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Cognitive reflection and endorsement of the “great replacement” conspiracy theory 对“大替代”阴谋论的认知反思与认同
Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.32872/spb.10825
Alexander Jedinger, Lena Masch, Axel M. Burger
According to the “great replacement” conspiracy theory, mass immigration to Europe and the U.S. is part of a secret plot to replace the autochthonous White and Christian population with non-White and Muslim immigrants. With the aim of exploring psychological factors that play a role in believing in the “great replacement” theory, the present research focused on individual differences in reflective thinking. Using data from a cross-sectional study (N = 906), we found that cognitive reflection was negatively associated with belief in the “great replacement” conspiracy theory, even when political ideology and sociodemographic characteristics were controlled in the analysis. The findings highlight the key role of reflective thinking in countering conspiracy theories.
根据“大更替”阴谋论,大规模移民到欧洲和美国是一个秘密阴谋的一部分,目的是用非白人和穆斯林移民取代本土的白人和基督徒人口。本研究旨在探讨影响“大替代”理论的心理因素,将研究重点放在反思思维的个体差异上。利用横断面研究(N = 906)的数据,我们发现认知反思与“大替代”阴谋论的信念呈负相关,即使在分析中控制了政治意识形态和社会人口特征。研究结果强调了反思性思维在对抗阴谋论中的关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Race-ethnicity and the big-fish-little-pond effect in the United States 美国的种族-民族和大鱼-小池塘效应
Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.32872/spb.10261
Tara L. Lesick, Ethan Zell
According to research on the big-fish-little-pond effect, students with a high rank in a low rank school have more favorable self-evaluations than students with a low rank in a high rank school. We examined whether this effect extends to a racial-ethnic context. Black and White adults in the United States completed a social perception test and were told that they had a high rank in a racial group that performed poorly or a low rank in a racial group that performed well. Black participants identified more strongly with their racial group than White participants. However, the big-fish-little-pond effect occurred and was similar in size across Black and White participants. These results suggest that the big-fish-little-pond effect generalizes to a racial-ethnic context and replicates across majority and minority group members.
根据大鱼小塘效应的研究,低等级学校的高等级学生比高等级学校的低等级学生有更有利的自我评价。我们研究了这种影响是否会延伸到种族-民族背景下。美国的黑人和白人成年人完成了一项社会认知测试,并被告知他们在一个表现不佳的种族群体中排名靠前,或在一个表现良好的种族群体中排名靠后。黑人参与者比白人参与者更强烈地认同自己的种族。然而,大鱼小塘效应在黑人和白人参与者中发生了,并且在大小上是相似的。这些结果表明,大鱼小塘效应可以推广到种族-民族背景下,并在多数和少数群体成员中复制。
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引用次数: 0
Among us: Fear of exploitation, suspiciousness, and social identity predict knowledge hiding among researchers 在我们中间:对剥削的恐惧、怀疑和社会认同预示着研究人员的知识隐藏
Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.32872/spb.10011
M. S. Altenmüller, Matthias Fligge, M. Gollwitzer
Knowledge hiding in academia—the reluctance to share one’s ideas, materials or knowledge with other researchers—is detrimental to scientific collaboration and harms scientific progress. In three studies, we tested whether (a) knowledge hiding can be predicted by researchers’ latent fear of being exploited (i.e., victim sensitivity), whether (b) this effect is mediated by researchers’ suspiciousness about their peers, and whether (c) activating researchers’ social identity alleviates or rather amplifies this effect. Study 1 (N = 93) shows that victim-sensitive researchers whose social identity as a “researcher” has been made salient are particularly prone to knowledge hiding. Study 2 (N = 97) helps explaining this effect: activating a social identity increases obstructive self-stereotyping among researchers. Study 3 (N = 272) replicates the effect of victim sensitivity on knowledge hiding via suspiciousness. Here, however, the effects of the same social identity activation were less straightforward. Together, these findings suggest that knowledge hiding in science can be explained by victim sensitivity and suspiciousness, and that making researchers’ social identity salient might even increase it in certain contexts.
学术界的知识隐藏——不愿与其他研究人员分享自己的想法、材料或知识——对科学合作和科学进步是有害的。在三项研究中,我们测试了(a)知识隐藏是否可以通过研究人员对被剥削的潜在恐惧(即受害者敏感性)来预测,(b)这种效应是否由研究人员对同伴的怀疑介导,以及(c)激活研究人员的社会认同是否减轻或放大了这种效应。研究1 (N = 93)表明,作为“研究者”的社会身份被突出的受害者敏感研究人员特别容易隐藏知识。研究2 (N = 97)有助于解释这一效应:激活社会身份会增加研究人员的自我刻板印象。研究3 (N = 272)重复了受害者敏感性对通过怀疑隐藏知识的影响。然而,在这里,同样的社会身份激活的影响就不那么直接了。总之,这些发现表明,科学中的知识隐藏可以通过受害者的敏感性和多疑来解释,并且使研究人员的社会身份突出甚至可能在某些情况下增加它。
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引用次数: 0
I “knew” they wouldn’t last: Hindsight bias in judgments of a dating couple 我“知道”他们不会长久:对一对约会情侣的后见之明偏见
Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.32872/spb.9967
A. Bleske-Rechek, Michaela M. Gunseor, Kailey N. Nguyen
When a romantic relationship ends, individuals often look back and wish they had done things differently. What may seem clear in hindsight, however, is often unclear in foresight. We investigated the effects of outcome knowledge on individuals’ judgments of a dating couple. In Study 1 (181 U.S. college students, 334 U.S. community adults), participants read about a couple with an uncertain relationship trajectory; then, experimental group participants received knowledge about the couple’s status six months down the road as broken up or still together, while control group participants received no outcome knowledge. Individuals who were told the dating couple broke up perceived that outcome as more likely and obvious compared to those who were not given outcome knowledge or who were told the couple stayed together. In Study 2 (262 U.S. college students, 333 U.S. community adults), participants in the experimental conditions received knowledge about the couple’s status six months later as broken up or engaged, while control group participants received no outcome knowledge. In both samples, outcome knowledge of a breakup had a negative effect on individuals’ judgments about the couple. Among community adults, but not among college students, outcome knowledge of an engagement positively affected judgments of the couple. We offer directions for future research and discuss the mechanisms by which hindsight bias might affect evaluations of our own and others’ relationships.
当一段浪漫的关系结束时,人们通常会回顾过去,希望他们能做得不同。然而,事后看来很清楚的事情,在预见中往往是不清楚的。我们调查了结果知识对个人对约会对象判断的影响。在研究1中(181名美国大学生,334名美国社区成年人),参与者阅读了一对关系轨迹不确定的夫妇的故事;然后,实验组的参与者了解到这对夫妇六个月后的状态,是分手还是在一起,而对照组的参与者则不知道结果。那些被告知约会对象分手的人,比那些不知道结果的人或被告知约会对象还在一起的人,更有可能和更明显地感受到分手的结果。在研究2(262名美国大学生,333名美国社区成年人)中,实验条件下的参与者了解了这对夫妇六个月后的状态,是分手还是订婚,而对照组的参与者则不知道结果。在这两个样本中,分手的结果知识对个人对这对夫妇的判断有负面影响。在社区成年人中,而不是在大学生中,对订婚结果的了解积极影响对夫妇的判断。我们为未来的研究提供了方向,并讨论了后见之明偏见可能影响我们对自己和他人关系的评估的机制。
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引用次数: 0
Does the sense of power influence reputational concern? Tests with episodic and semantic power priming 权力感会影响对声誉的关注吗?情景和语义能力启动测试
Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.32872/spb.7779
Hirotaka Imada, Tim Hopthrow, Hannah Zibell
Reputational concern shapes various social behaviours, since having a negative reputation often results in receiving negative social consequences such as ostracism and punishment. As such, individuals are motivated to avoid displaying socially disapproved behaviour. Previous studies have found that individuals with power (i.e., those who can asymmetrically influence others) tend to show various behaviours that would damage their reputation (e.g., aggression and exploitation). Taken together, we hypothesised that power would be associated with the extent to which individuals are concerned about their reputation. More specifically, we hypothesised that those who have a high and low sense of power would experience reduced and increased reputational concern, respectively. To test the relationship, we conducted three preregistered studies with commonly used power priming methods: episodic priming (Studies 1 and 3) and semantic power priming (Study 2). In Studies 1 and 2, the power priming methods failed to significantly influence the sense of power or reputational concern. In Study 3, we sought to overcome potential methodological issues with online episodic priming, and a modified high power episodic priming was successful. Yet, we did not find evidence for the hypothesised relationship between the experimentally induced sense of power and reputational concern. Our three studies offer valuable implications not only for further research on the relationship between reputational concern and power but also for the effectiveness of power priming methods.
对声誉的关注塑造了各种社会行为,因为拥有负面的声誉往往会导致接受负面的社会后果,如排斥和惩罚。因此,个人有动机避免表现出不被社会认可的行为。先前的研究发现,拥有权力的个体(即那些能够不对称地影响他人的人)往往会表现出各种有损其声誉的行为(例如,侵略和剥削)。综上所述,我们假设权力与个人对自己声誉的关注程度有关。更具体地说,我们假设那些拥有高权力感和低权力感的人会分别经历减少和增加的声誉担忧。为了检验这种关系,我们进行了三个预先注册的研究,使用了常用的权力启动方法:情景启动(研究1和3)和语义权力启动(研究2)。在研究1和2中,权力启动方法未能显著影响权力感或声誉关注。在研究3中,我们试图克服在线情景启动的潜在方法学问题,改进的高功率情景启动取得了成功。然而,我们没有找到证据证明实验诱导的权力感和声誉关注之间的假设关系。这三项研究不仅对进一步研究声誉关注与权力之间的关系,而且对权力启动方法的有效性也具有重要的启示意义。
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引用次数: 0
Do environmental messages emphasising binding morals promote conservatives’ pro-environmentalism? A pre-registered replication 强调约束性道德的环境信息是否促进了保守派的环保主义?预注册复制
Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.32872/spb.8557
Inkuk Kim, Matthew D. Hammond, T. Milfont
Past studies indicated that environmental messages incorporating binding morals (i.e., loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, purity/degradation) were effective in reducing the negative association between political conservatism and pro-environmentalism. We conceptually replicated and extended this finding through open science practices. In a pilot study, we constructed three environmental messages incorporating each binding moral based on previous relevant studies, and confirmed their validity (96 U.S. adults, 50% women). We then investigated the independent effects of these binding moral messages on pro-environmentalism across the political spectrum (705 U.S. adults, 56.6% women). Contrasting with our expectations and previous findings, we found no evidence that these environmental messages emphasising distinct binding morals were more effective than a control environmental message in attenuating the political polarisation on conservation intentions and willingness to receive more information about environmental protection. Simply adding binding morals content in environmental messaging may not be useful in promoting conservatives’ pro-environmental engagement. We further discuss future research as well as the limitations of this research.
过去的研究表明,包含约束性道德(即忠诚/背叛、权威/颠覆、纯洁/堕落)的环境信息能有效降低政治保守主义与亲环境主义之间的负相关。我们通过开放科学实践在概念上复制并扩展了这一发现。在一项初步研究中,我们根据之前的相关研究构建了三个环境信息,其中包含每个约束道德,并证实了它们的有效性(96名美国成年人,50%的女性)。然后,我们调查了这些具有约束力的道德信息对支持环保主义的政治光谱的独立影响(705名美国成年人,56.6%的女性)。与我们的预期和先前的研究结果相反,我们发现没有证据表明这些强调明确约束道德的环境信息比控制性环境信息更有效地减弱了保护意图和愿意接受更多环境保护信息的政治两极分化。简单地在环境信息中添加约束性道德内容可能无助于促进保守派的亲环境参与。我们进一步讨论了未来的研究以及本研究的局限性。
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引用次数: 1
Only the good cry: Investigating the relationship between crying proneness and moral judgments and behavior 只有好人会哭:调查哭泣倾向与道德判断和行为之间的关系
Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.32872/spb.6475
Janis H. Zickfeld, S. Kamble, Romy Oostelbos, Ad Vingerhoets
People cry for various reasons and in numerous situations, some involving highly moral aspects such as altruism or moral beauty. At the same time, criers have been found to be evaluated as more morally upright—they are perceived as more honest, reliable, and sincere than non-criers. The current project provides a first comprehensive investigation to test whether this perception is adequate. Across six studies sampling Dutch, Indian, and British adults (N = 2325), we explored the relationship between self-reported crying proneness and moral judgments and behavior, employing self-report measures and actual behavior assessments. Across all studies, we observed positive correlations of crying proneness with moral judgments (r = .27 [.17, .38]) and prosocial behavioral tendencies and behaviors (r = .20 [.12, .28]). These associations held in three (moral judgment) or two (prosocial tendencies and behaviors) out of five studies when controlling for other important variables. Thus, the current project provides first evidence that crying is related to moral evaluation and behavior, and we discuss its importance for the literature on human emotional crying.
人们哭泣的原因和情况各不相同,其中一些涉及高度道德的方面,如利他主义或道德美。与此同时,人们发现爱哭的人在道德上被评价得更正直——他们被认为比不哭的人更诚实、可靠和真诚。目前的项目提供了第一个全面的调查,以测试这种看法是否充分。通过对荷兰、印度和英国成年人(N = 2325)的六项研究,我们采用自我报告测量和实际行为评估,探讨了自我报告的哭泣倾向与道德判断和行为之间的关系。在所有研究中,我们观察到哭泣倾向与道德判断呈正相关(r = 0.27)。17, 0.38])、亲社会行为倾向与行为(r = 0.20)。12日,陈霞])。当控制其他重要变量时,这些关联在五项研究中的三项(道德判断)或两项(亲社会倾向和行为)中成立。因此,本项目首次提供了哭泣与道德评价和行为相关的证据,并讨论了其对人类情感哭泣文献的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
Trust in scientists, risk perception, conspiratorial beliefs, and unrealistic optimism: A network approach to investigating the psychological underpinnings of COVID-19 vaccination intentions 对科学家的信任、风险认知、阴谋论信念和不切实际的乐观:一种调查COVID-19疫苗接种意向心理基础的网络方法
Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.32872/spb.7807
Bruno Gabriel Salvador Casara, S. Martinez-Conde, D. Doliński, Caterina Suitner, O. Genschow, Paweł Muniak, Wojciech Kulesza
Using a network approach, we addressed in two studies interrelations among potential antecedents of vaccine intentions, related to both COVID-19 risk perception and epistemic beliefs (i.e., trust in scientists and conspiracy beliefs). In Study 1 and 2, we assessed a US (N = 994) and an international sample (N = 902) during spring and summer 2020. The network analysis reveals a complex interplay of factors where trust in scientists, the closest predictor of vaccine intention, is associated with conspiracy beliefs and danger perception. Furthermore, we found evidence for unrealistic optimism, with participants perceiving the risk of getting infected with COVID-19 as lower compared to the risk they attributed to other people. However, this bias was not associated with vaccine intention. Study 2 corroborated these results. The results call for a global change in the narrative which should highlight the epistemic authority of science in order to build a stronger trust in the scientific community. However, tackling trust in scientists needs a wider field of persuasion that includes conspiracy beliefs and risk perception factors.
使用网络方法,我们在两项研究中解决了疫苗意向的潜在前因之间的相互关系,这些前因与COVID-19风险感知和认知信念(即对科学家的信任和阴谋信念)相关。在研究1和2中,我们评估了2020年春夏期间的美国(N = 994)和国际样本(N = 902)。网络分析揭示了各种因素的复杂相互作用,其中对科学家的信任(最接近疫苗意图的预测因子)与阴谋信念和危险感知有关。此外,我们还发现了不切实际的乐观主义的证据,参与者认为感染COVID-19的风险低于他们归咎于其他人的风险。然而,这种偏倚与疫苗意向无关。研究2证实了这些结果。研究结果呼吁在全球范围内改变叙事方式,强调科学的认知权威,以便在科学界建立更强的信任。然而,解决对科学家的信任问题需要更广泛的说服领域,包括阴谋信念和风险感知因素。
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引用次数: 4
Agency and communion as fundamental dimensions of social judgment – and Bogdan Wojciszke’s brilliant idea on perspective 作为社会判断的基本维度的代理和交流——以及Bogdan Wojciszke关于视角的绝妙想法
Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-09-06 DOI: 10.32872/spb.8157
A. Abele
The fundamental dimensions of social judgment and social evaluation, called agency and communion, are overarching constructs in many fields of psychology. Agency is related to goal-striving and “getting ahead”, communion is related to forming bonds and “getting along”. These dimensions are used both to interpret behaviors, and to evaluate targets. Bogdan Wojciszke was the first to relate these dimensions to perspective, and to show that the perspective of an actor is more closely related to agency, whereas the perspective of an observer is more closely related to communion. The “Dual Perspective Model” combines the fundamental dimensions of social judgment and evaluation with perspective and leads to a number of far-reaching hypotheses on social interactions. The model has inspired research in diverse areas of psychology, such as evaluation of brands, stereotypes of groups, evaluation of political leaders, gender research, social desirability research, self-evaluation, bodily posture in social interaction, to name just a few. It has been further developed to a broad-ranging theory applicable to many phenomena in (social) psychology. Bogdan Wojciszke lives his ideals and it is a pleasure and an honor to cooperate with him.
社会判断和社会评价的基本维度,被称为代理和共融,是心理学许多领域的首要结构。能动性与目标奋斗和“出人头地”有关,共融与建立纽带和“相处”有关。这些维度既用于解释行为,也用于评估目标。Bogdan Wojciszke是第一个将这些维度与视角联系起来的人,并表明演员的视角与代理更密切相关,而观察者的视角与交流更密切相关。“双重视角模型”将社会判断和评价的基本维度与视角相结合,提出了一系列影响深远的社会互动假设。这个模型启发了心理学各个领域的研究,比如品牌评价、群体刻板印象、政治领袖评价、性别研究、社会可取性研究、自我评价、社会互动中的身体姿势等等。它已进一步发展成为一个广泛的理论,适用于(社会)心理学中的许多现象。Bogdan Wojciszke活在他的理想中,与他合作是一种快乐和荣幸。
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引用次数: 1
Introduction to a Festschrift in honour of Bogdan Wojciszke 为纪念Bogdan Wojciszke而写的节日简介
Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-09-06 DOI: 10.32872/spb.9643
Katarzyna Myślińska-Szarek, K. Bocian, Michał Parzuchowski
This special section of the Social Psychological Bulletin is dedicated to honouring Bog­ dan’s 70th birthday. Bogdan Wojciszke’s ideas and research have made many fundamen­ tal contributions to personality and social psychology. Bogdan’s most recognisable work delineates two fundamental content dimensions of social perception, also called the “Big Two” (Abele & Wojciszke, 2007), the term he popularised with his good friend and academic colleague Andrea Abele-Brehm who opens this special section (2022, this issue). Since the “Big Two” refers to communion and agency, Bogdan Wojciszke was one of the first researchers who suggested that morality dominates impression formation (Wojciszke et al., 1998). As communion is more critical in impression formation than agency, we will first discuss Bogdan’s communal qualities and later mention Bogdan’s accolades and list his well-known and endless agentic attributes. Bogdan is a very open, thoughtful, and generous scientist and a helpful colleague. He’s very supportive and likes to share his passion and ideas with others. His unique engagement with ideas and the people behind those ideas, and social qualities of being an extra supportive mentor is visible in the sheer number of his Ph.D. students. Bogdan has been a supervisor of over 30 Ph.D. students and inspired a myriad of scientists worldwide. He’s a reliable colleague and often a person who would naturally guide the way for others. He is the one who remains A Festschrift in Honour of Bogdan Wojciszke
《社会心理学公报》的这一专题是为了纪念博格丹70岁的生日。Bogdan Wojciszke的思想和研究对人格和社会心理学做出了许多根本性的贡献。Bogdan最知名的作品描绘了社会感知的两个基本内容维度,也被称为“大两个”(Abele & Wojciszke, 2007),他和他的好朋友兼学术同事Andrea Abele- brehm一起普及了这个术语,Andrea Abele- brehm打开了这个特别的部分(2022年,本期)。由于“两大”指的是交流和代理,Bogdan Wojciszke是最早提出道德主导印象形成的研究人员之一(Wojciszke et al., 1998)。由于交流在印象形成中比代理更重要,我们将首先讨论Bogdan的公共品质,然后提到Bogdan的荣誉,并列出他众所周知的和无穷无尽的代理属性。Bogdan是一位非常开放、有思想、慷慨的科学家,也是一位乐于助人的同事。他非常乐于助人,喜欢与他人分享他的激情和想法。从他的博士学生的数量上可以看出,他对想法和这些想法背后的人的独特参与,以及作为一个额外的支持性导师的社会品质。Bogdan是30多名博士生的导师,激励了世界各地无数的科学家。他是一个值得信赖的同事,经常是一个自然会为别人指引方向的人。他是《纪念波格丹·沃伊西克的节日》的作者
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引用次数: 0
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