M. Ghasemi, A. Movahed, S. Motaghi, Samaneh Kadkhodaei
Introduction: One of the new tourism capacities of Iran in recent years is medical tourism, which has grown significantly. Tehran is one of the most important cities in the Middle East in the field of medical tourism. This study intends to analyse medical tourism capacity development in Tehran hospitals from international tourists’ perspective to identify the most efficient factors in medical tourism capacity development in Tehran hospitals. Methods: The research type is applied and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The research sample is the international medical tourists entering five major Tehran hospitals having the International Patient Department license (IPD), in which 154 samples were selected randomly from a total sample society of 258 using Cochran formula. Results: The results show that the priority areas of medical tourism capacity development in Tehran are low medical costs, optimal quality of services, easy access to medical services and physicians’ knowledge, respectively. Conclusion: In general, regarding the studied variables, it can be concluded that there is a good opportunity for medical tourism capacity development in Tehran from the international tourists’ viewpoint.
{"title":"Capacity Development Analysis of Medical Tourism in Hospitals of Tehran, Iran","authors":"M. Ghasemi, A. Movahed, S. Motaghi, Samaneh Kadkhodaei","doi":"10.34172/IJTMGH.2020.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/IJTMGH.2020.28","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: One of the new tourism capacities of Iran in recent years is medical tourism, which has grown significantly. Tehran is one of the most important cities in the Middle East in the field of medical tourism. This study intends to analyse medical tourism capacity development in Tehran hospitals from international tourists’ perspective to identify the most efficient factors in medical tourism capacity development in Tehran hospitals. Methods: The research type is applied and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The research sample is the international medical tourists entering five major Tehran hospitals having the International Patient Department license (IPD), in which 154 samples were selected randomly from a total sample society of 258 using Cochran formula. Results: The results show that the priority areas of medical tourism capacity development in Tehran are low medical costs, optimal quality of services, easy access to medical services and physicians’ knowledge, respectively. Conclusion: In general, regarding the studied variables, it can be concluded that there is a good opportunity for medical tourism capacity development in Tehran from the international tourists’ viewpoint.","PeriodicalId":32539,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health","volume":" 38","pages":"165-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41253812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is probably the worst epidemic the world has experienced in recent times; it has led to drastic, lifesaving, and extraordinary decisions by governments of nations. Among such extraordinary measures is the closure of international borders leading to the cancellation of air travel by commercial airlines. The carbon emissions from air travel affect global warming. To this end, some authors ranked aircraft as if it were a country and compared the volume of carbon emissions generated by air travel to that generated by countries from other sources. Commercial air travel ranked seventh after Germany in terms of carbon emissions. This policy review, therefore, explored the impact of COVID-19 lockdown and travel restrictions on global warming. As a result of lockdown, there is a likelihood of a significant decrease in carbon emissions and global warming. Assuming the estimated global emissions remain constant annually, an estimated 9 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide emissions would be avoided by the end of 2020 provided that the lockdown continues. To accurately measure the value of reduced carbon dioxide emissions during the global lockdown, it is recommended that scientific studies be conducted to estimate the carbon emissions generated by the few aircraft granted waivers to transport essential commodities during the global lockdown and deduct it from the 9 gigatonnes. After the global lockdown, through a travel policy review, governments and organizations are encouraged to restrict physical meetings or activities that involve air travel only to situations where a physical presence is unavoidable.
{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Global Warming: A Call for Policy Review","authors":"O. Jegede, S. Olarewaju","doi":"10.34172/ijtmgh.2021.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2021.11","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is probably the worst epidemic the world has experienced in recent times; it has led to drastic, lifesaving, and extraordinary decisions by governments of nations. Among such extraordinary measures is the closure of international borders leading to the cancellation of air travel by commercial airlines. The carbon emissions from air travel affect global warming. To this end, some authors ranked aircraft as if it were a country and compared the volume of carbon emissions generated by air travel to that generated by countries from other sources. Commercial air travel ranked seventh after Germany in terms of carbon emissions. This policy review, therefore, explored the impact of COVID-19 lockdown and travel restrictions on global warming. As a result of lockdown, there is a likelihood of a significant decrease in carbon emissions and global warming. Assuming the estimated global emissions remain constant annually, an estimated 9 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide emissions would be avoided by the end of 2020 provided that the lockdown continues. To accurately measure the value of reduced carbon dioxide emissions during the global lockdown, it is recommended that scientific studies be conducted to estimate the carbon emissions generated by the few aircraft granted waivers to transport essential commodities during the global lockdown and deduct it from the 9 gigatonnes. After the global lockdown, through a travel policy review, governments and organizations are encouraged to restrict physical meetings or activities that involve air travel only to situations where a physical presence is unavoidable.","PeriodicalId":32539,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47634340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global pandemics compel us to contemplate the lessons of history. The influenza pandemic of 1918-1920 gave rise to the curious neurological syndrome of encephalitis lethargica, which left its unfortunate victims with varying combinations of motionlessness, hypersomnolence, and ophthalmoplegia. There is increasing awareness during the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) of a range of neurologic and psychiatric manifestations which in some cases are the presenting clinical features of the infection. Furthermore, patients with chronic neurologic conditions such as multiple sclerosis are susceptible to more severe COVID-19 by virtue of their use of immunosuppressant medications.1 Some of the anti-viral drugs used in the management of COVID-19, such as remdesivir, are also known to have adverse effects which involve the nervous system.2 Increased public and physician awareness of these neuropsychiatric phenomena may aid in their earlier diagnosis and management. A variety of neurologic symptoms have been described in patients infected with Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Headache, vertigo, ataxia, reduced consciousness and seizures are among the most commonly reported symptoms arising from involvement of the central nervous system.3 Guillain-Barré syndrome, an acute polyradiculopathy presenting with flaccid ascending limb weakness, has also been described.4 Agarwal et al published a case series of five patients with diverse manifestations of CNS involvement, including two 41-year-old females, one with limb weakness and aphasia resulting from an ischaemic stroke, and the other with internuclear ophthalmoplegia secondary to oedema of the corpus callosum.2 Anosmia may result from rhinitis secondary to respiratory viruses including influenza. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, this symptom emerged as one of its more prominent presenting features, sometimes in the absence of other clinical features. A cross-sectional study from Spain found that smell and/or taste dysfunction were at least two-fold more common in COVID-19 patients than in controls.5 This chemosensory impairment mainly afflicted younger patients who did not require hospitalisation. Subclinical deficits in olfaction demonstrated by quantitative smell testing have been proposed as a sensitive biomarker for COVID-19.6 Given that olfactory receptor cells do not express the angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor exploited by this novel coronavirus, multiple pathogenetic mechanisms for these sensory deficits have been proposed which will stimulate further investigation. COVID-related cerebrovascular disease, in the form of ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral dural venous sinus thrombosis, result primarily from large vessel disease and are believed to be a reflection of the prothrombotic state caused by the endothelial damage from SARSCoV-2 infection.4 Many of the most severely ill COVID-19 patients present other risk facto
全球流行病迫使我们反思历史教训。1918-1920年的流感大流行引发了令人好奇的昏睡性脑炎神经综合征，这让不幸的受害者出现了各种各样的昏迷、嗜睡和眼肌麻痹。在当前2019冠状病毒病（新冠肺炎）大流行期间，人们越来越意识到一系列神经和精神表现，在某些情况下，这些表现是感染的临床特征。此外，患有慢性神经系统疾病（如多发性硬化症）的患者因使用免疫抑制剂药物而易患更严重的新冠肺炎。1用于治疗新冠肺炎的一些抗病毒药物，如瑞德西韦，2公众和医生对这些神经精神现象的认识提高可能有助于早期诊断和治疗。严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型（SARS-CoV-2）感染患者出现了多种神经系统症状。头痛、眩晕、共济失调、意识减退和癫痫发作是中枢神经系统受累引起的最常见症状。3格林-巴利综合征是一种急性多神经根病，表现为弛缓性上肢无力。4 Agarwal等人发表了一个由五名患者组成的病例系列，包括两名41岁的女性，一名患有缺血性中风引起的四肢无力和失语症，另一名患有胼胝体水肿引起的核间眼肌麻痹。2失语症可能由包括流感在内的呼吸道病毒引起的鼻炎引起。在新冠肺炎大流行早期，这种症状作为其更突出的表现特征之一出现，有时在缺乏其他临床特征的情况下出现。西班牙的一项横断面研究发现，新冠肺炎患者的嗅觉和/或味觉功能障碍的发生率至少是对照组的两倍。5这种化学感觉障碍主要影响不需要住院治疗的年轻患者。定量嗅觉测试证明的亚临床嗅觉缺陷已被提议作为COVID-19的敏感生物标志物。6鉴于嗅觉受体细胞不表达这种新型冠状病毒利用的血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）受体，已提出了这些感觉缺陷的多种发病机制，这将促进进一步的研究。与新冠肺炎相关的脑血管疾病，表现为缺血性中风、脑出血和硬脊膜静脉窦血栓形成，结果主要来自大血管疾病，被认为反映了SARSCoV-2感染引起的内皮损伤引起的血栓形成前状态。4许多病情最严重的新冠肺炎患者存在其他脑血管疾病的危险因素，如糖尿病、肥胖和高血压。新冠肺炎住院患者存活率的一些提高可能归因于随着该病毒临床经验的增加，该患者队列中抗血小板药物和抗凝血剂的使用增加。新冠肺炎神经系统疾病的推测机制包括使用受感染的白细胞，或通过沿颅神经或外周神经的逆行转运，通过血脑屏障直接感染病毒http://ijtmgh.comInt J Travel Med Glob Health。2021年1月；9（1）：42-43 doi 10.34172/ijtmgh.2021.08 TMGH IInternational Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health J
{"title":"Neuropsychiatric Presentations and Sequelae of COVID-19: Current Evidence and Research Recommendations","authors":"Way Hinn Chong, Nasir Nizrull, G. Flaherty","doi":"10.34172/IJTMGH.2021.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/IJTMGH.2021.08","url":null,"abstract":"Global pandemics compel us to contemplate the lessons of history. The influenza pandemic of 1918-1920 gave rise to the curious neurological syndrome of encephalitis lethargica, which left its unfortunate victims with varying combinations of motionlessness, hypersomnolence, and ophthalmoplegia. There is increasing awareness during the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) of a range of neurologic and psychiatric manifestations which in some cases are the presenting clinical features of the infection. Furthermore, patients with chronic neurologic conditions such as multiple sclerosis are susceptible to more severe COVID-19 by virtue of their use of immunosuppressant medications.1 Some of the anti-viral drugs used in the management of COVID-19, such as remdesivir, are also known to have adverse effects which involve the nervous system.2 Increased public and physician awareness of these neuropsychiatric phenomena may aid in their earlier diagnosis and management. A variety of neurologic symptoms have been described in patients infected with Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Headache, vertigo, ataxia, reduced consciousness and seizures are among the most commonly reported symptoms arising from involvement of the central nervous system.3 Guillain-Barré syndrome, an acute polyradiculopathy presenting with flaccid ascending limb weakness, has also been described.4 Agarwal et al published a case series of five patients with diverse manifestations of CNS involvement, including two 41-year-old females, one with limb weakness and aphasia resulting from an ischaemic stroke, and the other with internuclear ophthalmoplegia secondary to oedema of the corpus callosum.2 Anosmia may result from rhinitis secondary to respiratory viruses including influenza. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, this symptom emerged as one of its more prominent presenting features, sometimes in the absence of other clinical features. A cross-sectional study from Spain found that smell and/or taste dysfunction were at least two-fold more common in COVID-19 patients than in controls.5 This chemosensory impairment mainly afflicted younger patients who did not require hospitalisation. Subclinical deficits in olfaction demonstrated by quantitative smell testing have been proposed as a sensitive biomarker for COVID-19.6 Given that olfactory receptor cells do not express the angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor exploited by this novel coronavirus, multiple pathogenetic mechanisms for these sensory deficits have been proposed which will stimulate further investigation. COVID-related cerebrovascular disease, in the form of ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral dural venous sinus thrombosis, result primarily from large vessel disease and are believed to be a reflection of the prothrombotic state caused by the endothelial damage from SARSCoV-2 infection.4 Many of the most severely ill COVID-19 patients present other risk facto","PeriodicalId":32539,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health","volume":"9 1","pages":"42-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46078495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Face masks have been worn by members of the public for source control during pandemics and major outbreaks of infectious disease across the centuries. As the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic evolves, reluctance towards the wearing of face masks and anti-mask sentiments by some people have been encountered, with strongly held personal views and misinformation being disseminated through social media. Some of this resistance may arise from personal beliefs about the limited effectiveness of masks. Negative perceptions towards use of face masks have also been voiced by patients with pre-existing medical conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. There are concerns that face coverings may not be suitable for children or individuals with autism. Health care professionals have an obligation to be advocates for this public health intervention. Individual patients’ concerns about mask use should be sensitively addressed by countering misinformation with reliable evidence from the scientific literature.
{"title":"Unmasking the Myths Surrounding Use of Barrier Face Coverings During the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"C. H. Liew, G. Flaherty","doi":"10.34172/IJTMGH.2020.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/IJTMGH.2020.23","url":null,"abstract":"Face masks have been worn by members of the public for source control during pandemics and major outbreaks of infectious disease across the centuries. As the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic evolves, reluctance towards the wearing of face masks and anti-mask sentiments by some people have been encountered, with strongly held personal views and misinformation being disseminated through social media. Some of this resistance may arise from personal beliefs about the limited effectiveness of masks. Negative perceptions towards use of face masks have also been voiced by patients with pre-existing medical conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. There are concerns that face coverings may not be suitable for children or individuals with autism. Health care professionals have an obligation to be advocates for this public health intervention. Individual patients’ concerns about mask use should be sensitively addressed by countering misinformation with reliable evidence from the scientific literature.","PeriodicalId":32539,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health","volume":"8 1","pages":"134-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44431671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
COVID-19, a severe respiratory disease mediated by SARS-CoV-2 virus, is an extremely infectious This virus was a recant outbreak from Wuhan City of China in late December 2019, but no remedy has been found yet The coronavirus can spread mainly from person to person when they come in close contact with each other Respiratory droplets from an infected person's infect any nearby people Furthermore, asymptomatic person can also infect others Data and information were searched from Web Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases, and the articles published before June 2020, using relevant keywords WHO, CDC and other Govt Agencies have published a protective measure for better prevention of the COVID-19 disease until vaccines or any other antivirals become available "Stay at home", "Uses of Mask", and "Wash hands frequently for 20 sec" are some of the general strategy for precaution However, it is not possible for the "must travellers/traveler" and/or "front-line workers" to "stay at home" The concerns of the must-traveler and front-line workers to avoid any unwanted consequences that may arise from their traveling issues were discussed in this review
{"title":"COVID-19: Concern and Education for Global Health for a Have-to Traveler","authors":"A. Chakraborty, Smita Guha","doi":"10.34172/IJTMGH.2021.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/IJTMGH.2021.02","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19, a severe respiratory disease mediated by SARS-CoV-2 virus, is an extremely infectious This virus was a recant outbreak from Wuhan City of China in late December 2019, but no remedy has been found yet The coronavirus can spread mainly from person to person when they come in close contact with each other Respiratory droplets from an infected person's infect any nearby people Furthermore, asymptomatic person can also infect others Data and information were searched from Web Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases, and the articles published before June 2020, using relevant keywords WHO, CDC and other Govt Agencies have published a protective measure for better prevention of the COVID-19 disease until vaccines or any other antivirals become available \"Stay at home\", \"Uses of Mask\", and \"Wash hands frequently for 20 sec\" are some of the general strategy for precaution However, it is not possible for the \"must travellers/traveler\" and/or \"front-line workers\" to \"stay at home\" The concerns of the must-traveler and front-line workers to avoid any unwanted consequences that may arise from their traveling issues were discussed in this review","PeriodicalId":32539,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health","volume":"9 1","pages":"4-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48419135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dilia Fontalvo-Rivera, Enrique Mazenett, Luisana Cárcamo-Marrugo, C. Llerena-Polo, Doris Gómez-Camargo
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) affects vulnerable populations. Immigrants have contributed to the increased incidence of TB. In this population, TB has some common characteristics that can lead to increased resistance to anti-TB drugs and undesired outcomes. In Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, an increase in TB cases has been observed in immigrants. Our objective is to describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the immigrant population of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Methods: A descriptive study of 101 patients with a clinical and microbiological diagnosis of TB was carried out in the city of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia from December 2017 to December 2018. The clinical spectrum and sensitivity profile of M. tuberculosis to first-line anti-TB drugs were characterized by phenotypic tests and molecular markers of resistance. Confidence intervals were calculated for the estimates. Statistical significance was considered at P≤0.05. Results: A total of 101 patients were analyzed. 8.91% (95% CI: 4.16-16.24%) of the study population were immigrants. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) occurred more frequently among immigrants than in the native population (44.44%; 95% CI 13.70-78.80% vs. 4.49%; 95% CI 1.24-11.11%; P=0.002). The immigrants also had a higher frequency of cases with resistance (15.22 vs. 44.44%; P=0.051) and undesired outcomes, such as therapeutic failure (8.70% vs. 33.33%; P=0.001) and death (4.35% vs. 44.44%; P=0.001). Conclusion: Immigrant TB patients were more likely to present particular clinical characteristics, such as HIV coinfection, malnutrition, constitutional manifestations, extrapulmonary spread, the presence of caverns, and undesired outcomes.
导言:结核病影响脆弱人群。移民增加了结核病的发病率。在这一人群中，结核病具有一些共同特征，可导致对抗结核药物的耐药性增强和不期望的结果。在哥伦比亚的Cartagena de Indias，已经观察到移民中结核病病例的增加。我们的目的是描述结核分枝杆菌的临床和微生物学特征的移民人口卡塔赫纳德印第安斯，哥伦比亚。方法:对2017年12月至2018年12月在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳德印第亚斯市101例临床和微生物诊断为结核病的患者进行描述性研究。通过表型试验和耐药分子标记对结核分枝杆菌的临床谱和对一线抗结核药物的敏感性进行了分析。计算了估计的置信区间。P≤0.05认为差异有统计学意义。结果:共分析101例患者。8.91% (95% CI: 4.16-16.24%)的研究人群为移民。肺外结核(EPTB)在移民中的发病率高于本地人口(44.44%;95% CI 13.70-78.80% vs. 4.49%;95% ci 1.24-11.11%;P = 0.002)。移民耐药病例发生率也较高(15.22 vs 44.44%;P=0.051)和不期望的结果，如治疗失败(8.70% vs. 33.33%;P=0.001)和死亡(4.35% vs. 44.44%;P = 0.001)。结论:移民结核病患者更有可能表现出特定的临床特征，如HIV合并感染、营养不良、体质表现、肺外扩散、空洞的存在和不良结局。
{"title":"Tuberculosis in Immigrants to Cartagena de Indias, Colombia","authors":"Dilia Fontalvo-Rivera, Enrique Mazenett, Luisana Cárcamo-Marrugo, C. Llerena-Polo, Doris Gómez-Camargo","doi":"10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.18","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) affects vulnerable populations. Immigrants have contributed to the increased incidence of TB. In this population, TB has some common characteristics that can lead to increased resistance to anti-TB drugs and undesired outcomes. In Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, an increase in TB cases has been observed in immigrants. Our objective is to describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the immigrant population of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Methods: A descriptive study of 101 patients with a clinical and microbiological diagnosis of TB was carried out in the city of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia from December 2017 to December 2018. The clinical spectrum and sensitivity profile of M. tuberculosis to first-line anti-TB drugs were characterized by phenotypic tests and molecular markers of resistance. Confidence intervals were calculated for the estimates. Statistical significance was considered at P≤0.05. Results: A total of 101 patients were analyzed. 8.91% (95% CI: 4.16-16.24%) of the study population were immigrants. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) occurred more frequently among immigrants than in the native population (44.44%; 95% CI 13.70-78.80% vs. 4.49%; 95% CI 1.24-11.11%; P=0.002). The immigrants also had a higher frequency of cases with resistance (15.22 vs. 44.44%; P=0.051) and undesired outcomes, such as therapeutic failure (8.70% vs. 33.33%; P=0.001) and death (4.35% vs. 44.44%; P=0.001). Conclusion: Immigrant TB patients were more likely to present particular clinical characteristics, such as HIV coinfection, malnutrition, constitutional manifestations, extrapulmonary spread, the presence of caverns, and undesired outcomes.","PeriodicalId":32539,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health","volume":"8 1","pages":"100-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46666074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: High altitude destinations are popular among international travelers. Travel medicine practitioners should be familiar with altitude physiology and high altitude illness recognition, prophylaxis, and management. We performed the first bibliometric analysis of high altitude medicine research. Methods: All articles published in a specialist high altitude medicine journal through April 2020 were mapped against the 34 domains in a theoretical body of knowledge. Citation counts of articles, as well as authors publishing the most articles, were obtained from Scopus. Collaboration analysis was performed using established methods. Results: Mapping of 1150 articles published from 2000 to 2020 identified the leading domains represented by high altitude medicine articles. The top five domains were altitude acclimatization and deterioration (19.4%, n=510); cardiovascular physiology (6.8%, n=180); work at altitude (6.6%, n = 174); acute mountain sickness (6.4%, n=169); respiratory and acid-base physiology (5.9%, n=155). Published articles attracted a total of 13,324 citations, with a mean of 11.6 citations per article. The average number of citations per author was 22.3. The USA was the most productive country with 432 publications (37.6%), followed by the UK (9.5%, n=109) and Switzerland (5.6%, n=64). The collaboration index for multi-authored publications increased from 3.8 in 2002 to 5.4 in 2019. Conclusion: We have performed the first comprehensive bibliometric analysis in high altitude medicine. Efforts to increase the research activity in neglected topics and to promote greater collaboration between high altitude medicine and related fields of study such as travel medicine may be worthwhile.
{"title":"View From Above: Bibliometric and Citation Analysis of Global High Altitude Medicine Research","authors":"C. H. Liew, G. Flaherty","doi":"10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.19","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Introduction: High altitude destinations are popular among international travelers. Travel medicine practitioners should be familiar with altitude physiology and high altitude illness recognition, prophylaxis, and management. We performed the first bibliometric analysis of high altitude medicine research. Methods: All articles published in a specialist high altitude medicine journal through April 2020 were mapped against the 34 domains in a theoretical body of knowledge. Citation counts of articles, as well as authors publishing the most articles, were obtained from Scopus. Collaboration analysis was performed using established methods. Results: Mapping of 1150 articles published from 2000 to 2020 identified the leading domains represented by high altitude medicine articles. The top five domains were altitude acclimatization and deterioration (19.4%, n=510); cardiovascular physiology (6.8%, n=180); work at altitude (6.6%, n = 174); acute mountain sickness (6.4%, n=169); respiratory and acid-base physiology (5.9%, n=155). Published articles attracted a total of 13,324 citations, with a mean of 11.6 citations per article. The average number of citations per author was 22.3. The USA was the most productive country with 432 publications (37.6%), followed by the UK (9.5%, n=109) and Switzerland (5.6%, n=64). The collaboration index for multi-authored publications increased from 3.8 in 2002 to 5.4 in 2019. Conclusion: We have performed the first comprehensive bibliometric analysis in high altitude medicine. Efforts to increase the research activity in neglected topics and to promote greater collaboration between high altitude medicine and related fields of study such as travel medicine may be worthwhile.","PeriodicalId":32539,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48900492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noor Ani Ahmad, Chong Zhuo Lin, Sunita Abd Rahman, Muhammad Haikal bin Ghazali, Ezy Eriyani Nadzari, Zazarida Zakiman, Suziana Redzuan, Salina Md Taib, M. Kassim, Wan Noraini Wan Mohamed Noor
Introduction: Rapid public health response is important in controlling the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we described the public health response received by the Ministry of Health of Malaysia in managing the first local transmission cluster of COVID-19 related to mass-gathering and inter-state traveling to celebrate a festival. Methods: We summarized strategies implemented by the Malaysia Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (CPRC) in managing the first local transmission of COVID-19. We collected information related to the epidemiological investigation of this cluster and described the inter-state network in managing the outbreak. Results: This first local transmission of COVID-19 in Malaysia had a history of contact with her older brother, the index case, who was the first Malaysian imported case. Only two positive cases were detected out of 59 contacts traced from the index case. Close contacts with infected person/s, inter-state movement, and public/family gatherings were identified as the sources of transmission. A large number of contacts were traced from inter-state traveling, and family gatherings during the festive season, and health consultations and treatment. Conclusion: Close contacts from inter-state movement and public/family gatherings were identified as the source of transmission. Family or public gatherings during festivals or religious events should be prohibited or controlled in COVID-19 prevalent areas. A structured surveillance system with rapid contact tracing is significant in controlling the transmission of COVID-19 in the community.
{"title":"First Local Transmission Cluster of COVID-19 in Malaysia: Public Health Response","authors":"Noor Ani Ahmad, Chong Zhuo Lin, Sunita Abd Rahman, Muhammad Haikal bin Ghazali, Ezy Eriyani Nadzari, Zazarida Zakiman, Suziana Redzuan, Salina Md Taib, M. Kassim, Wan Noraini Wan Mohamed Noor","doi":"10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Rapid public health response is important in controlling the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we described the public health response received by the Ministry of Health of Malaysia in managing the first local transmission cluster of COVID-19 related to mass-gathering and inter-state traveling to celebrate a festival. Methods: We summarized strategies implemented by the Malaysia Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (CPRC) in managing the first local transmission of COVID-19. We collected information related to the epidemiological investigation of this cluster and described the inter-state network in managing the outbreak. Results: This first local transmission of COVID-19 in Malaysia had a history of contact with her older brother, the index case, who was the first Malaysian imported case. Only two positive cases were detected out of 59 contacts traced from the index case. Close contacts with infected person/s, inter-state movement, and public/family gatherings were identified as the sources of transmission. A large number of contacts were traced from inter-state traveling, and family gatherings during the festive season, and health consultations and treatment. Conclusion: Close contacts from inter-state movement and public/family gatherings were identified as the source of transmission. Family or public gatherings during festivals or religious events should be prohibited or controlled in COVID-19 prevalent areas. A structured surveillance system with rapid contact tracing is significant in controlling the transmission of COVID-19 in the community.","PeriodicalId":32539,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health","volume":"8 1","pages":"124-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41820351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the years, the African continent has had to battle several outbreaks of infectious diseases in different countries. Some of the most deadly were the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks that occurred in West Africa between 2014 and 2016 affecting Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone and, more recently, from 2018 to 2020 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important that as a continent, we draw lessons and insights from our past experiences to guide outbreak response strategies being deployed to curb the latest onslaught. The Ebola outbreaks have shown that disease outbreaks should not be seen only as medical emergencies, but as full blown humanitarian crises, because oftentimes, their socio-economic impacts are more devastating than the more obvious cost to life. In this mini-review, we explore the possible humanitarian costs of the COVID-19 pandemic on the African continent by looking through the lens of our past experiences with the EVD outbreaks, highlighting how the current pandemic could significantly affect the African economy, food security, and vulnerable demographics, like children and the sexual and reproductive health and rights of women and girls. We then proffer recommendations that could be instrumental in preventing a double tragedy involving the devastating health consequences of the virus itself and the deadly fallout from its multi-sectoral knock-on effects in African countries.
{"title":"COVID-19 Outbreak in Africa: Lessons and Insights from the West African Ebola Virus Disease Epidemics","authors":"O. Adesanya","doi":"10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.17","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, the African continent has had to battle several outbreaks of infectious diseases in different countries. Some of the most deadly were the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks that occurred in West Africa between 2014 and 2016 affecting Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone and, more recently, from 2018 to 2020 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important that as a continent, we draw lessons and insights from our past experiences to guide outbreak response strategies being deployed to curb the latest onslaught. The Ebola outbreaks have shown that disease outbreaks should not be seen only as medical emergencies, but as full blown humanitarian crises, because oftentimes, their socio-economic impacts are more devastating than the more obvious cost to life. In this mini-review, we explore the possible humanitarian costs of the COVID-19 pandemic on the African continent by looking through the lens of our past experiences with the EVD outbreaks, highlighting how the current pandemic could significantly affect the African economy, food security, and vulnerable demographics, like children and the sexual and reproductive health and rights of women and girls. We then proffer recommendations that could be instrumental in preventing a double tragedy involving the devastating health consequences of the virus itself and the deadly fallout from its multi-sectoral knock-on effects in African countries.","PeriodicalId":32539,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health","volume":"8 1","pages":"96-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49259984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shahin Jafarpoor, M. Abedini, F. Eghbal, A. Saburi
Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), or COVID-19, is a pandemic infectious disease involved all over the world. Its mortality, especially in cases with additional co-morbidities, is so high that is has attracted the attention of the world. Diabetes mellitus is known as one of its risk factors for mortality. Case Presentation: A unique case of pediatrics COVID-19 who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is reported in this manuscript as the first presentation. He presented with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. RT-PCR test for COVID-19 via nasal swab was performed, and a positive diagnosis was obtained. Chest CT scan confirmed the diagnosis with multifocal bilateral patchy consolidation. Case was discharged after usual treatment of COVID-19. Conclusion: In pediatrics, this disease can be subtle and have a confusion presentation, but it should be controlled to avoid spread of the disease.
{"title":"The First Presentation of Pediatric COVID-19 With Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Unique Case Report","authors":"Shahin Jafarpoor, M. Abedini, F. Eghbal, A. Saburi","doi":"10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), or COVID-19, is a pandemic infectious disease involved all over the world. Its mortality, especially in cases with additional co-morbidities, is so high that is has attracted the attention of the world. Diabetes mellitus is known as one of its risk factors for mortality. Case Presentation: A unique case of pediatrics COVID-19 who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is reported in this manuscript as the first presentation. He presented with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. RT-PCR test for COVID-19 via nasal swab was performed, and a positive diagnosis was obtained. Chest CT scan confirmed the diagnosis with multifocal bilateral patchy consolidation. Case was discharged after usual treatment of COVID-19. Conclusion: In pediatrics, this disease can be subtle and have a confusion presentation, but it should be controlled to avoid spread of the disease.","PeriodicalId":32539,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health","volume":"8 1","pages":"131-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43851357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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