Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925028
Eduardo Ramirez-Bettoni, B. Németh
Conductive suits are widely used in the industry for live work on transmission lines. This paper covers the use of special conductive suits for AC induction protection on de-energized lines. During de-energized work in the vicinity of live conductors, inductive and capacitive coupling may result in dangerous voltages and currents. Several accidents show that de-energized work has a high-risk level. The main reason is that de-energized parts are supposed to be grounded but line workers often do not have the proper knowledge and safety gear to assess and to protect against sources of induced voltages and currents. A US electric utility in co-operation with the High Voltage Laboratory of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics developed an AC induction suit; a special conductive suit designed to protect line workers against induced voltage and current while working on de-energized systems in the vicinity of energized lines. The range of induced voltage and current was analyzed based on preliminary calculations, and field measurements. The design of the special protective suit was based on these physical values. Several laboratory tests were performed to validate the results and to inspect prototypes at extreme voltages and currents. The aim of the developers is to increase the overall level of safety during vicinity work in transmission corridors with high AC induction and to greatly reduce accidents. Requirements for induction suits and test methods to prove protective capabilities will be standardized in the future. Based on the positive results of the prototype tests, a new product was introduced in the US market. The suits are currently being tested by the electric utility to gather experience, develop field procedures, and to effectively reduce the risk level, treating safety always as priority.
{"title":"AC Induction Conductive Suit - A New Way of Protecting Linemen in the Vicinity of Energized Parts","authors":"Eduardo Ramirez-Bettoni, B. Németh","doi":"10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925028","url":null,"abstract":"Conductive suits are widely used in the industry for live work on transmission lines. This paper covers the use of special conductive suits for AC induction protection on de-energized lines. During de-energized work in the vicinity of live conductors, inductive and capacitive coupling may result in dangerous voltages and currents. Several accidents show that de-energized work has a high-risk level. The main reason is that de-energized parts are supposed to be grounded but line workers often do not have the proper knowledge and safety gear to assess and to protect against sources of induced voltages and currents. A US electric utility in co-operation with the High Voltage Laboratory of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics developed an AC induction suit; a special conductive suit designed to protect line workers against induced voltage and current while working on de-energized systems in the vicinity of energized lines. The range of induced voltage and current was analyzed based on preliminary calculations, and field measurements. The design of the special protective suit was based on these physical values. Several laboratory tests were performed to validate the results and to inspect prototypes at extreme voltages and currents. The aim of the developers is to increase the overall level of safety during vicinity work in transmission corridors with high AC induction and to greatly reduce accidents. Requirements for induction suits and test methods to prove protective capabilities will be standardized in the future. Based on the positive results of the prototype tests, a new product was introduced in the US market. The suits are currently being tested by the electric utility to gather experience, develop field procedures, and to effectively reduce the risk level, treating safety always as priority.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129273264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925042
Marvin Antony Devadass
The availability of various methods of arc flash such as IEEE 1584–2018 and Ralph Lee methods have voltage, current and configuration limitations and hence do not provide a good estimate of incident energy under some conditions such as systems above 15kV. This was confirmed for higher voltages from tests conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute [1]. With the experimental data available from these tests, empirical equations were derived in simplified forms by using the average values of voltage gradient and incident thermal energy flux. These equations provide a suitable tool in estimating incident energy in high voltage systems. This paper describes those equations, analyzes the results produced with different input parameters and identifies resultant patterns to help engineers minimize incident energy and improve safety of the personnel.
各种电弧闪光方法的可用性，如IEEE 1584-2018和Ralph Lee方法，具有电压，电流和配置限制，因此在某些条件下，例如15kV以上的系统，不能很好地估计入射能量。电力研究所(Electric Power Research Institute)进行的试验证实了这一点[1]。利用这些试验数据，利用电压梯度和入射热通量的平均值，推导出简化的经验方程。这些方程为估计高压系统的入射能量提供了合适的工具。本文描述了这些方程，分析了不同输入参数产生的结果，并确定了结果模式，以帮助工程师最小化入射能量并提高人员的安全性。
{"title":"Sensitivity Analysis of Epri Overhead Hv Line Arc Flash Model","authors":"Marvin Antony Devadass","doi":"10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925042","url":null,"abstract":"The availability of various methods of arc flash such as IEEE 1584–2018 and Ralph Lee methods have voltage, current and configuration limitations and hence do not provide a good estimate of incident energy under some conditions such as systems above 15kV. This was confirmed for higher voltages from tests conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute [1]. With the experimental data available from these tests, empirical equations were derived in simplified forms by using the average values of voltage gradient and incident thermal energy flux. These equations provide a suitable tool in estimating incident energy in high voltage systems. This paper describes those equations, analyzes the results produced with different input parameters and identifies resultant patterns to help engineers minimize incident energy and improve safety of the personnel.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114094260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925039
M. Eblen, Eduardo Ramirez-Bettoni, K. Wallace
This work analyzes data from accidents due to ac induction in transmission lines and substations in the USA between 1985 and 2021. The data is from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics and encompasses 81 accidents in Transmission and Distribution lines and substations. As a result, 93 people were involved in the accidents and 60 are deaths. This paper offers an explanation to the why, when, and how the accidents happened. Direction is given to improve electric utility training programs. Findings and graphs may be used in training material to explain concepts of ac induction safety. It also provides guidance for field safety observation practices. As a result of this study, it was determined that injuries and fatalities due to ac induction hazards are preventable. Finally, the intent of this paper is to motivate future work in further analysis of ac induction accidents. It also calls for stricter regulations that can help reduce the number of accidents over time.
{"title":"Analysis of Accidents Caused By Induced Current and Voltage on Transmission Lines and Substations Between 1985–2021","authors":"M. Eblen, Eduardo Ramirez-Bettoni, K. Wallace","doi":"10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925039","url":null,"abstract":"This work analyzes data from accidents due to ac induction in transmission lines and substations in the USA between 1985 and 2021. The data is from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics and encompasses 81 accidents in Transmission and Distribution lines and substations. As a result, 93 people were involved in the accidents and 60 are deaths. This paper offers an explanation to the why, when, and how the accidents happened. Direction is given to improve electric utility training programs. Findings and graphs may be used in training material to explain concepts of ac induction safety. It also provides guidance for field safety observation practices. As a result of this study, it was determined that injuries and fatalities due to ac induction hazards are preventable. Finally, the intent of this paper is to motivate future work in further analysis of ac induction accidents. It also calls for stricter regulations that can help reduce the number of accidents over time.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114302733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925033
George T. Cole
Since 1994, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations of 29CFR1910.269 subpart R and 1926.962 subpart V [1], has required temporary protective grounding to be placed in such locations and arraigned in such a manner that will prevent each employee from being exposed to hazardous differences in electric potential. This practice is commonly called Equipotential Zone or “EPZ” grounding and bonding or “single-point grounding”. However, some debate exists as to the effectiveness of EPZ grounding with some employers still preferring to use bracket grounding practices, i.e. “Bracketed by Grounds” which is often referred to as “Working Between Grounds”. This paper will attempt to demonstrate the effectiveness of EPZ grounding when it's properly established though a significant real-life electrical event where two workers were uninjured when the metallic equipment, they were in contact with had become unexpectedly energized at approximately 303 kVac during the preparation of live line bare-hand work (LLBHW). Applicable lessons learned related to the properly sizing temporary ground cables, using materials and parts specifically designed and rated to withstand the tremendous X/R mechanical forces imposed during a fault will also be presented.
{"title":"The Practice and Effectiveness of Equipotential Zone “EPZ” Grounding-Safety Reality or Pipe Dream?","authors":"George T. Cole","doi":"10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925033","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1994, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations of 29CFR1910.269 subpart R and 1926.962 subpart V [1], has required temporary protective grounding to be placed in such locations and arraigned in such a manner that will prevent each employee from being exposed to hazardous differences in electric potential. This practice is commonly called Equipotential Zone or “EPZ” grounding and bonding or “single-point grounding”. However, some debate exists as to the effectiveness of EPZ grounding with some employers still preferring to use bracket grounding practices, i.e. “Bracketed by Grounds” which is often referred to as “Working Between Grounds”. This paper will attempt to demonstrate the effectiveness of EPZ grounding when it's properly established though a significant real-life electrical event where two workers were uninjured when the metallic equipment, they were in contact with had become unexpectedly energized at approximately 303 kVac during the preparation of live line bare-hand work (LLBHW). Applicable lessons learned related to the properly sizing temporary ground cables, using materials and parts specifically designed and rated to withstand the tremendous X/R mechanical forces imposed during a fault will also be presented.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"331 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134056292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925037
Jennifer L. Martin
How did I get here & how do I fit in? I am not an engineer, or a physicist, I am just an electrician. A question that many of us have had at our first IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop. The truth? Never underestimate the impact an individual can have on another just like you or perhaps changing the electrical industry in general. The most universally recognized trailblazers that take part annually began the journey to the top as “just an electrician”. Thanks to the curiosity and dedication furthering the theoretical or practical understanding of the industry that is continually advancing that knowledge is purely addictive. Together amongst some of the most respected pillars of the electrical industry, we evolve to the next chapter of our careers. Where will you be 5, 10, 15 years from today? Will you be recognized by name within the standards committees, an electrical instruction or safety mogul? You might just be.
{"title":"The Impact – “Just an Electrician”","authors":"Jennifer L. Martin","doi":"10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925037","url":null,"abstract":"How did I get here & how do I fit in? I am not an engineer, or a physicist, I am just an electrician. A question that many of us have had at our first IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop. The truth? Never underestimate the impact an individual can have on another just like you or perhaps changing the electrical industry in general. The most universally recognized trailblazers that take part annually began the journey to the top as “just an electrician”. Thanks to the curiosity and dedication furthering the theoretical or practical understanding of the industry that is continually advancing that knowledge is purely addictive. Together amongst some of the most respected pillars of the electrical industry, we evolve to the next chapter of our careers. Where will you be 5, 10, 15 years from today? Will you be recognized by name within the standards committees, an electrical instruction or safety mogul? You might just be.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121231160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925022
B. Brenner, D. Majano
According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), an average of 113 Americans died in the workplace between 2011 and 2020 annually due to contact with electricity. Of these fatalities, 32% were in occupations that can be considered electrical occupations with employees who have received training on electrical safety and the relevant codes and standards of working around electricity. This paper reviews the commonalities involved in electrical occupation fatalities with a specific focus on the human factor involved in the workplace death and the day the fatality occurred. By understanding the common trends within electrical occupation electrical fatalities, the specific actions and behaviors that lead to electrical fatalities can be addressed.
{"title":"Who is Getting Hurt? Understanding the Cause of Fatal Electrical Injuries in The Workplace","authors":"B. Brenner, D. Majano","doi":"10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925022","url":null,"abstract":"According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), an average of 113 Americans died in the workplace between 2011 and 2020 annually due to contact with electricity. Of these fatalities, 32% were in occupations that can be considered electrical occupations with employees who have received training on electrical safety and the relevant codes and standards of working around electricity. This paper reviews the commonalities involved in electrical occupation fatalities with a specific focus on the human factor involved in the workplace death and the day the fatality occurred. By understanding the common trends within electrical occupation electrical fatalities, the specific actions and behaviors that lead to electrical fatalities can be addressed.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127437609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925038
L. Gordon, Jesse Liechty, Ernst Esch
Over the past 130 years, electrical safety design and safe work practice standards have evolved around the world. In some instances, they are similar, and in other cases interesting variations have been observed. Numerous papers previously presented at this workshop have discussed electrical safety programs and challenges in several countries, and IEEE associated electrical safety workshops have occurred in several countries, including the U.S., Canada, India, Brazil, and Costa Rica. The IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Committee has set goals to broaden involvement in electrical safety to embrace electrical safety worldwide. In addition, recent papers and discussions have brought forth the varying cultures on implementing electrical safety and how this likely affects safety performance. Electrical safety includes design and safe work practices in utility power, facility power, utilization equipment, and specialized equipment. We are most familiar with those in the U.S. and Canada, including, respectively, NESC, NEC, NFPA 70E, UL, and DOE Guidelines. However, there are numerous equivalencies outside the U.S. including, for example, IEC, TUV, ETL, and other similar standards, including many unexplored standards in Japan, Russia, Brazil, and China. With ever more industrial globalization, the exploration and understanding of electrical safety standards around the world becomes more significant so that we can share and evaluate best practices from all countries. Some examples of global industries are wind energy, chemical, transportation. The study will also increase communication and collaboration worldwide. This paper explores and summarizes the design and safe work practices of the top leading technological countries, including, at a minimum, the U.S., Canada, European Union, Brazil, Russia, Japan, and China. It will also discuss cultural differences that may affect electrical safety. Areas covered include utility and facility power, component and equipment standards, and specialized equipment, such as R&D and energy storage. The purpose will be to stimulate international collaboration and appreciation of the diversity worldwide, in electrical safety.
{"title":"Electrical Safety Worldwide","authors":"L. Gordon, Jesse Liechty, Ernst Esch","doi":"10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925038","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 130 years, electrical safety design and safe work practice standards have evolved around the world. In some instances, they are similar, and in other cases interesting variations have been observed. Numerous papers previously presented at this workshop have discussed electrical safety programs and challenges in several countries, and IEEE associated electrical safety workshops have occurred in several countries, including the U.S., Canada, India, Brazil, and Costa Rica. The IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Committee has set goals to broaden involvement in electrical safety to embrace electrical safety worldwide. In addition, recent papers and discussions have brought forth the varying cultures on implementing electrical safety and how this likely affects safety performance. Electrical safety includes design and safe work practices in utility power, facility power, utilization equipment, and specialized equipment. We are most familiar with those in the U.S. and Canada, including, respectively, NESC, NEC, NFPA 70E, UL, and DOE Guidelines. However, there are numerous equivalencies outside the U.S. including, for example, IEC, TUV, ETL, and other similar standards, including many unexplored standards in Japan, Russia, Brazil, and China. With ever more industrial globalization, the exploration and understanding of electrical safety standards around the world becomes more significant so that we can share and evaluate best practices from all countries. Some examples of global industries are wind energy, chemical, transportation. The study will also increase communication and collaboration worldwide. This paper explores and summarizes the design and safe work practices of the top leading technological countries, including, at a minimum, the U.S., Canada, European Union, Brazil, Russia, Japan, and China. It will also discuss cultural differences that may affect electrical safety. Areas covered include utility and facility power, component and equipment standards, and specialized equipment, such as R&D and energy storage. The purpose will be to stimulate international collaboration and appreciation of the diversity worldwide, in electrical safety.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124135428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925045
Joshua Hodges
Lessons from DOE Human Performance handbook can be applied to modern safety management systems. Particularly in handling incidents, near misses, and good catches, Human Performance strategies can be applied for organizational learning and safety improvement. The presentation focuses heavily on the work of Todd Conklin, Sydney Decker, James Reason and other thinkers in the “Safety Differently” movement. Lessons from that movement can be easily extracted and applied to an organization's approach to electrical safety
{"title":"Human Performance: How Enhancing Safety is Managed","authors":"Joshua Hodges","doi":"10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925045","url":null,"abstract":"Lessons from DOE Human Performance handbook can be applied to modern safety management systems. Particularly in handling incidents, near misses, and good catches, Human Performance strategies can be applied for organizational learning and safety improvement. The presentation focuses heavily on the work of Todd Conklin, Sydney Decker, James Reason and other thinkers in the “Safety Differently” movement. Lessons from that movement can be easily extracted and applied to an organization's approach to electrical safety","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"40 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124393392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925029
Vesa Linja-aho
The rapidly growing number of electric vehicles raises the issue of electric work safety in workshops. Traditionally, electrical safety has not been an issue in the automotive industry and the aftermarket. However, modern passenger BEVs and HEVs utilize battery voltages of 300–800 volts, which causes potential electric shock risk for certain repair and maintenance activities. Additionally, the large short circuit current as well as the fire risk with toxic gas emissions pose a risk for service mechanics.
{"title":"Assessing the Electrical Risks in Electric Vehicle Repair","authors":"Vesa Linja-aho","doi":"10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925029","url":null,"abstract":"The rapidly growing number of electric vehicles raises the issue of electric work safety in workshops. Traditionally, electrical safety has not been an issue in the automotive industry and the aftermarket. However, modern passenger BEVs and HEVs utilize battery voltages of 300–800 volts, which causes potential electric shock risk for certain repair and maintenance activities. Additionally, the large short circuit current as well as the fire risk with toxic gas emissions pose a risk for service mechanics.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126265878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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