Forensic Chemistry最新文献_第7页

A UHPLC-(ESI)MS/MS method for the determination of the psychedelic secondary metabolite mescaline in San Pedro (Trichocereus spp.) and its applicability for screening mescaline in other cacti varieties. 建立了一种hplc -(ESI)MS/MS法测定圣佩德罗（Trichocereus spp.）致幻次级代谢物美斯卡灵的含量及其在其他仙人掌品种中筛选美斯卡灵的适用性。

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100659

Pragna Gaur , Liam Engel , Damian Robert Hall , Cheang Khoo , Jerome Sarris , Daniel Perkins , Chun Guang Li , Mitchell Low

Commencements of clinical trials of psychedelic therapies for intractable forms of mental illnesses have drawn increased public attention to plants containing psychedelic substances. Whilst the psychoactive alkaloid mescaline has limited clinical trials, the San Pedro (Trichocereus spp.) cacti from which it is found have a long history of Indigenous medical and spiritual use. Traditional use remains licit in some jurisdictions, as supervised psychedelic dosage is typically regarded as tolerable with reports of only mild intoxications and few persisting negative psychological effects. However, mescaline concentration in ornamental San Pedro is highly variable, introducing risk of unintentional low or high dosage if misdirected for illicit use. This paper reports a validated UHPLC-(ESI)MS/MS method for the convenient and rapid quantification of mescaline in San Pedro, and for screening twelve potentially untested cacti. Preliminary results indicated that there may be higher amounts of mescaline in the chlorenchyma than the parenchyma of San Pedro. While six cacti lacked detectable mescaline, our screening enabled the first quantifications of mescaline in two varieties of Echinopsis subdenudata from 36 μg g⁻¹ to 2.45 mg g⁻¹. Chemotaxonomically, this amount of mescaline in a species from the traditional Echinopsis genus further suggests that the Trichocereus genus is not distinct and may support their contested combination into a single genus. Forensically, the identification of a popular ornamental cactus that was previously not known to contain mescaline demonstrates the need for routine screening of other cacti for the forensic sciences to remain ahead of emerging trends in psychedelic drug use.

迷幻疗法治疗顽固性精神疾病的临床试验开始后，含有迷幻物质的植物引起了公众越来越多的关注。虽然精神活性生物碱麦司卡林的临床试验有限，但圣佩德罗仙人掌（Trichocereus spp.）在一些司法管辖区，传统使用仍然是合法的，因为监管下的迷幻剂剂量通常被认为是可以承受的，只有轻微中毒的报告，很少有持续的负面心理影响。不过，观赏圣佩德罗中的麦司卡林浓度变化很大，如果被误导用于非法用途，就有可能无意中摄入过少或过多的剂量。本文报告了一种经过验证的超高效液相色谱-(ESI)质谱/质谱（UHPLC-(ESI)MS/MS）方法，用于方便、快速地定量检测圣佩德罗中的麦司卡林，并筛选 12 种可能未经检测的仙人掌。初步结果表明，圣佩德罗仙人掌软骨中的麦司卡林含量可能高于实质中的含量。虽然有六种仙人掌无法检测到麦司卡林，但我们的筛选工作首次对两个品种的 Echinopsis subdenudata 中的麦司卡林进行了定量，含量从 36 μg g-1 到 2.45 mg g-1。从化学分类学的角度来看，在一个传统的棘属物种中发现如此多的麦角碱，进一步表明三色堇属并不独特，并可能支持将它们合并为一个属的争议。从法医学角度来看，鉴定出一种以前不知道含有麦司卡林的流行观赏仙人掌表明，法医学需要对其他仙人掌进行例行筛查，以保持对迷幻药使用新趋势的领先地位。

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引用次数: 0

Incorporating organic gunshot residue into the forensic workflow: A study of preservation and stability of the pGSR and OGSR 将有机射击残留物纳入法医工作流程：pGSR和OGSR的保存和稳定性研究

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100651

Kourtney A. Dalzell , Thomas Ledergerber , Tatiana Trejos , Luis E. Arroyo

In recent years, trace evidence examiners started to assess the value of incorporating two complementing analytical measurements: primer residue (pGSR) and organic gunshot residue (OGSR) data, aiming to strengthen firearms-related investigations. Still, there is a need to understand the cost-benefit of any method's modification for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting the combined information. This study aims to answer practical questions concerning optimal storage conditions for OGSR and pGSR, the feasibility of sequential analysis on the same sample, and whether pGSR or OGSR should be analyzed first. Samples were collected from shooters (n = 128) using a standard carbon adhesive stub. The stability of OGSR and pGSR was evaluated at the time elapsed from collection at the scene until analysis at the laboratory (1, 2 days, 1, 2 weeks, and 1, 2, 6 months) and storage conditions (room temperature or freezer). The experimental design includes the effect of the analysis sequence by either liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) on the detection rates. The results indicate a multi-testing approach does not compromise the integrity of pGSR or OGSR evidence when following appropriate protocols. The detection of OGSR and pGSR is not significantly different at the studied storage conditions or times when samples are preserved in sealed SEM stubs. These findings may alleviate some concerns regarding the feasibility of conducting an OGSR examination on samples that cannot be submitted to the laboratory immediately after collection and assist agencies in establishing preservation, storage, and acceptance criteria for future adoption.

近年来，痕量证据审查员开始评估结合两种互补的分析测量方法的价值：引物残留物（pGSR）和有机射击残留物（OGSR）数据，旨在加强与枪支有关的调查。尽管如此，仍然需要了解用于收集、分析和解释组合信息的任何方法修改的成本-收益。本研究旨在回答OGSR和pGSR的最佳储存条件、对同一样品进行序贯分析的可行性、pGSR和OGSR孰先孰后等实际问题。从射击者（n = 128）身上采集样本，使用标准碳粘接短根。从现场采集到实验室分析（1、2天、1、2周和1、2、6个月）和储存条件（室温或冷冻），对OGSR和pGSR的稳定性进行评估。实验设计包括液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS/MS）和扫描电镜能量色散x射线光谱（SEM-EDS）分析顺序对检漏率的影响。结果表明，当遵循适当的协议时，多重测试方法不会损害pGSR或OGSR证据的完整性。当样品在密封的SEM存根中保存时，OGSR和pGSR的检测在所研究的存储条件或时间上没有显着差异。这些发现可能会减轻对不能在收集后立即提交给实验室的样品进行OGSR检查的可行性的一些担忧，并协助机构建立保存、储存和验收标准，以供将来采用。

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引用次数: 0

Extraction approaches for A-230, A-234, VX, and sarin nerve agents from surface coatings 从表面涂层中提取A-230， A-234， VX和沙林神经毒剂的方法

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100658

Tomáš Rozsypal

Nerve agents are among the most hazardous chemical warfare agents (CWAs) due to their extreme toxicity. This study optimized methods for extracting CWAs (A-230, A-234, VX, and sarin) from surface coatings, a common but chemically complex matrix in urban environments. Four types of coatings (nitrocellulose, polyurethane, acrylic, and alkyd) were tested using bulk, wipe, and scrape extraction approaches with various solvents. Versatile methods were successfully developed for all four analytes across all four matrices, and recoveries were also determined for additional CWAs (soman, cyclosarin, and sulfur mustard). Bulk extraction consistently achieved the highest recoveries, while wipe extraction offered a practical alternative with slightly reduced efficiency. Scrape extraction exhibited high variability and was unsuitable for volatile compounds like sarin. The methods were evaluated using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, demonstrating robust analytical performance, including high sensitivity, precision, minimized matrix effects, and validated accuracy through spiking recoveries. Persistence studies revealed slow dissipation rates in surface coatings, underscoring their forensic potential when other matrices yield only degradation products. A-230 and A-234 were detectable in all coatings for up to 56 days, whereas sarin dissipated rapidly, especially in acrylic paint. VX remained primarily in surface layers due to its high viscosity and limited diffusion. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring extraction methods to specific matrices and agents. Coatings, with their prolonged retention of CWAs, not only provide significant forensic value but also emphasize the need for targeted decontamination strategies to mitigate environmental and human health risks.

神经毒剂由于其极高的毒性，是最危险的化学战剂之一。本研究优化了从城市环境中常见但化学复杂的表面涂层中提取CWAs （a -230, a -234， VX和沙林）的方法。四种类型的涂料（硝基纤维素、聚氨酯、丙烯酸和醇酸）采用不同溶剂的散装、擦拭和刮提方法进行了测试。成功开发了针对所有四种基质的所有四种分析物的通用方法，并确定了其他CWAs（索曼、环沙林和硫芥）的回收率。大量提取始终获得最高的回收率，而擦拭提取提供了一种实用的替代方案，但效率略有降低。刮刮提取具有较高的变异性，不适合沙林等挥发性化合物。采用气相色谱法和火焰电离检测对这些方法进行了评估，结果表明，这些方法的分析性能稳定，包括高灵敏度、精密度、最小基质效应以及通过峰值回收率验证的准确性。持久性研究揭示了表面涂层的缓慢耗散速率，强调了它们在其他基质只产生降解产物时的法医潜力。A-230和A-234在所有涂料中可检测到长达56天，而沙林消散迅速，特别是在丙烯酸涂料中。由于VX的高粘度和有限的扩散，它主要停留在表层。这些发现强调了针对特定基质和试剂定制提取方法的重要性。涂料可以长期保留碳水化合物，不仅具有重要的法医价值，而且还强调需要有针对性的去污战略，以减轻环境和人类健康风险。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of substituted Cathinones and fentanyl analogs by gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (GC-IRD) using nitrogen carrier gas 氮载气气相色谱-红外光谱法分析取代卡西酮和芬太尼类似物

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100654

Marcus L. Warner

Substituted cathinones and fentanyl analogs that are positional isomers can produce similar mass spectra and retention times, which poses challenges for their identification. A gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (GC-IRD) method, developed using nitrogen as the carrier gas, was employed as a complimentary technique to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) for the accurate identification of positional isomers. Due to the global helium shortage and since Agilent helium (nitrogen switch) conservation modules were currently in use, nitrogen was selected and a novel method was developed for the analysis of controlled substances. A total method run time of 26 min for the analysis of 29 certified reference materials comprised of substituted cathinones and fentanyl analogs was achieved. A drug mixture was also analyzed to evaluate the resolution and retention time. Standards were prepared at concentrations of 100 μg/mL, 1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL and analyzed over a 3-day period, where the 2 mg/mL concentrations of the standards were run in triplicate on day 1 and once on days 2 and 3. Twenty-seven of the standards were identified with a library match of 0.98 or higher for the 1 mg/mL concentration. Each standard experienced a retention time (RT) coefficient of variation (%CV) less than 3 %. For the drug mixture peak resolution exceeded 1.5 for each component. The GC-IRD validated method was found to be a suitable complementary analysis technique to GC–MS for analyzing substituted cathinones and fentanyl analogs, as demonstrated by the repeatable and reproducible RTs and library matches obtained during method validation.

取代卡西酮和芬太尼类似物是位置异构体，它们可以产生相似的质谱和保留时间，这给它们的鉴定带来了挑战。建立了以氮气为载气的气相色谱-红外光谱（GC-IRD）方法，作为气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）的补充技术，用于准确鉴定位置异构体。由于全球氦气短缺，并且目前正在使用安捷伦氦气（氮气开关）保护模块，因此选择了氮气，并开发了一种分析受控物质的新方法。对由取代卡西酮和芬太尼类似物组成的29种标准物质进行分析，总运行时间为26 min。还分析了药物混合物，以评估分辨率和保留时间。制备浓度为100 μg/mL、1 mg/mL和2 mg/mL的标准品，分析3天，其中2 mg/mL浓度的标准品在第1天重复三次，第2天和第3天重复一次。27个标准品的库匹配度为0.98或更高，浓度为1 mg/mL。每种标准品的保留时间（RT）变异系数（%CV）均小于3%。各组分的峰分辨率均超过1.5。GC-IRD验证方法是一种适合于GC-MS分析取代卡西酮和芬太尼类似物的补充分析技术，方法验证过程中获得的可重复和可重复的rt和文库匹配证明了这一点。

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引用次数: 0

Chemical attribution signatures of nordiazepam for the determination of synthetic routes 用于合成路线确定的去甲地西泮的化学属性特征

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100653

Meng Jin , Zixuan Zhang , Xiaogang Lu , Qian Wang , Runli Gao , Fengxia Sun , Hongmei Wang

The origin of illegal drugs is a crucial aspect of forensic work, which provides valuable information for combating and investigating the secret manufacture of drugs and medicines. This paper describes the use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) to determine the Chemical Attribution Signatures (CASs) of nordiazepam, a key precursor of diazepam, for tracking the production of diazepam. Synthetic samples were identified and classified using GC × GC-TOFMS and chemometrics. Analysis samples (n = 12) were collected from two synthetic nordiazepam routes; resulting in the identification of 34 possible chemical attribution markers. The finding, combined with chemometric methods, enabled the establishment of a classification prediction model for route attribution. Through cross validation of the model, it has been proven that our model has good classification performance under controlled conditions and can effectively classify samples.

非法毒品的来源是法医工作的一个重要方面，它为打击和调查秘密制造毒品和药品提供了宝贵的资料。本文介绍了利用综合二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱（GC × GC- tofms）测定地西泮关键前体——去甲地西泮的化学属性特征（CASs），以跟踪地西泮的生产。采用GC × GC- tofms和化学计量学对合成样品进行鉴定和分类。分析样品（n = 12）取自两种合成去甲地西泮路线；结果鉴定出34种可能的化学归属标记。结合化学计量学方法，建立了路线归属的分类预测模型。通过对模型的交叉验证，证明了我们的模型在受控条件下具有良好的分类性能，能够有效地对样本进行分类。

引用次数: 0

Evaluating machine learning methods on a large-scale of in silico fire debris data 在大规模的计算机火灾碎片数据上评估机器学习方法

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100652

Larry Tang , Slun Booppasiri , Michael E. Sigman , Mary R. Williams

A large dataset of 240,000 fire debris samples have been generated in-silico using a data augmentation method at National Center for Forensic Science. The IS samples contain balanced data with 50 % samples having ignitable liquid residue and 50 % only having substrate components. In the big data era, this large dataset is useful for researchers to develop and implement their new machine learning methods. In this paper, we split the data into a training dataset and a test dataset. We then trained seven machine learning methods including logistic regression, least discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis, support vector machine, random forest, XGBoost, and neural network on an in-silico training dataset. The predictive accuracy and area under the ROC (AUC) of the models was evaluated and compared on both an in-silico test dataset and on an experimental fire debris dataset. In addition, we analyzed both TIS and TIC datasets. For the TIS dataset, neural network provides the highest AUC in both in-silico test and experimental fire debris dataset. Random forest shows the highest performance for the TIC dataset when we binned the retention index.

在国家法医学中心，使用数据增强方法在计算机上生成了24万个火灾碎片样本的大型数据集。IS样品包含平衡数据，其中50%样品具有可燃液体残留物，50%样品仅具有衬底成分。在大数据时代，这个庞大的数据集对研究人员开发和实施新的机器学习方法非常有用。在本文中，我们将数据分为训练数据集和测试数据集。然后，我们在一个计算机训练数据集上训练了七种机器学习方法，包括逻辑回归、最小判别分析、二次判别分析、支持向量机、随机森林、XGBoost和神经网络。在计算机测试数据集和实验火灾碎片数据集上，对模型的预测精度和ROC下面积（AUC）进行了评估和比较。此外，我们分析了TIS和TIC数据集。对于TIS数据集，神经网络在计算机测试和实验火灾碎片数据集中提供了最高的AUC。当我们对保留指数进行分类时，随机森林显示了TIC数据集的最高性能。

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引用次数: 0

Water we waiting for? Evaluating a greener, safer, more cost-effective strategy for applying 1,2-indanedione to fingermarks on paper 我们在等水吗？评估一种更环保、更安全、更具成本效益的将1,2-茚二酮应用于纸上手印的策略

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100650

Kristen T. Clarke , Scarlet L. Hopkins , Matthew N. Krosch , Sarah L. Cresswell , William J. Gee

Developing fingermarks on paper-based evidence with 1,2-indanedione and zinc chloride is a fundamental evidence gathering methodology; however, the most widely-used carrier solvents to effect it, HFE-7100, will be phased out after 2025, necessitating new 1,2-indanedione formulations. While flammable hydrocarbon solvents have been suggested as suitable replacements for HFE-7100, the compromise to safety makes them unappealing long-term alternatives. This work evaluates a fundamentally different approach; a water-based, non-flammable xanthan gum gel medium hosting 1,2-indanedione that allows for detection of natural fingermarks. The optimised xanthan gum hydrogel formulation preserved fingermark ridge detail whereas the equivalent free-flowing ethanol/water-based solution did not. A natural fingermark depletion study demonstrated that hydrogels could be effective on simulated casework evidence, particularly 24 h after gel application. A validation study (n = 1920) comparing the 1,2-indanedione hydrogel formulation against a petroleum ether formulation found that, while the latter retained significantly better performance at this early stage of development, from a holistic frugal forensics perspective, hydrogels offer major benefits to cost and safety. This work also identified that refining the gel application method will likely improve the gel's performance, which will guide further development to deliver a safer, longer-term alternative to HFE-7100.

用1,2-茚二酮和氯化锌在纸质证据上形成手印是一种基本的证据收集方法；然而，最广泛使用的载体溶剂HFE-7100将在2025年后逐步淘汰，因此需要新的1,2-茚二酮配方。虽然可燃碳氢化合物溶剂被认为是HFE-7100的合适替代品，但安全性的妥协使它们不具有长期替代品的吸引力。这项工作评估了一种完全不同的方法；一种水基、不可燃黄原胶凝胶介质，含有1,2-茚二酮，可用于检测天然手印。优化的黄原胶水凝胶配方保留了手印脊的细节，而等效的自由流动的乙醇/水基溶液则没有。一项天然手印去除研究表明，水凝胶在模拟案例证据中是有效的，特别是在凝胶应用后24小时。一项验证研究（n = 1920）将1,2-茚二酮水凝胶配方与石油醚配方进行了比较，发现后者在开发的早期阶段保留了明显更好的性能，但从整体节约取证的角度来看，水凝胶在成本和安全性方面具有重大优势。这项工作还发现，改进凝胶应用方法可能会提高凝胶的性能，这将指导进一步开发出一种更安全、更长期的替代HFE-7100的产品。

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引用次数: 0

Application of element and isotopic fingerprint features in nuclear forensics: A review 元素和同位素指纹特征在核法医鉴定中的应用综述

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100646

Ziao Li , Yang Shao , Min Luo , Lingling Ma , Diandou Xu

Nuclear forensics can provide historical evidence for nuclear materials. This can be used to verify nuclear activities or trace the origin and intended use of materials. As a comprehensive discipline, most sample analysis techniques in nuclear forensics are adaptations of existing methodologies. The elemental signatures contain fundamental information about nuclear materials, while isotope signatures also significantly impact nuclear forensic research. This paper aims to give an overview about the recent developments and the state-of-art analytical methods for elemental signatures and isotope signatures in nuclear forensics. Thorough discussions are given in this paper covering a wide range of aspects, including sample pre-treatment methods, chemical separation techniques, source preparation, mass spectrometry measurement techniques, and multidimensional statistical methods. The element and isotopic signatures discussed in this article include uranium, plutonium, rare earth elements, impurity elements, and radiochronometers. The focus is on mass spectrometry-based detection methods that have been developed to enhance the efficiency, sample throughput and high-precision measurements of nuclear forensic. A detailed discussion is provided on the performance of these techniques, particularly regarding uncertainty, relative deviation and detection limits.

核取证可以为核材料提供历史证据。这可用于核查核活动或追查材料的来源和预期用途。作为一门综合性学科，核法医学中的大多数样本分析技术都是对现有方法的改进。元素特征包含核材料的基本信息，而同位素特征对核法医研究也有重要影响。本文综述了核法医中元素特征和同位素特征分析方法的最新进展和现状。本文对样品前处理方法、化学分离技术、源制备、质谱测量技术和多维统计方法等方面进行了深入的讨论。本文讨论的元素和同位素特征包括铀、钚、稀土元素、杂质元素和无线电计时器。重点是已开发的以质谱为基础的检测方法，以提高核法医的效率、样品吞吐量和高精度测量。详细讨论了这些技术的性能，特别是不确定度、相对偏差和检测限。

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引用次数: 0

A new “tailor-made” protocol for operational latent fingermarks’ development on unfired ammunition 一项新的“量身定制”的协议，用于在未发射弹药上开发潜在的指纹

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100645

Ravell Bengiat , Adi Dahan , Michal Levin-Elad , Nurit Atar , Yakir Liptz , Daniel Mandler , Joseph Almog

Fingermarks’ (FM) development on unfired ammunition, found at shooting crime-scenes, provide key evidence in connecting a suspect to the crime. However, the standard FM enhancement technique for metal surfaces, ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) fuming, is often ineffective for this type of evidence, due to its high sensitivity to presence of residual water and salts from soil, leading to a non-selective polymerization on the entire surface. In this work, we have developed a new protocol for unfired brass ammunition suitable for standard operational conditions, and based on the “reverse-development” principle, to achieve higher sensitivity by targeting the surface, rather than the FM residues. This involves a pre-treatment stage using octyl cyanoacrylate (OCA) fuming, which provides a superhydrophobic protective layer to the FM ridges, followed by an electroless deposition reaction between a palladium complex (Na₂PdCl₄) and the brass surface. This long-chain cyanoacrylate derivative demonstrated excellent selectivity towards sebaceous residues in fingerprints, as its less reactive nature results in a polymerization that is unaffected by water, even after long exposure to moist soil (6 days, 80 % RH) prior to development. Moreover, the proposed process allowed the use of a concentrated Na₂PdCl₄ solution, without the fear of over-development when immersing large quantities of ammunition simultaneously, thus affording a successful development of 92 % of a total of 320 FMs from 20 donors. Due to its high sensitivity, robustness, and suitability for large quantities, this simple-to-use protocol has shown a high potential for the future implementation in operational use by latent fingermarks laboratories and CSI field units.

在枪击犯罪现场发现的未发射弹药上的手印（FM）为将嫌疑人与犯罪联系起来提供了关键证据。然而，标准的金属表面FM增强技术——氰基丙烯酸酯乙酯（ECA）熏烟，对于这类证据通常是无效的，因为它对土壤中残留的水和盐的存在高度敏感，导致整个表面的非选择性聚合。在这项工作中，我们开发了一种适用于标准作战条件的未发射黄铜弹药的新方案，基于“反向发展”原则，通过瞄准表面而不是FM残留物来获得更高的灵敏度。这包括使用氰基丙烯酸辛酯（OCA）气熏的预处理阶段，它为FM脊提供超疏水保护层，然后在钯配合物（Na2PdCl4）和黄铜表面之间进行化学沉积反应。这种长链氰基丙烯酸酯衍生物对指纹中的皮脂腺残留物表现出极好的选择性，因为它的反应性较低，即使在发育前长时间暴露在潮湿的土壤中（6天，80% RH），聚合也不受水的影响。此外，拟议的过程允许使用浓缩的Na2PdCl4溶液，而不必担心在同时浸入大量弹药时过度开发，因此提供了来自20个捐助者的320个FMs总数的92%的成功开发。由于其高灵敏度、鲁棒性和大批量适用性，这种简单易用的协议在潜在指纹实验室和CSI现场单位的操作使用中显示出很高的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Instrumental color determination of local soils and its variation with elemental profiles 当地土壤颜色的仪器测定及其随元素剖面的变化

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100644

Melissa Liau, Jolene Low, Kang Hua Lee, Thiam Bon Lim

Forensic soil comparison typically relies on qualitative color description through visual observation and side-by-side comparison with standard color chips from the Munsell Soil Color Charts to determine a color notation. Soil color distinctions are then made according to the US National Soil Survey color contrast classes. However, this approach is inherently subjective due to the variations in human examiner’s color perception, which is further influenced by factors such as light intensity, viewing angle, and background contrast. Conversely, color-measuring instruments like spectrophotometers can detect subtle color variations reliably and with greater precision, including colors falling between the chips in Munsell Soil Color Charts. Color differences between a soil pair can be expressed numerically as

Δ E_{00}

and a threshold based on

Δ E_{00}

to distinguish soil colors can be established for objective color comparison. In this study, the colors of soils collected from Singapore parks (soils sampled from areas within 1 m, within the same park, and across different parks) were measured quantitatively using a spectrophotometer. The occurrences of false positives and negatives were calculated and evaluated for the visual and instrumental color comparison methods. We further investigated correlations between the color discrimination threshold based on

Δ E_{00}

and a previous survey conducted on local soil’s elemental variability. The outcome of this study will help streamline soil analysis workflows in laboratories and strengthen the interpretation of forensic comparison of local soils.

法医土壤比较通常依赖于通过视觉观察和与蒙塞尔土壤颜色图中的标准颜色芯片并排比较来定性描述颜色，以确定颜色符号。然后根据美国国家土壤调查颜色对比等级进行土壤颜色区分。然而，这种方法本质上是主观的，因为人类审查员的颜色感知存在差异，这进一步受到光强度、视角和背景对比度等因素的影响。相反，像分光光度计这样的颜色测量仪器可以可靠地、更精确地检测到细微的颜色变化，包括在孟塞尔土壤颜色图中落在芯片之间的颜色。土壤对之间的色差可以用数值表示为ΔE00，并基于ΔE00建立区分土壤颜色的阈值，进行客观的颜色比较。在本研究中，使用分光光度计定量测量了从新加坡公园收集的土壤的颜色（从1 m范围内，同一公园内和不同公园之间取样的土壤）。假阳性和阴性的发生计算和评估视觉和仪器颜色比较方法。我们进一步研究了基于ΔE00的颜色识别阈值与先前对当地土壤元素变异性的调查之间的相关性。本研究的结果将有助于简化实验室的土壤分析工作流程，并加强对当地土壤法医比较的解释。

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引用次数: 0