Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925030
Kyle D. Carr, Zarheer Jooma, John J. Whipple
The IEEE Std. 1584–2018 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc Flash Hazard Calculations has seen a welcome improvement in calculation accuracy from the 2002 version. Empirical data used for the 2018 standard shows that below 250VAC certain arcs sustained while other arcs failed to sustain. The “<240V and <125kVA transformer” exception in the 2002 standard has been replaced by “≤240V (nominal) and <2000A (short-circuit current)” language, that includes a band of arcs that did not sustain during practical testing. Previously published papers suggested further research into this area, however, within the finite resources available to the 1584–2018 working committee, not all requests could materialize. This paper investigates whether guidelines for arc sustainability (<250VAC equipment) match the empirical arc testing data available from IEEE, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and others while considering new developments and a better understating of arc physics. It uses recent data from studies performed at utilities and industry to determine the impact (if any) of a range of conservatism in the standard. This paper concludes by presenting a more detailed approach using NFPA 70E® - 2021 for users who may be affected by conservative results and suggests areas where additional testing and research may benefit end-users.
{"title":"A Detailed Approach for ARC Flash Sustainability for Systems at or Below 240V and Over 2000A","authors":"Kyle D. Carr, Zarheer Jooma, John J. Whipple","doi":"10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925030","url":null,"abstract":"The IEEE Std. 1584–2018 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc Flash Hazard Calculations has seen a welcome improvement in calculation accuracy from the 2002 version. Empirical data used for the 2018 standard shows that below 250VAC certain arcs sustained while other arcs failed to sustain. The “<240V and <125kVA transformer” exception in the 2002 standard has been replaced by “≤240V (nominal) and <2000A (short-circuit current)” language, that includes a band of arcs that did not sustain during practical testing. Previously published papers suggested further research into this area, however, within the finite resources available to the 1584–2018 working committee, not all requests could materialize. This paper investigates whether guidelines for arc sustainability (<250VAC equipment) match the empirical arc testing data available from IEEE, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and others while considering new developments and a better understating of arc physics. It uses recent data from studies performed at utilities and industry to determine the impact (if any) of a range of conservatism in the standard. This paper concludes by presenting a more detailed approach using NFPA 70E® - 2021 for users who may be affected by conservative results and suggests areas where additional testing and research may benefit end-users.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130646134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925025
G. Drewiske
Recent editions of NFPA 70E require risk assessments to address the potential for human error. This case study will detail how a simple, two-part tagging process to track temporary safety ground sets prevented a tired group of maintenance personnel from energizing into a temporary ground set on the last night of a twelve day utility outage.
{"title":"An Effective Means of Tracking Temporary Safety Grounds","authors":"G. Drewiske","doi":"10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925025","url":null,"abstract":"Recent editions of NFPA 70E require risk assessments to address the potential for human error. This case study will detail how a simple, two-part tagging process to track temporary safety ground sets prevented a tired group of maintenance personnel from energizing into a temporary ground set on the last night of a twelve day utility outage.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132373924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925031
Chris Watson, Duane R. Boswell, Edward D. Boyer
The Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA)®, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)® 70E, European Standard EN 50110, and many other established governmental regulations require or encourage employers to establish, document, and implement electrical safety-related work practices, instructions, and procedures. These governmental regulations also require or encourage employers to provide training to the workers regarding these electrical safety-related work practices, instructions, and procedures. When evaluating a company's electrical safety-related work standard: • Does it take a person with an electrical engineering degree or electrical technical background to understand it? Are there several interpretations within a company on the intent of the requirements? Do the requirements easily translate technically to other native languages? This paper reveals the best practices a large global company used to create and later streamline its electrical safety-related work standard. These concepts helped create an updated and streamlined global electrical safety-related work standard that all workers can easily understand. These concepts are readily leverageable for other companies in the process of creating or streamlining their electrical safety-related work practices, instructions, and procedures.
{"title":"One Company's Best Practices to Consider When Creating and Streamlining a Company Electrical Safety Standard","authors":"Chris Watson, Duane R. Boswell, Edward D. Boyer","doi":"10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925031","url":null,"abstract":"The Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA)®, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)® 70E, European Standard EN 50110, and many other established governmental regulations require or encourage employers to establish, document, and implement electrical safety-related work practices, instructions, and procedures. These governmental regulations also require or encourage employers to provide training to the workers regarding these electrical safety-related work practices, instructions, and procedures. When evaluating a company's electrical safety-related work standard: • Does it take a person with an electrical engineering degree or electrical technical background to understand it? Are there several interpretations within a company on the intent of the requirements? Do the requirements easily translate technically to other native languages? This paper reveals the best practices a large global company used to create and later streamline its electrical safety-related work standard. These concepts helped create an updated and streamlined global electrical safety-related work standard that all workers can easily understand. These concepts are readily leverageable for other companies in the process of creating or streamlining their electrical safety-related work practices, instructions, and procedures.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121780380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925024
Tom Zampell, Frank Gonzalez
Both Private and Public utilities are now contracting with firms to perform Operations, Maintenance, and Testing where the contractor will isolate the equipment, perform the tasks, and then restore facility to operations. The industry publications for creating an electrically safe work condition to perform work are, NFPA 70E 2021 which does not cover “installations under the exclusive control of an electric utility” and IEEE C2 2017 which “Applies to the: Public, Utility workers (Employees and Contractors), and Utility Facilities”. IEEE C2 provides a great deal of information but by no means does it provide the detailed information to safely perform work, in the place of experienced utility trained employees. This paper will start to explore the safety issues while working at private and public utilities that are not covered under the referenced documents and identify the issues the Electrical Contractor (EC) are presented with when performing work for a customer.
{"title":"Safety Considerations While Working at a Private or Public Utility","authors":"Tom Zampell, Frank Gonzalez","doi":"10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925024","url":null,"abstract":"Both Private and Public utilities are now contracting with firms to perform Operations, Maintenance, and Testing where the contractor will isolate the equipment, perform the tasks, and then restore facility to operations. The industry publications for creating an electrically safe work condition to perform work are, NFPA 70E 2021 which does not cover “installations under the exclusive control of an electric utility” and IEEE C2 2017 which “Applies to the: Public, Utility workers (Employees and Contractors), and Utility Facilities”. IEEE C2 provides a great deal of information but by no means does it provide the detailed information to safely perform work, in the place of experienced utility trained employees. This paper will start to explore the safety issues while working at private and public utilities that are not covered under the referenced documents and identify the issues the Electrical Contractor (EC) are presented with when performing work for a customer.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129711099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925020
L. B. Gordon, Jesse Liechty, J. Bradley, L. Merrill, Henry Gauss
The effects of shock from alternating current (ac) power frequencies (50 and 60 Hz) and from direct. current (dc) has been studied for a century and thresholds for safety are now clearly defined in worker safety standards (i.e., NFPA 70E). However, shock thresholds for other frequencies and waveforms are not clearly stated in U.S. worker electrical safety standards. This includes frequencies of sub-radio frequency (RF) (1 Hz to 3 kHz) other than 50/60 Hz, RF (3 kHz to 100 MHz) and mixed waveforms, such as modulated dc. Of particular interest are 400 Hz, dc with significant ac ripple, and modulated RF. These waveforms are found in many commercial, industrial, and research applications, such as dc outputs of battery chargers, welders, etc., that may have a substantial 60 Hz ripple; modulated outputs of variable frequency drives for motors; inverters; and more. This paper presents what is known about such waveforms, from shock studies, international standards, and from accidents. Material reviewed includes existing standards (such as the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) shock standards), studies on shock effects, and a review of several accidents. Fourier analysis of mixed frequency waveforms will be presented which shows the primary frequency components which will determine response by the nerves, muscles and heart. A focus will be placed on the thresholds for injury for dc created by rectification, with remnant 60-Hz ripple.
{"title":"Electric Shock Hazards Beyond 50/60 HZ and DC","authors":"L. B. Gordon, Jesse Liechty, J. Bradley, L. Merrill, Henry Gauss","doi":"10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925020","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of shock from alternating current (ac) power frequencies (50 and 60 Hz) and from direct. current (dc) has been studied for a century and thresholds for safety are now clearly defined in worker safety standards (i.e., NFPA 70E). However, shock thresholds for other frequencies and waveforms are not clearly stated in U.S. worker electrical safety standards. This includes frequencies of sub-radio frequency (RF) (1 Hz to 3 kHz) other than 50/60 Hz, RF (3 kHz to 100 MHz) and mixed waveforms, such as modulated dc. Of particular interest are 400 Hz, dc with significant ac ripple, and modulated RF. These waveforms are found in many commercial, industrial, and research applications, such as dc outputs of battery chargers, welders, etc., that may have a substantial 60 Hz ripple; modulated outputs of variable frequency drives for motors; inverters; and more. This paper presents what is known about such waveforms, from shock studies, international standards, and from accidents. Material reviewed includes existing standards (such as the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) shock standards), studies on shock effects, and a review of several accidents. Fourier analysis of mixed frequency waveforms will be presented which shows the primary frequency components which will determine response by the nerves, muscles and heart. A focus will be placed on the thresholds for injury for dc created by rectification, with remnant 60-Hz ripple.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121603522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925034
J. Rachford
Anytime a person must work on or near an electrical piece of equipment in which the connections are exposed and energized, there is a serious electrical shock hazard. This applies to both qualified and non-qualified electrical people. If the electrical connections are not exposed, there are no electrical shock hazards. If the electrical connections are not energized, there are no electrical shock hazards. It is only under this special condition of exposed and energized electrical connections that these hazards are present. That is when a person needs to be concerned about shock and potential arc flash hazards. This paper will examine the three major concerns about electrical safety when working on or near exposed and energized electrical connections. These concerns are the following: 1. Personal Safety 2. Safety of Coworkers and Others Nearby 3. Compliance with Regulations At the end, this paper will look at the potential cost impact on the company, from a business perspective, should it choose not to follow good electrical safe work practices for just one item.
{"title":"Why Be Concerned About Electrical Safety And What Impact It May Have On Business Cost","authors":"J. Rachford","doi":"10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925034","url":null,"abstract":"Anytime a person must work on or near an electrical piece of equipment in which the connections are exposed and energized, there is a serious electrical shock hazard. This applies to both qualified and non-qualified electrical people. If the electrical connections are not exposed, there are no electrical shock hazards. If the electrical connections are not energized, there are no electrical shock hazards. It is only under this special condition of exposed and energized electrical connections that these hazards are present. That is when a person needs to be concerned about shock and potential arc flash hazards. This paper will examine the three major concerns about electrical safety when working on or near exposed and energized electrical connections. These concerns are the following: 1. Personal Safety 2. Safety of Coworkers and Others Nearby 3. Compliance with Regulations At the end, this paper will look at the potential cost impact on the company, from a business perspective, should it choose not to follow good electrical safe work practices for just one item.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124195030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925021
Edson Martinho, Sérgio Roberto Santos, Danilo Ferreira de Souza
Accidents caused by electricity use are responsible for many deaths and injuries of People and animals worldwide and damage they cause to buildings and their electrical installations. Although there is a lot of knowledge available on making electrical installations safer, many countries lack data on accidents of electrical origin, which makes it challenging to implement effective public policies to reduce the risks of accidents caused by electricity. Developing countries, such as Brazil, have difficulties obtaining, processing, and sharing reliable data on accidents of electrical origin. This work presents data analysis on accidents of electrical origin in Brazil between 2016 and 2020, using information obtained from different sources, such as government agencies and the Google LLC alert monitor. The analysis of these data points to an average annual increase in fatal accidents of electrical origin, most of which are caused by electric shock, followed by lightning and fires caused by overload or short circuits. The analysis also includes the data details such as age group, location of the accident, and cause. The work will also compare data from other countries to identify possible relationships between the level of development and causes of accidents.
{"title":"Accidents of Electrical Origin, a Detailed Analysis of Statistics. Brazil Compared to Other Countries","authors":"Edson Martinho, Sérgio Roberto Santos, Danilo Ferreira de Souza","doi":"10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925021","url":null,"abstract":"Accidents caused by electricity use are responsible for many deaths and injuries of People and animals worldwide and damage they cause to buildings and their electrical installations. Although there is a lot of knowledge available on making electrical installations safer, many countries lack data on accidents of electrical origin, which makes it challenging to implement effective public policies to reduce the risks of accidents caused by electricity. Developing countries, such as Brazil, have difficulties obtaining, processing, and sharing reliable data on accidents of electrical origin. This work presents data analysis on accidents of electrical origin in Brazil between 2016 and 2020, using information obtained from different sources, such as government agencies and the Google LLC alert monitor. The analysis of these data points to an average annual increase in fatal accidents of electrical origin, most of which are caused by electric shock, followed by lightning and fires caused by overload or short circuits. The analysis also includes the data details such as age group, location of the accident, and cause. The work will also compare data from other countries to identify possible relationships between the level of development and causes of accidents.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124895543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925027
Alvin Havens
What constitutes a “Normal Operating Condition”? How is it obtained and what does it mean for electrical safety work practices? This paper will examine the use and application of National Fire Protection Association's (NFPA) 70E® Section 110.4(D) entitled “Normal Operating Condition”[1]. Some of this information is only valid in the U.S.A. NFPA 70® is not an international standard and regulation.
{"title":"Normal Operating Condition Examined","authors":"Alvin Havens","doi":"10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925027","url":null,"abstract":"What constitutes a “Normal Operating Condition”? How is it obtained and what does it mean for electrical safety work practices? This paper will examine the use and application of National Fire Protection Association's (NFPA) 70E® Section 110.4(D) entitled “Normal Operating Condition”[1]. Some of this information is only valid in the U.S.A. NFPA 70® is not an international standard and regulation.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125431038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925035
D. Lewis
In the event of a fault, hazardous touch and step voltages may develop that can injure personnel or the public. A grounding analysis is performed by engineers to design a substation, generation, or industrial site's grounding system to reduce hazard associated with touch and step voltages. Several misconceptions have led to the inaccurate design of new and existing grounding systems. These misconceptions also result in existing grounding systems exceeding their design parameters as power systems fault duties increase, protection schemes change, and infrastructure ages. This paper provides a reference for identifying data and other factors that affect the accuracy of grounding system analysis and design, with reference to IEEE Std 80. Common errors and misconceptions are discussed, and case studies presented to highlight hazardous scenarios. Additional guidance is provided for determining when existing systems may require evaluation to maintain industry recommended best practices for personnel and public safety.
{"title":"Addressing Misconceptions to Reduce Touch and Step Voltage Hazards at Power Systems","authors":"D. Lewis","doi":"10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW49146.2022.9925035","url":null,"abstract":"In the event of a fault, hazardous touch and step voltages may develop that can injure personnel or the public. A grounding analysis is performed by engineers to design a substation, generation, or industrial site's grounding system to reduce hazard associated with touch and step voltages. Several misconceptions have led to the inaccurate design of new and existing grounding systems. These misconceptions also result in existing grounding systems exceeding their design parameters as power systems fault duties increase, protection schemes change, and infrastructure ages. This paper provides a reference for identifying data and other factors that affect the accuracy of grounding system analysis and design, with reference to IEEE Std 80. Common errors and misconceptions are discussed, and case studies presented to highlight hazardous scenarios. Additional guidance is provided for determining when existing systems may require evaluation to maintain industry recommended best practices for personnel and public safety.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128114092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925026
H. Floyd
Residual risk is the amount of risk, associated with a task or process, remaining after inherent risks have been reduced by acceptable risk controls methodology. What if inherent risks are not completely identified? How do you know if the residual risk has been reduced to a level acceptable to the worker and to the organization? This paper explores these and other questions to provide insight into methods to search for and expose opportunities for continual improvement to reduce worker exposure to hazardous electrical energy. The paper discusses areas of potential hidden danger including management/leadership, facilities design, safe work practices, incident investigations, procurement, included workforce, and outsourcing.
{"title":"Hidden Danger: Reducing Residual Risk in Your Electrical Safety Program","authors":"H. Floyd","doi":"10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esw49146.2022.9925026","url":null,"abstract":"Residual risk is the amount of risk, associated with a task or process, remaining after inherent risks have been reduced by acceptable risk controls methodology. What if inherent risks are not completely identified? How do you know if the residual risk has been reduced to a level acceptable to the worker and to the organization? This paper explores these and other questions to provide insight into methods to search for and expose opportunities for continual improvement to reduce worker exposure to hazardous electrical energy. The paper discusses areas of potential hidden danger including management/leadership, facilities design, safe work practices, incident investigations, procurement, included workforce, and outsourcing.","PeriodicalId":325388,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124726193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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