wydania ukazującego się w tamtym czasie tygodnika „Płomyk”. Sprawdza, jaki obraz żałoby wyłania się z artykułów zamieszczonych w tym czasopiśmie. Bada, jak budowano, podtrzymywano i pielęgnowano pamięć o marszałku. Analizuje m.in. wiersze, opowiadania, wzmianki, listy przysyłane do redakcji oraz odpowiedzi redakcji na otrzymywaną korespondencję. W ten sposób próbuje zrekonstruować emocje, na które reagowali lub które próbowali wywołać autorzy tekstów publikowanych w „Płomyku”.
{"title":"„Byłeś dla nas posągiem ze stali...” – Józef Piłsudski: żałoba i pamięć na łamach czasopisma „Płomyk” (1935–1936)","authors":"Marcin Zaborski","doi":"10.12775/hip.2022.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2022.001","url":null,"abstract":"Nieśmiertelny wódz narodu, miły komendant, oswobodziciel, najlepszy syn Polski, ukochany dziadek. W ten sposób – między innymi – gazety opisywały Józefa Piłsudskiego po jego śmierci. Podkreślały, że niezłomnie walczył o wolność Polski, wyrwał ją z kajdan niewoli, a potem bronił jej granic, chroniąc Polaków przed wrogiem. Jak w połowie lat 30. XX w. pisały o tym czasopisma adresowane do dzieci i młodzieży? Autor szuka odpowiedzi na to pytanie, analizując kolejne wydania ukazującego się w tamtym czasie tygodnika „Płomyk”. Sprawdza, jaki obraz żałoby wyłania się z artykułów zamieszczonych w tym czasopiśmie. Bada, jak budowano, podtrzymywano i pielęgnowano pamięć o marszałku. Analizuje m.in. wiersze, opowiadania, wzmianki, listy przysyłane do redakcji oraz odpowiedzi redakcji na otrzymywaną korespondencję. W ten sposób próbuje zrekonstruować emocje, na które reagowali lub które próbowali wywołać autorzy tekstów publikowanych w „Płomyku”.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43709412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article aims to critically discuss elitist democracy as one of the possible causes of the contemporary crisis of liberal democracy. The research problem is the question about the essential elements of the concept of elitist democracy, which potentially account for the populist counter-revolution aimed at changing the political systems formed after 1989. The theoretical background of this paper is provided by the studies on the crisis of democracy, which have been conducted in recent years and presented by Jan Zielonka, or the duets of Ivan Krastev and Stephen Holmes as well as Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin. The analysis makes it possible to state that relations between elites and non-elites are crucial for elitist democracy, and they include the process of elites distancing themselves from non-elites, depreciating the needs of non-elites and their importance within the political system, and privileging the position of the elites. In turn, the indicated features of elitist democracy constitute the areas of populist criticism of liberal democracy.
{"title":"Elitist Democracy as the Root of Populist Counter-Revolution: A Theoretical Approach","authors":"Arkadiusz Lewandowski","doi":"10.12775/hip.2021.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2021.039","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to critically discuss elitist democracy as one of the possible causes of the contemporary crisis of liberal democracy. The research problem is the question about the essential elements of the concept of elitist democracy, which potentially account for the populist counter-revolution aimed at changing the political systems formed after 1989. \u0000The theoretical background of this paper is provided by the studies on the crisis of democracy, which have been conducted in recent years and presented by Jan Zielonka, or the duets of Ivan Krastev and Stephen Holmes as well as Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin. \u0000The analysis makes it possible to state that relations between elites and non-elites are crucial for elitist democracy, and they include the process of elites distancing themselves from non-elites, depreciating the needs of non-elites and their importance within the political system, and privileging the position of the elites. In turn, the indicated features of elitist democracy constitute the areas of populist criticism of liberal democracy.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48671921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article examines the changes that took place in the Czech party system from the moment of the political transformation of 1989/1990 to the last parliamentary elections in 2017. It is based on a survey of data on the results of the elections to the Czech National Council and the Chamber of Deputies. The interpretation of the data allows answering several research questions: is the Czech party system stable, and if so, is it possible to determine it model? Are the inevitable model changes sudden or evolutionary as a consequence of an observable trend? Is it possible to distinguish and define the stages of functioning of the Czech party system? To what extent does the party system of the Czech Republic have roots in the party system of Czechoslovakia and did the disintegration of the federal republic significantly affect its change?
{"title":"The dynamics of the party system in the Czech Republic","authors":"Marcin Czyżniewski","doi":"10.12775/hip.2021.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2021.041","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the changes that took place in the Czech party system from the moment of the political transformation of 1989/1990 to the last parliamentary elections in 2017. It is based on a survey of data on the results of the elections to the Czech National Council and the Chamber of Deputies. The interpretation of the data allows answering several research questions: is the Czech party system stable, and if so, is it possible to determine it model? Are the inevitable model changes sudden or evolutionary as a consequence of an observable trend? Is it possible to distinguish and define the stages of functioning of the Czech party system? To what extent does the party system of the Czech Republic have roots in the party system of Czechoslovakia and did the disintegration of the federal republic significantly affect its change?","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44532327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article analyses selected problems in the implementation of the Polish-Ukrainian strategic partnership assumptions. The aspects of bilateral relations that undoubtedly made it difficult to engage in a constructive dialogue in the 21st century, were outlined. It was also pointed out that the implementation of foreign policy assumptions in both countries is often the result of a historical politics and a mythologized image of a neighbouring country. In addition, putting the historical discourse over political, economic and social took part in the events. Kwaśniewski recalled then “the bravery and merits of those soldiers problems may result in lowering the standards of democracy, and the expectation from the other side to accept a specific vision of the past may indicate that politicians are focused on domestic politics at the expense of the country’s position on the international arena.
{"title":"Strategic Partnership in the Shadow of History","authors":"Agnieszka Sawicz","doi":"10.12775/hip.2021.037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2021.037","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses selected problems in the implementation of the Polish-Ukrainian strategic partnership assumptions. The aspects of bilateral relations that undoubtedly made it difficult to engage in a constructive dialogue in the 21st century, were outlined. It was also pointed out that the implementation of foreign policy assumptions in both countries is often the result of a historical politics and a mythologized image of a neighbouring country. In addition, putting the historical discourse over political, economic and social took part in the events. Kwaśniewski recalled then “the bravery and merits of those soldiers problems may result in lowering the standards of democracy, and the expectation from the other side to accept a specific vision of the past may indicate that politicians are focused on domestic politics at the expense of the country’s position on the international arena.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42861968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the beginning of the 21st century, Turkish-American relations attracted serious attention of the international community. Since the end of the Cold War, relations between the Turkish Republic and the United States have focused on security. The foreign policy of the two countries from time to time pursued common and sometimes very different goals. In parallel with this, periods of ups and downs were observed in economic relations. It was the goal of achieving security that determined the cooperation between these two countries. On the one hand, there was the leader of one of the two poles during the Cold War – the United States, and on the other – Turkey, a country with significant influence in the Middle East, but strongly dependent on the United States. In the 2000s, disagreements between Turkey and the United States, two NATO members, were not in Georgia’s interests. Turkey and the United States are Georgia’s partner countries. The United States is Georgia’s strategic partner and Turkey is one of its largest trading partners. Despite tensions between Turkey and the United States, the latter is not expected to harm Georgia’s bilateral relations. According to Washington, Georgia’s rapprochement with Iran will be a more serious problem than the issue with Turkey, especially if Georgia violates sanctions against Iran.
{"title":"Relations between the Republic of Turkey and the United States at the Present Stage and Their Impact on Georgia","authors":"E. Makaradze, Beka Makaradze","doi":"10.12775/hip.2021.034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2021.034","url":null,"abstract":"At the beginning of the 21st century, Turkish-American relations attracted serious attention of the international community. Since the end of the Cold War, relations between the Turkish Republic and the United States have focused on security. The foreign policy of the two countries from time to time pursued common and sometimes very different goals. In parallel with this, periods of ups and downs were observed in economic relations. It was the goal of achieving security that determined the cooperation between these two countries. On the one hand, there was the leader of one of the two poles during the Cold War – the United States, and on the other – Turkey, a country with significant influence in the Middle East, but strongly dependent on the United States. In the 2000s, disagreements between Turkey and the United States, two NATO members, were not in Georgia’s interests. Turkey and the United States are Georgia’s partner countries. The United States is Georgia’s strategic partner and Turkey is one of its largest trading partners. Despite tensions between Turkey and the United States, the latter is not expected to harm Georgia’s bilateral relations. According to Washington, Georgia’s rapprochement with Iran will be a more serious problem than the issue with Turkey, especially if Georgia violates sanctions against Iran.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46523620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agriculture and development of rural areas are important sectors of Polish-Moldovan cooperation and development aid. Importantly, both of them constitute structural problems, similar to those which faced agriculture in Poland in the 1990s. Through Polish aid and development cooperation, various measures are initiated which increase the competitiveness of Moldovan agricultural production, improve sanitary and phytosanitary conditions, bring technological innovations in agricultural farms, ensure modernization of rural infrastructure, providing support to small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, cooperatives, and agricultural consultants, along with professional activation of the Republic’s residents.
{"title":"Agriculture and Rural Development as a Main Objective of Polish Cooperation and Development Aid for the Republic of Moldova","authors":"Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca","doi":"10.12775/hip.2021.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2021.036","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture and development of rural areas are important sectors of Polish-Moldovan cooperation and development aid. Importantly, both of them constitute structural problems, similar to those which faced agriculture in Poland in the 1990s. Through Polish aid and development cooperation, various measures are initiated which increase the competitiveness of Moldovan agricultural production, improve sanitary and phytosanitary conditions, bring technological innovations in agricultural farms, ensure modernization of rural infrastructure, providing support to small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, cooperatives, and agricultural consultants, along with professional activation of the Republic’s residents.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44067278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, the image of Poland in the Bulgarian mass media was analyzed. This image was presented on the basis of reports that were made by employees of the Polish Embassy in Sofia and sent to the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Polish Embassy in Sofia had the biggest impact in promotion of the Polish themes in the Bulgarian mass media. Polish issues have been present in the Bulgarian mass media from the beginning of political transformation, although the media presented information from Poland with varying frequency. The popularity of Polish issues in the Bulgarian media grew significantly when important political and economic events took place in Poland, or when there were meetings on the highest level between representatives of both states. During this period, the mass media created a positive image of Poland, mainly regarding economic issues. Poland was recognised as the leader in the process of political and economic transformations among Central and Eastern Europe countries.
{"title":"The Image of Poland in Bulgarian Mass Media in 1990–1998 in the Light of Documents from the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland","authors":"Marzena Czernicka","doi":"10.12775/hip.2021.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2021.040","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the image of Poland in the Bulgarian mass media was analyzed. This image was presented on the basis of reports that were made by employees of the Polish Embassy in Sofia and sent to the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Polish Embassy in Sofia had the biggest impact in promotion of the Polish themes in the Bulgarian mass media. Polish issues have been present in the Bulgarian mass media from the beginning of political transformation, although the media presented information from Poland with varying frequency. The popularity of Polish issues in the Bulgarian media grew significantly when important political and economic events took place in Poland, or when there were meetings on the highest level between representatives of both states. During this period, the mass media created a positive image of Poland, mainly regarding economic issues. Poland was recognised as the leader in the process of political and economic transformations among Central and Eastern Europe countries.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48893047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hanna Kupś, Maciej Szatkowski, Michał Dahl, 70 lat Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej w ujęciu interdyscyplinarnym, Warszawa 2021, pp. 309","authors":"M. Mruk","doi":"10.12775/hip.2021.043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2021.043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49117068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents the results of research, whose main goal is to evaluate the aviation and rocket capability of the armed forces of the Russian Federation and Ukraine in terms of a possible launch of regular warfare. The authors primarily focus on changes in the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, which have created legal determinants of the use of armed forces outside the country’s territory in defense of national minorities, illustrated by taking control of Crimea. The authors also stress Russia’s military plans, including the development directions of the potential of armed forces as well as a possible threat to the security of the eastern NATO’s flank in the event of a conflict in Ukraine. In this respect, the capabilities of the air defense of countries on the eastern NATO flank, particularly Poland’s capability, were analyzed.
{"title":"A DIAGNOSIS OF RUSSIA'S MILITARY CAPABILITY IN A SITUATION OF AN ESCALATION OF HOSTILITY IN UKRAINE AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SAFETY OF THE EASTERN NATO FLANK","authors":"Daniel Michalski, A. Radomyski","doi":"10.12775/hip.2021.035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/hip.2021.035","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of research, whose main goal is to evaluate the aviation and rocket capability of the armed forces of the Russian Federation and Ukraine in terms of a possible launch of regular warfare. The authors primarily focus on changes in the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, which have created legal determinants of the use of armed forces outside the country’s territory in defense of national minorities, illustrated by taking control of Crimea. The authors also stress Russia’s military plans, including the development directions of the potential of armed forces as well as a possible threat to the security of the eastern NATO’s flank in the event of a conflict in Ukraine. In this respect, the capabilities of the air defense of countries on the eastern NATO flank, particularly Poland’s capability, were analyzed.","PeriodicalId":32494,"journal":{"name":"Historia i Polityka","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46304343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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