Women constitute about 50% of the world population and contribute about 75% to subsistence production. On the other hand, they earn one tenth of the world’s income and they own one hundredth of the world’s property including land. In Ethiopia, as in most parts of the world, women’s role in the socio-economic activities is high, but they have less access basic resources than men do. Therefore, the enhancement of women’s participation in all spheres of life has become a key issue in development discourses, which ratifies socio-economic development, cannot be fully achieved without the active participation of women. The primary economic activity of Ethiopia is agriculture which greatly depends on family labor where women play crucial role. Majorities of the rural populations are engaged in agricultural cooperatives, which is the business owned and controlled by the people to meet peoples’ common requirements. Hence, this article explored women participation status and associated factors influencing their participation in agricultural cooperatives. Although the feminist theory proved that women and men have equal potential for individual development, the fruits that go to women are by far very low. The review identified that culture/customs, heavy work load and lack of time, lack of capital/credit, gender differentials, lack of education and training, lack of access to key economic resources, laws and rules, lack of access to property ownership, income generation and purchasing power as determinant factors influencing women participation in agricultural cooperatives. Therefore, to improve the situation, proposed interventions have to be made include: creating awareness through education and training to bring attitudinal change in the society, encouraging women participation, making different types of credit accessible, following the implementation of laws and rules as designed. For that matter, government organs at all levels and other stakeholders ought to work to attract more women to the cooperative members and also to bring them to the decision making positions. Keywords: Agriculture; Contribution; Cooperative; Determinants; Participation; Women DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/61-03 Publication date: September 30 th 2020
{"title":"Exploration of Contributions of Women in Rural Development and Determinant Factors Influencing Their Participation, The Case of Agricultural Cooperatives in Ethiopia","authors":"Desalegn Fekadu Etefa","doi":"10.7176/jcsd/61-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jcsd/61-03","url":null,"abstract":"Women constitute about 50% of the world population and contribute about 75% to subsistence production. On the other hand, they earn one tenth of the world’s income and they own one hundredth of the world’s property including land. In Ethiopia, as in most parts of the world, women’s role in the socio-economic activities is high, but they have less access basic resources than men do. Therefore, the enhancement of women’s participation in all spheres of life has become a key issue in development discourses, which ratifies socio-economic development, cannot be fully achieved without the active participation of women. The primary economic activity of Ethiopia is agriculture which greatly depends on family labor where women play crucial role. Majorities of the rural populations are engaged in agricultural cooperatives, which is the business owned and controlled by the people to meet peoples’ common requirements. Hence, this article explored women participation status and associated factors influencing their participation in agricultural cooperatives. Although the feminist theory proved that women and men have equal potential for individual development, the fruits that go to women are by far very low. The review identified that culture/customs, heavy work load and lack of time, lack of capital/credit, gender differentials, lack of education and training, lack of access to key economic resources, laws and rules, lack of access to property ownership, income generation and purchasing power as determinant factors influencing women participation in agricultural cooperatives. Therefore, to improve the situation, proposed interventions have to be made include: creating awareness through education and training to bring attitudinal change in the society, encouraging women participation, making different types of credit accessible, following the implementation of laws and rules as designed. For that matter, government organs at all levels and other stakeholders ought to work to attract more women to the cooperative members and also to bring them to the decision making positions. Keywords: Agriculture; Contribution; Cooperative; Determinants; Participation; Women DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/61-03 Publication date: September 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":326484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Culture, Society and Development","volume":"62 16","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120887366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Disability mainstreaming program is a newfangled strategy devised to enhance the rights of PWDs and create disability-inclusive development. As the program is new, in Ethiopia researches on its practice are limited. Therefore, to increase body of knowledge towards the program, this case study research conducted on the practice of disability mainstreaming in account of challenges for implementation among three selected government organizations of Bahir Dar city. Interview and FGDs were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis technique. As the findings revealed, there are visible and encouraging trends regarding the practice of disability mainstreaming. Study sectors strive for disability-inclusive development through devising appropriate programs, building human capacity, creating linkages, appointing disability focal person and developing manuals and checklists. Although, there are the aforementioned initiations in practicing disability mainstreaming, some deterring factors put a shadow on these efforts. Factors like, absence of ministry for disability issues, dearth of involvement of PWDs and DPOs, absence of budgeting and institutional and team loafing restrained the practice of mainstreaming. Besides, in the study sectors the practice of mainstreaming affected by lack of awareness, slack follow-up and nominal power of responsible organizations, poor documentation and reporting and hopelessness and sentimentality. The study recommends awareness creation activities have to be done to change the pejorative attitudes of service providers and passive character of service users. Collaborative efforts should be implemented by different stakeholders to realize the effectiveness of the program. Besides, newfangled and all-inclusive trainings should be given for managers, disability focal persons, staffs and service users to facilitate opportunities for disability equality. Keywords: Disability Mainstreaming, Disability, Peoples with Disabilities, Inclusive Development, Bahir Dar DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/61-04 Publication date: September 30 th 2020
残疾主流化计划是一项新的战略，旨在加强残疾人士的权利，创造包容残疾的发展。由于该方案是新的，在埃塞俄比亚研究其实践是有限的。因此，为了增加对该计划的知识体系，本案例研究针对巴希尔达尔市三个选定的政府组织在实施过程中面临的挑战，对残疾主流化的实践进行了研究。采用访谈法和fgd法收集数据。采用专题分析技术对收集的数据进行分析。调查结果显示，在将残疾问题纳入主流的做法方面出现了明显和令人鼓舞的趋势。研究部门通过制定适当的方案、建设人员能力、建立联系、任命残疾人联络人以及编制手册和清单，努力实现残疾人包容性发展。虽然在实践残障主流化方面有上述的一些倡议，但一些阻碍因素给这些努力蒙上了阴影。缺少负责残疾问题的部门、缺乏残疾人士和残疾人士的参与、缺乏预算以及机构和团队的懒散等因素限制了主流化的实践。此外，在研究部门，主流化的做法受到缺乏认识、松懈的后续行动和负责组织名义上的权力、不良的文件和报告以及绝望和多愁善感的影响。该研究建议，必须开展提高认识的活动，以改变服务提供者的轻蔑态度和服务使用者的被动性格。为了实现项目的有效性，不同的利益相关者应该共同努力。此外，还应对管理人员、残疾人联络人、工作人员和服务使用者进行新颖、全面的培训，为残疾人平等创造机会。关键词:残疾主流化，残疾，残疾人，包容性发展，Bahir Dar DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/61-04出版日期:2020年9月30日
{"title":"Disability Mainstreaming: Practices and Challenges among Selected Governmental Organizations of Bahir Dar City Administration","authors":"A. Adamu","doi":"10.7176/jcsd/61-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jcsd/61-04","url":null,"abstract":"Disability mainstreaming program is a newfangled strategy devised to enhance the rights of PWDs and create disability-inclusive development. As the program is new, in Ethiopia researches on its practice are limited. Therefore, to increase body of knowledge towards the program, this case study research conducted on the practice of disability mainstreaming in account of challenges for implementation among three selected government organizations of Bahir Dar city. Interview and FGDs were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis technique. As the findings revealed, there are visible and encouraging trends regarding the practice of disability mainstreaming. Study sectors strive for disability-inclusive development through devising appropriate programs, building human capacity, creating linkages, appointing disability focal person and developing manuals and checklists. Although, there are the aforementioned initiations in practicing disability mainstreaming, some deterring factors put a shadow on these efforts. Factors like, absence of ministry for disability issues, dearth of involvement of PWDs and DPOs, absence of budgeting and institutional and team loafing restrained the practice of mainstreaming. Besides, in the study sectors the practice of mainstreaming affected by lack of awareness, slack follow-up and nominal power of responsible organizations, poor documentation and reporting and hopelessness and sentimentality. The study recommends awareness creation activities have to be done to change the pejorative attitudes of service providers and passive character of service users. Collaborative efforts should be implemented by different stakeholders to realize the effectiveness of the program. Besides, newfangled and all-inclusive trainings should be given for managers, disability focal persons, staffs and service users to facilitate opportunities for disability equality. Keywords: Disability Mainstreaming, Disability, Peoples with Disabilities, Inclusive Development, Bahir Dar DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/61-04 Publication date: September 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":326484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Culture, Society and Development","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121671053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper argues for an ethical consideration of value pluralism, which advocates for consideration and respect of differing values that emanate from diverging contexts and positionalities. Advancements in medical health research has resulted in tremendous increase in national and international collaborations, though with exploitative tendencies. Exploitation in collaborative research is however, avoidable if expected research benefits and burdens are shared fairly. Power imbalance dynamics from global north to south impound the ethical principle of fairness. The appreciation of multiplicity of values/benefits that are distinct, creates room for an embrace of the principle of autonomy which safeguards exploitation, by appreciating heterogeneous identity. Keywords: Benefit and burden sharing, Collaborative research, Exploitation, Fairness/Justice, Value pluralism, heterogeneous identity DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/61-05 Publication date: September 30 th 2020
{"title":"Rethinking Value Pluralism in the Ethics of Sharing Benefits and Burdens in Collaborative Research","authors":"Telesia K. Musili","doi":"10.7176/jcsd/61-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jcsd/61-05","url":null,"abstract":"The paper argues for an ethical consideration of value pluralism, which advocates for consideration and respect of differing values that emanate from diverging contexts and positionalities. Advancements in medical health research has resulted in tremendous increase in national and international collaborations, though with exploitative tendencies. Exploitation in collaborative research is however, avoidable if expected research benefits and burdens are shared fairly. Power imbalance dynamics from global north to south impound the ethical principle of fairness. The appreciation of multiplicity of values/benefits that are distinct, creates room for an embrace of the principle of autonomy which safeguards exploitation, by appreciating heterogeneous identity. Keywords: Benefit and burden sharing, Collaborative research, Exploitation, Fairness/Justice, Value pluralism, heterogeneous identity DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/61-05 Publication date: September 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":326484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Culture, Society and Development","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132964861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was designed to assess the Women Entrepreneurs Failure Factors in the Case of Gojjam Zones. In particular the study investigated how Individual reason, Competition, General environment and corporate policy affect women entrepreneurs in small businesses. Therefore to understand and analyze business failure factors a case of Women Entrepreneurs in the case of Gojjam Zones, the researchers have adopted a quantitative research approach. The researcher collects data through questioner. Information from the participants was analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences. For this study the target populations are business companies operating in Gojjam Zones for the last five years (from 2006-2010 as of Ethiopian Calendar). Do you to data unavailability we failed to know exactly the number of women owned/managed business in the two zones/West Gojjam & East Gojjam/, the Sample Size of this study is determined using Infinite Population (where the population is greater than 50,000) sample size determination formula of Godden, (2004). Based on the formula A sample of 384 women entrepreneurs was chosen for the study. Both tables and frequency distributions were utilized to draw valid conclusions. From the study that individual characteristics/Motivations, managerial skills, knowledge & experience, and fear of failure/ of a woman were statistically significant at 5% level of significance. And hence immediate environment factors are significant at 5% level of significance and thus these variables have an effect on women entrepreneurs’ business failure. But availability of infrastructure and government incentives were found to be statistically insignificant. Finally depicts existence of marketing strategy, financing strategy incentives to motivate employees, and cooperation among partners are statically significant at 5% level of significance thus they have an effect on business failure. However, withdrawal of a partner is not a significant variable. Keywords: Ethiopian, Entrepreneurs, failure factors, Women, business DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/61-02 Publication date: September 30 th 2020
{"title":"The Women Entrepreneurs Failure Factors in the Case of Gojjam Zones","authors":"Getaneh Yenealem Ayene","doi":"10.7176/jpid/55-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jpid/55-04","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to assess the Women Entrepreneurs Failure Factors in the Case of Gojjam Zones. In particular the study investigated how Individual reason, Competition, General environment and corporate policy affect women entrepreneurs in small businesses. Therefore to understand and analyze business failure factors a case of Women Entrepreneurs in the case of Gojjam Zones, the researchers have adopted a quantitative research approach. The researcher collects data through questioner. Information from the participants was analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences. For this study the target populations are business companies operating in Gojjam Zones for the last five years (from 2006-2010 as of Ethiopian Calendar). Do you to data unavailability we failed to know exactly the number of women owned/managed business in the two zones/West Gojjam & East Gojjam/, the Sample Size of this study is determined using Infinite Population (where the population is greater than 50,000) sample size determination formula of Godden, (2004). Based on the formula A sample of 384 women entrepreneurs was chosen for the study. Both tables and frequency distributions were utilized to draw valid conclusions. From the study that individual characteristics/Motivations, managerial skills, knowledge & experience, and fear of failure/ of a woman were statistically significant at 5% level of significance. And hence immediate environment factors are significant at 5% level of significance and thus these variables have an effect on women entrepreneurs’ business failure. But availability of infrastructure and government incentives were found to be statistically insignificant. Finally depicts existence of marketing strategy, financing strategy incentives to motivate employees, and cooperation among partners are statically significant at 5% level of significance thus they have an effect on business failure. However, withdrawal of a partner is not a significant variable. Keywords: Ethiopian, Entrepreneurs, failure factors, Women, business DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/61-02 Publication date: September 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":326484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Culture, Society and Development","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115778842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The issue of women on management position is gaining attention globally. Governments signed major human right treaties including the most important women’s conventions to improve women’s participation in management positions. Even though the government’s effort to provide equal opportunities for women and design non-discriminatory policies, the existences of glass ceiling practices undermine their progress. The objective of the study was examining factors influencing women representation in leadership positions in Ensaro woreda public sectors. To achieve the objective of the study 203 representative samples have taken trough proportionate stratified sampling method. And a series of statistical analysis have done. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the existing situation of women’s representation of leadership in the public sectors, whereas, inferential statistics were used to investigate the association of women’s representation with the set of predictor variables. Binary logistic regression result shows that cultural belief and attitude, insufficient capacity building, lack of professional training, inflexible working hours, inadequate experience, family commitments, inadequate job knowledge, inadequate academic qualification, lack of motivation and interests, limited access of advanced education and overall organizational culture have a significant effect on the under representation of women’s leadership in public sectors. The study finding revealed that organizational and personal factors seem to have major contributors as compared to societal factors that hindered women representation in leadership position in public sectors. Finally, it is recommended that; awareness creation and counselling service should have given about gender equality, public sectors should be committed to encouraging women’s to have a leadership positions, capacity building and special training should be given for women to increase the number of women leaders. Keywords: Participation of women in leadership, societal factor, organizational factor, personal factor, Ensaro woreda public sectors. DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/60-02 Publication date: June 30 th 2020
{"title":"Factors Influencing Women’s Representation in Leadership Positions: In Case of Ensaro Woreda Public Service Sectors, Amhara Region, Ethiopia","authors":"B. Ketema","doi":"10.7176/jcsd/60-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jcsd/60-02","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of women on management position is gaining attention globally. Governments signed major human right treaties including the most important women’s conventions to improve women’s participation in management positions. Even though the government’s effort to provide equal opportunities for women and design non-discriminatory policies, the existences of glass ceiling practices undermine their progress. The objective of the study was examining factors influencing women representation in leadership positions in Ensaro woreda public sectors. To achieve the objective of the study 203 representative samples have taken trough proportionate stratified sampling method. And a series of statistical analysis have done. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the existing situation of women’s representation of leadership in the public sectors, whereas, inferential statistics were used to investigate the association of women’s representation with the set of predictor variables. Binary logistic regression result shows that cultural belief and attitude, insufficient capacity building, lack of professional training, inflexible working hours, inadequate experience, family commitments, inadequate job knowledge, inadequate academic qualification, lack of motivation and interests, limited access of advanced education and overall organizational culture have a significant effect on the under representation of women’s leadership in public sectors. The study finding revealed that organizational and personal factors seem to have major contributors as compared to societal factors that hindered women representation in leadership position in public sectors. Finally, it is recommended that; awareness creation and counselling service should have given about gender equality, public sectors should be committed to encouraging women’s to have a leadership positions, capacity building and special training should be given for women to increase the number of women leaders. Keywords: Participation of women in leadership, societal factor, organizational factor, personal factor, Ensaro woreda public sectors. DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/60-02 Publication date: June 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":326484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Culture, Society and Development","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115092644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Throughout history, great nations have been built and great developmental strides attained, not by inchoate policies or untailored measures, but by well-articulated systematic policies of sustained development. For Africa, development policies and programmes must be circumscribed by a clear understanding of the crucial role of the forces of cultural and economic security on the development process. Given the giant leap in economic, political and social development by other developing continents vis-a-vis Africa, it has become imperative to ponder these questions: Do African cultures encumber or foster Africa’s economic development? Is Africa’s leadership challenge rooted in her cultural heritage? Despite huge natural resources and potentials, the crisis of Africa’s poverty and underdevelopment juxtaposing corrupt and inept national leadership warrants a reassessment of the trajectories of Africa’s development. Indigenous peoples' cultures and their knowledge systems have had a determinative effect on the lives, socioeconomic development trajectory and pace of development of Africans. Yet, these cultures and their knowledge systems have been largely misunderstood, incompletely developed or even ignored by conventional models of economic development. Understanding the crucial role of the dynamics of culture and security in economic development of nation states is important, especially given global commitment to democracy, human rights and pluralism (political, religious and cultural). This paper identifies the cultural challenges that cause the success or failure of national development in Africa. It prescribes the synthesis and remodelling of the apparatuses of cultural and economic security in the bid to foster economic development in the region. Keywords: Africa, Culture, Cultural Infrastructure, Cultural Security, Economic Security, Economic development, Indigenous knowledge systems, Nigeria DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/60-05 Publication date: June 30 th 2020
{"title":"Culture and Economic Security in Africa: Analysis and Implications of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","authors":"W. Herbert","doi":"10.7176/jcsd/60-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jcsd/60-05","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout history, great nations have been built and great developmental strides attained, not by inchoate policies or untailored measures, but by well-articulated systematic policies of sustained development. For Africa, development policies and programmes must be circumscribed by a clear understanding of the crucial role of the forces of cultural and economic security on the development process. Given the giant leap in economic, political and social development by other developing continents vis-a-vis Africa, it has become imperative to ponder these questions: Do African cultures encumber or foster Africa’s economic development? Is Africa’s leadership challenge rooted in her cultural heritage? Despite huge natural resources and potentials, the crisis of Africa’s poverty and underdevelopment juxtaposing corrupt and inept national leadership warrants a reassessment of the trajectories of Africa’s development. Indigenous peoples' cultures and their knowledge systems have had a determinative effect on the lives, socioeconomic development trajectory and pace of development of Africans. Yet, these cultures and their knowledge systems have been largely misunderstood, incompletely developed or even ignored by conventional models of economic development. Understanding the crucial role of the dynamics of culture and security in economic development of nation states is important, especially given global commitment to democracy, human rights and pluralism (political, religious and cultural). This paper identifies the cultural challenges that cause the success or failure of national development in Africa. It prescribes the synthesis and remodelling of the apparatuses of cultural and economic security in the bid to foster economic development in the region. Keywords: Africa, Culture, Cultural Infrastructure, Cultural Security, Economic Security, Economic development, Indigenous knowledge systems, Nigeria DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/60-05 Publication date: June 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":326484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Culture, Society and Development","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132434156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper reports an ethnographic study of music making and ban on drumming among the Winneba people of Ghana. Despite the volume of research on the use of music for several occasions in the African community, much attention has not been given to the observance of complete silence as part of the life of some African Societies. This paper discusses the place of ban on drumming in a community where music making permeates the lives of the people. It sought to document how the period of silence is negotiated in the contemporary society. Through purposive sampling and snowballing, traditional leaders and priests, members of historical missionary churches, and those of the Pentecostal/Charismatic orientation were interviewed and their activities within the period of the ban observed. Observance of the ban was, however, not uniform among the Christians. While the mission churches have a policy of accommodating local tradition and to observe the ban by reducing the intensity of music making during the period, the Pentecostal/Charismatic churches, however, insist on not observing the ban, because of its association with traditional deities. The paper reveals that though music forms an important part of the life of the Winneba people in Ghana just as most African communities, ban on drumming is not only a belief that had purely been held as a traditional custom from ancestors, it also conveys the principle of silence, which is beneficial to humans in many respects. Keywords : Effutu, ban on drumming, Winneba, social stability DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/60-04 Publication date: June 30 th 2020
{"title":"Music Making and Ban on Drumming Among the Winneba People of Ghana","authors":"E. Acquah, Augusta Arko-Mensah, M. Jnr","doi":"10.7176/jcsd/60-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jcsd/60-04","url":null,"abstract":"The paper reports an ethnographic study of music making and ban on drumming among the Winneba people of Ghana. Despite the volume of research on the use of music for several occasions in the African community, much attention has not been given to the observance of complete silence as part of the life of some African Societies. This paper discusses the place of ban on drumming in a community where music making permeates the lives of the people. It sought to document how the period of silence is negotiated in the contemporary society. Through purposive sampling and snowballing, traditional leaders and priests, members of historical missionary churches, and those of the Pentecostal/Charismatic orientation were interviewed and their activities within the period of the ban observed. Observance of the ban was, however, not uniform among the Christians. While the mission churches have a policy of accommodating local tradition and to observe the ban by reducing the intensity of music making during the period, the Pentecostal/Charismatic churches, however, insist on not observing the ban, because of its association with traditional deities. The paper reveals that though music forms an important part of the life of the Winneba people in Ghana just as most African communities, ban on drumming is not only a belief that had purely been held as a traditional custom from ancestors, it also conveys the principle of silence, which is beneficial to humans in many respects. Keywords : Effutu, ban on drumming, Winneba, social stability DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/60-04 Publication date: June 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":326484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Culture, Society and Development","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130908790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People argue that religion hinders socio economic development confined to non working saint days while there are a number of works being done in these days that are equivalent to “working” days. The overall objective of this study is to examine the role of religious practices to rural community development with a particular reference to Ethiopian Orthodox Church Monasteries, particularly Sellasie Monastery of Debre Elias Woreda, East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region. A cross-sectional study design and qualitative research approach was used emphasizing on a phenomological methodology. Hence, in-depth interviews, Key informant interview, Focus Group Discussions and Field observation have been used to collect primary data. Study participants were selected from ascetic members, services users and surrounding community residents of the study monastery by using purposive sampling. The major finding indicates that hard work is considered as healing and rehabilitation mechanism and activities being undertaken in the study monastery have an influence on livelihoods, social attachments and psycho-social conditions of the communities. Attendants in the monastery and surrounding rural communities have being educated and baptized to be well and productive members. Moreover, the monastery has established practical income generating activities for residents of both monastic and surrounding community farmers. In general, the religious practices in the study area have been playing great role in the reduction of poverty and harmful traditional practices (including criminal acts), and for the improvement of health, community mobilization, social solidarity and therefore economic development of surrounding rural communities. Keywords : Religion, religious practice, Monastery, Community development DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/60-03 Publication date: June 30 th 2020
人们认为，宗教阻碍了社会经济的发展，仅限于非工作圣日，而在这些日子里，有许多工作正在进行，相当于“工作”日。本研究的总目标是审查宗教习俗对农村社区发展的作用，特别涉及埃塞俄比亚东正教修道院，特别是阿姆哈拉地区东Gojjam区Debre Elias worreda的Sellasie修道院。采用横断面研究设计和定性研究方法，强调现象学方法。因此，采用深度访谈、关键信息提供者访谈、焦点小组讨论和实地观察来收集原始数据。研究对象采用目的抽样的方法，从研究修道院的苦行僧、服务使用者和周边社区居民中选取。主要发现表明，努力工作被认为是一种治疗和康复机制，在研究修道院开展的活动对社区的生计、社会依恋和心理社会状况产生了影响。修道院和周边农村社区的侍从已经接受了教育和洗礼，成为健康和有生产力的成员。此外，修道院还为修道院居民和周围的社区农民建立了切实可行的创收活动。总的来说，研究地区的宗教习俗在减少贫困和有害传统习俗(包括犯罪行为)、改善健康、社区动员、社会团结以及周边农村社区的经济发展方面发挥了巨大作用。关键词:宗教，宗教实践，修道院，社区发展DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/60-03出版日期:2020年6月30日
{"title":"The Nexus Between Religious Practices and Rural Community Development in Ethiopia: The Study of Ethiopian Orthodox Church Monasteries Experience","authors":"Menberu Bekabil Workneh","doi":"10.7176/jcsd/60-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jcsd/60-03","url":null,"abstract":"People argue that religion hinders socio economic development confined to non working saint days while there are a number of works being done in these days that are equivalent to “working” days. The overall objective of this study is to examine the role of religious practices to rural community development with a particular reference to Ethiopian Orthodox Church Monasteries, particularly Sellasie Monastery of Debre Elias Woreda, East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region. A cross-sectional study design and qualitative research approach was used emphasizing on a phenomological methodology. Hence, in-depth interviews, Key informant interview, Focus Group Discussions and Field observation have been used to collect primary data. Study participants were selected from ascetic members, services users and surrounding community residents of the study monastery by using purposive sampling. The major finding indicates that hard work is considered as healing and rehabilitation mechanism and activities being undertaken in the study monastery have an influence on livelihoods, social attachments and psycho-social conditions of the communities. Attendants in the monastery and surrounding rural communities have being educated and baptized to be well and productive members. Moreover, the monastery has established practical income generating activities for residents of both monastic and surrounding community farmers. In general, the religious practices in the study area have been playing great role in the reduction of poverty and harmful traditional practices (including criminal acts), and for the improvement of health, community mobilization, social solidarity and therefore economic development of surrounding rural communities. Keywords : Religion, religious practice, Monastery, Community development DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/60-03 Publication date: June 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":326484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Culture, Society and Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126076203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diversification is a matter of survival for most poor pastoralists, where as for the relatively wealthy pastoralists it is a strategy of accumulation or investment (Fiona, 2007). Both men & women pastoralists participate in income generating activities. However, their participation in income generation activities compounded with many constraints. This article explores the major challenges and opportunities of hand craft production among Afar women pastoralists. In a general term, the study employed descriptive research design. Consequently, survey questionnaire was administered for a total of 24 women pastoralist and agro pastoralist of Berga kebele.Handicraft production is an important source of income pastoralists (especially women). However, the potential of this commercial avenue has not been fully realized. Some reasons for this include; limited market, lack of storage and production areas, shortage of finance for the purchase of quality raw materials and production equipment; and lack of skills for improved production.Traditionally, handicrafts were only produced for household use and for gifts. The community has realized that tourists and other visitors are interested in buying these items and that they can generate an income. Household items, leatherwork, carpets and ropes and traditional weaponry are popular with visitors to the region. Most of the traditional handicrafts are produced using locally available palm tree leaves. The Afar mostly use brass or bronze to create jewelry.The Regional culture and tourism bureau should arrange cultural exhibitions and promote these cultural produces at federal and international levels that increase economic incomes of households and popularize their products.All stakeholders including women and Youth bureau, cooperative offices and pastoral agriculture development bureau should work in collaboration in order to create market linkage with other traders.Research Institutions and Development agents should work closely to solve raw materials shortages and make accessible for them in their locality. In general, there should urgently need to organize the producers, establish microfinance/ rural saving and lending systems and provide training on improved production techniques and to create market channels. This will secure a more stable livelihood for the Afar people. Keywords: Afar, Pastoralism, Pastoralist Handcraft, Production, Women pastoralist DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/59-01 Publication date: May 31 st 2020
{"title":"Challenges and Opportunities of Handicraft Production Among Afar Women: The Case of Aysaita District","authors":"Mohammed Kemal","doi":"10.7176/jcsd/59-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jcsd/59-01","url":null,"abstract":"Diversification is a matter of survival for most poor pastoralists, where as for the relatively wealthy pastoralists it is a strategy of accumulation or investment (Fiona, 2007). Both men & women pastoralists participate in income generating activities. However, their participation in income generation activities compounded with many constraints. This article explores the major challenges and opportunities of hand craft production among Afar women pastoralists. In a general term, the study employed descriptive research design. Consequently, survey questionnaire was administered for a total of 24 women pastoralist and agro pastoralist of Berga kebele.Handicraft production is an important source of income pastoralists (especially women). However, the potential of this commercial avenue has not been fully realized. Some reasons for this include; limited market, lack of storage and production areas, shortage of finance for the purchase of quality raw materials and production equipment; and lack of skills for improved production.Traditionally, handicrafts were only produced for household use and for gifts. The community has realized that tourists and other visitors are interested in buying these items and that they can generate an income. Household items, leatherwork, carpets and ropes and traditional weaponry are popular with visitors to the region. Most of the traditional handicrafts are produced using locally available palm tree leaves. The Afar mostly use brass or bronze to create jewelry.The Regional culture and tourism bureau should arrange cultural exhibitions and promote these cultural produces at federal and international levels that increase economic incomes of households and popularize their products.All stakeholders including women and Youth bureau, cooperative offices and pastoral agriculture development bureau should work in collaboration in order to create market linkage with other traders.Research Institutions and Development agents should work closely to solve raw materials shortages and make accessible for them in their locality. In general, there should urgently need to organize the producers, establish microfinance/ rural saving and lending systems and provide training on improved production techniques and to create market channels. This will secure a more stable livelihood for the Afar people. Keywords: Afar, Pastoralism, Pastoralist Handcraft, Production, Women pastoralist DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/59-01 Publication date: May 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":326484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Culture, Society and Development","volume":"92 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123277727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elections in Nigeria have been characterized by high scale of electoral malpractices, money politics, electoral violence and the use of ethno-religious divide strategy by political elite in order to influence the majority votes, claimed and announced as authentic election winners, these phenomenon’s has dominate Nigerian electoral process since the return of democracy in Nigeria during 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015 elections. Electoral violence is one of the strategies employed by Nigerian politicians during electioneering period to win election by illegal and dubious means. Desperate challenges of democratic governance operations and poor attitude of our leaders in Nigeria whose fails to meet the public demand of protecting lives and property as well as citizens welfare provision, the power drunk politicians often sponsor unemployed youths and stark illiterates to carry out assaults on their perceived political opponents with a view to manipulating election results to their own advantage. Therefore, this paper discusses electoral violence in the context of religion and its implication for sustainable development. Since electoral violence has been the bane of political stability and development in Nigeria. The researcher has uses secondary source of data to reviewed various literature on the subject matter to investigate the problem of election violence connecting it with religious or ethnic factor differences and used Karl Marx’s dialectical materialism theory on the discussion of the problems of election violence in Nigeria. This paper has made an in-depth analysis of electoral violence in Nigeria with particular focus on the Fourth Republic. The paper was of the view that right application of religious teaching, moral values is considered to be a veritable tool for ensuring violence free elections, which will guaranteed development of democracy in Nigeria. Keywords: Electoral Violence, Electoral Security, Religious and Ethnic Difference DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/59-04 Publication date: May 31 st 2020
{"title":"Ethno-Religious Factor and the Menace of Election Violence in Nigeria","authors":"J. Yahaya, M. Bello","doi":"10.7176/jcsd/59-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jcsd/59-04","url":null,"abstract":"Elections in Nigeria have been characterized by high scale of electoral malpractices, money politics, electoral violence and the use of ethno-religious divide strategy by political elite in order to influence the majority votes, claimed and announced as authentic election winners, these phenomenon’s has dominate Nigerian electoral process since the return of democracy in Nigeria during 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015 elections. Electoral violence is one of the strategies employed by Nigerian politicians during electioneering period to win election by illegal and dubious means. Desperate challenges of democratic governance operations and poor attitude of our leaders in Nigeria whose fails to meet the public demand of protecting lives and property as well as citizens welfare provision, the power drunk politicians often sponsor unemployed youths and stark illiterates to carry out assaults on their perceived political opponents with a view to manipulating election results to their own advantage. Therefore, this paper discusses electoral violence in the context of religion and its implication for sustainable development. Since electoral violence has been the bane of political stability and development in Nigeria. The researcher has uses secondary source of data to reviewed various literature on the subject matter to investigate the problem of election violence connecting it with religious or ethnic factor differences and used Karl Marx’s dialectical materialism theory on the discussion of the problems of election violence in Nigeria. This paper has made an in-depth analysis of electoral violence in Nigeria with particular focus on the Fourth Republic. The paper was of the view that right application of religious teaching, moral values is considered to be a veritable tool for ensuring violence free elections, which will guaranteed development of democracy in Nigeria. Keywords: Electoral Violence, Electoral Security, Religious and Ethnic Difference DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/59-04 Publication date: May 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":326484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Culture, Society and Development","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131759822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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