Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.01
G. Gavardashvili, E. Kukhalashvili, I. Iremashvili, Natia Gavardashvili, Mamuka Tsakadze
Abstract The article discusses the sensitive areas of snow avalanches formed in the mountain landscapes of Georgia and presents their brief geographical, climatic-meteorological and hydro-logical assessments. By referring to global practices, the characteristics of different constructions of snow avalanche buildings and their reliability are presented. A constructive description of an innovative snow-avalanche-proof building, certified by a Georgian patent certificate, is presented. An innovative method for the design of the building was developed and the construction of the structure was carried out in the Kobi-Gudauri alpine zone of the Georgian military road at an altitude of 2238 m above sea level.
{"title":"An innovative construction for regulating snow avalanches and developing a method for its design","authors":"G. Gavardashvili, E. Kukhalashvili, I. Iremashvili, Natia Gavardashvili, Mamuka Tsakadze","doi":"10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.01","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article discusses the sensitive areas of snow avalanches formed in the mountain landscapes of Georgia and presents their brief geographical, climatic-meteorological and hydro-logical assessments. By referring to global practices, the characteristics of different constructions of snow avalanche buildings and their reliability are presented. A constructive description of an innovative snow-avalanche-proof building, certified by a Georgian patent certificate, is presented. An innovative method for the design of the building was developed and the construction of the structure was carried out in the Kobi-Gudauri alpine zone of the Georgian military road at an altitude of 2238 m above sea level.","PeriodicalId":32925,"journal":{"name":"Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym","volume":"55 4 1","pages":"7 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91146058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.20
G. Gavardashvili, E. Kukhalashvili, I. Iremashvili
Abstract There are hardly any sections in a debris flow channel, where flow movement, except for exceptions, would have a constant hydraulic regime and typical parameters. Therefore, in order to select regulating measures, the urgent means of assessment of the flow regime to totally cover its anomaly is needed. The solution of this question is associated with the full compatibility of laws with soil mechanics and hydraulics. Recently, the engineering problems related to debris flow, based on various considerations, have been realized by integrating the obtained differential equations. Especially important are the possibilities of a debris flow moving regime in prismatic beds described by the system of differential equations of various modifications. If rheological properties are neglected in the above equations, they are completely transformed into differential equations of non-uniform motion of Newtonian fluids. By considering the above-mentioned, the paper gives the calculation methods and practical example of designing an innovative debris flow control barrage, which was realized in the bed of the Mletis Khevi river gorge.
{"title":"Private solutions to design an innovative engineering structure for efficient debris flow control","authors":"G. Gavardashvili, E. Kukhalashvili, I. Iremashvili","doi":"10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.20","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There are hardly any sections in a debris flow channel, where flow movement, except for exceptions, would have a constant hydraulic regime and typical parameters. Therefore, in order to select regulating measures, the urgent means of assessment of the flow regime to totally cover its anomaly is needed. The solution of this question is associated with the full compatibility of laws with soil mechanics and hydraulics. Recently, the engineering problems related to debris flow, based on various considerations, have been realized by integrating the obtained differential equations. Especially important are the possibilities of a debris flow moving regime in prismatic beds described by the system of differential equations of various modifications. If rheological properties are neglected in the above equations, they are completely transformed into differential equations of non-uniform motion of Newtonian fluids. By considering the above-mentioned, the paper gives the calculation methods and practical example of designing an innovative debris flow control barrage, which was realized in the bed of the Mletis Khevi river gorge.","PeriodicalId":32925,"journal":{"name":"Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym","volume":"1 1","pages":"171 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82797434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.18
H. Tokmajyan, A. Margaryan, Aram R. Mikayelyan, Samvel H. Mkrtchyan
Abstract For industrial water use planning, water usage and drainage per unit product standards must be established. This would allow for the conservation of fresh water resources without limiting irrigation in the face of the world’s ever-increasing drinking water deficit. Because fish farms use a lot of water, businesses that raise fish in artificial ponds usually dig deep wells to get to the valuable subsurface water they need. Because they lack a reusable water system equipped with treatment technologies, they typically discharge water into the environment after a single use, resulting in marshes, soil salinization, or transportation with surface water flow to the brackish water ecosystem. In recent years, the use of groundwater for fishing has spread in Armenia’s Ararat plain, one of the country’s most important agricultural regions. The Ararat plain has a water shortage for irrigation, which is mostly addressed by increasing water intake volumes from Lake Sean, a critical source of drinking water. In the absence of a multi-use hydrosystem with cleaning technologies, a method of utilizing fish farm wastewater for irrigation purposes is proposed as a water-saving and environmental-protection approach.
{"title":"A method of using wastewater run-off from fish farms having no multi-use hydrosystem with water cleaning technologies","authors":"H. Tokmajyan, A. Margaryan, Aram R. Mikayelyan, Samvel H. Mkrtchyan","doi":"10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.18","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For industrial water use planning, water usage and drainage per unit product standards must be established. This would allow for the conservation of fresh water resources without limiting irrigation in the face of the world’s ever-increasing drinking water deficit. Because fish farms use a lot of water, businesses that raise fish in artificial ponds usually dig deep wells to get to the valuable subsurface water they need. Because they lack a reusable water system equipped with treatment technologies, they typically discharge water into the environment after a single use, resulting in marshes, soil salinization, or transportation with surface water flow to the brackish water ecosystem. In recent years, the use of groundwater for fishing has spread in Armenia’s Ararat plain, one of the country’s most important agricultural regions. The Ararat plain has a water shortage for irrigation, which is mostly addressed by increasing water intake volumes from Lake Sean, a critical source of drinking water. In the absence of a multi-use hydrosystem with cleaning technologies, a method of utilizing fish farm wastewater for irrigation purposes is proposed as a water-saving and environmental-protection approach.","PeriodicalId":32925,"journal":{"name":"Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym","volume":"41 1","pages":"155 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82298288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.02
O. Gumen, I. Selina, M. Kruzhkova
Abstract The article analyzes the groundwork on the influence of alloying contaminants on the structure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. Aluminum has become widely used in various parts of machine-building due to its physical properties. However, the main task of modern material science is to increase the strength of aluminum alloys. Therefore, today there is the development of materials and alloys based on aluminum with alloying constituents (copper, silicon, magnesium, zinc, mangan), which are administered in aluminum mainly to increase its strength. Especially attractive are properties of aluminum-doped by transition metals, in particular scandium, zirconium, iron, etc. Finally, conclusions are drawn in order to develop a material based on aluminum with increased hardness, durability, and crack resistance.
{"title":"A study of the properties and development in technology for obtaining multi-component systems of particle reinforced aluminum and titanium alloys","authors":"O. Gumen, I. Selina, M. Kruzhkova","doi":"10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article analyzes the groundwork on the influence of alloying contaminants on the structure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. Aluminum has become widely used in various parts of machine-building due to its physical properties. However, the main task of modern material science is to increase the strength of aluminum alloys. Therefore, today there is the development of materials and alloys based on aluminum with alloying constituents (copper, silicon, magnesium, zinc, mangan), which are administered in aluminum mainly to increase its strength. Especially attractive are properties of aluminum-doped by transition metals, in particular scandium, zirconium, iron, etc. Finally, conclusions are drawn in order to develop a material based on aluminum with increased hardness, durability, and crack resistance.","PeriodicalId":32925,"journal":{"name":"Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym","volume":"53 1","pages":"17 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78636594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.21
A. Lis, O. Savchenko
Abstract The development of energy based on RES is an important element of the policy of sustainable development and maintaining energy security. The difficult situation in the energy sector is turning more and more countries towards alternative energy sources. The feasibility of obtaining energy from renewable sources is linked primarily to the resources that are also economical. The main advantage of geothermal waters is that they can be used to produce heat or electricity, regardless of the time of day or climatic conditions. Data from geological research allows us to conclude that both Ukraine and Poland have favorable conditions for the use of energy from low and medium temperature geothermal waters. Ukraine is also turning to the possibility of using geothermal energy to produce electricity. Examples highlighting the possibility of using the energy potential of geothermal waters in the Lviv region and the Czestochowa poviat were presented.
{"title":"Possibilities of using the energy potential of geothermal waters in the case of Poland and Ukraine","authors":"A. Lis, O. Savchenko","doi":"10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.21","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The development of energy based on RES is an important element of the policy of sustainable development and maintaining energy security. The difficult situation in the energy sector is turning more and more countries towards alternative energy sources. The feasibility of obtaining energy from renewable sources is linked primarily to the resources that are also economical. The main advantage of geothermal waters is that they can be used to produce heat or electricity, regardless of the time of day or climatic conditions. Data from geological research allows us to conclude that both Ukraine and Poland have favorable conditions for the use of energy from low and medium temperature geothermal waters. Ukraine is also turning to the possibility of using geothermal energy to produce electricity. Examples highlighting the possibility of using the energy potential of geothermal waters in the Lviv region and the Czestochowa poviat were presented.","PeriodicalId":32925,"journal":{"name":"Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym","volume":"14 1","pages":"181 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78522513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.11
Z. Respondek
Abstract Insulating glass units (IGUs), commonly used for filling windows and glass facades, have in their construction a tight gas-filled gap. This determines the good thermal insulation of the IGU, but at the same time makes it sensitive to climatic loads (changes in atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind load etc.). In the IGU gas interaction calculation models, these loads are usually simply supported at the connection of the component panes with the edge spacer. Under real conditions, another type of connection is possible, which was the subject of interest by several researchers. In this article, on the basis of the general theory of plates, an analytical model of the resultant load and deflection of IGUs under climatic loads is proposed, taking into account elastic support of the component panes. The computational examples illustrates the influence of connection stiffness on the resultant climatic load and deflection in IGUs.
{"title":"Gas interaction in insulating glass units in the case of elastic support of component glass panes","authors":"Z. Respondek","doi":"10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Insulating glass units (IGUs), commonly used for filling windows and glass facades, have in their construction a tight gas-filled gap. This determines the good thermal insulation of the IGU, but at the same time makes it sensitive to climatic loads (changes in atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind load etc.). In the IGU gas interaction calculation models, these loads are usually simply supported at the connection of the component panes with the edge spacer. Under real conditions, another type of connection is possible, which was the subject of interest by several researchers. In this article, on the basis of the general theory of plates, an analytical model of the resultant load and deflection of IGUs under climatic loads is proposed, taking into account elastic support of the component panes. The computational examples illustrates the influence of connection stiffness on the resultant climatic load and deflection in IGUs.","PeriodicalId":32925,"journal":{"name":"Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym","volume":"41 1","pages":"93 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83382040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.10
K. Kubicki
Abstract The incorrect design or execution of joints contributes to higher costs through material, time and/or energy losses. Choosing the right type of joint, type of weld or manufacturing technology may not only significantly reduce the expenditure, but also considerably increase the design resistance of the joint itself. The paper shows how to use butt and fillet welds more economically.
{"title":"The rational use of welds in steel structures","authors":"K. Kubicki","doi":"10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The incorrect design or execution of joints contributes to higher costs through material, time and/or energy losses. Choosing the right type of joint, type of weld or manufacturing technology may not only significantly reduce the expenditure, but also considerably increase the design resistance of the joint itself. The paper shows how to use butt and fillet welds more economically.","PeriodicalId":32925,"journal":{"name":"Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym","volume":"39 1","pages":"85 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76158396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.03
N. Náprstková, R. Kruzel, T. Dembiczak
Abstract Cold drawn products are widely used in the construction industry. Drawn products are obtained by a drawing process in which the most important tool is the drawing tool. Drawn products include wire, bar and pipe. The material used in this study was a drawing die mesh made of sintered carbide, grade H10S. The abrasive wear analysis of prepared samples was carried out using the ball on disc method with a ZrO2 ceramic ball. Hardness measurements were carried out using the Vickers method in accordance with the PN-EN 23878:1996 standard. The resistance to brittle fracture was determined based on the length of the measurement of cracks formed at the corners of the impression.
{"title":"Tribological studies of monolithic drawing dies for the production of reinforcing wires used in construction","authors":"N. Náprstková, R. Kruzel, T. Dembiczak","doi":"10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cold drawn products are widely used in the construction industry. Drawn products are obtained by a drawing process in which the most important tool is the drawing tool. Drawn products include wire, bar and pipe. The material used in this study was a drawing die mesh made of sintered carbide, grade H10S. The abrasive wear analysis of prepared samples was carried out using the ball on disc method with a ZrO2 ceramic ball. Hardness measurements were carried out using the Vickers method in accordance with the PN-EN 23878:1996 standard. The resistance to brittle fracture was determined based on the length of the measurement of cracks formed at the corners of the impression.","PeriodicalId":32925,"journal":{"name":"Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym","volume":"55 1","pages":"23 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87876328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.22
S. Fedorenko, Lesya Vasylenko, Y. Bereznytska, M. Kravchenko
Abstract The development of environmental management in Ukraine is determined by the urgent need to overcome environmental problems and ensure the environmental safety of society, especially under the conditions of martial law. Today, the domestic economy is three times more resource-intensive than the world economy, the technological base and infrastructure complex of public production are rapidly wearing out, which leads to a decrease in the level of technological and environmental safety. Environmental management is related to the national economy and forms information about the need to use natural resources when promoting effective development. A comprehensive project-targeted approach to the development of new forms of ownership and market economy reflects the interrelationship of all parts of the nature management project. The development of the scientific foundations of nature management is facilitated by the formulation of a general plan for the placement of productive forces. The ecological situation in Ukraine has long been called a crisis. In recent decades, new scientific directions have appeared, the result of which have been new ideas about human, society and nature and their coexistence. One of these directions is environmental management, which today is the ideology of production activity management, as it provides an effective toolkit for solving current problems and preventing the emergence of new production environmental and economic issues.
{"title":"Environmental management as a component of Ukraine’s modern economy: Management under the conditions of martial law","authors":"S. Fedorenko, Lesya Vasylenko, Y. Bereznytska, M. Kravchenko","doi":"10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.22","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The development of environmental management in Ukraine is determined by the urgent need to overcome environmental problems and ensure the environmental safety of society, especially under the conditions of martial law. Today, the domestic economy is three times more resource-intensive than the world economy, the technological base and infrastructure complex of public production are rapidly wearing out, which leads to a decrease in the level of technological and environmental safety. Environmental management is related to the national economy and forms information about the need to use natural resources when promoting effective development. A comprehensive project-targeted approach to the development of new forms of ownership and market economy reflects the interrelationship of all parts of the nature management project. The development of the scientific foundations of nature management is facilitated by the formulation of a general plan for the placement of productive forces. The ecological situation in Ukraine has long been called a crisis. In recent decades, new scientific directions have appeared, the result of which have been new ideas about human, society and nature and their coexistence. One of these directions is environmental management, which today is the ideology of production activity management, as it provides an effective toolkit for solving current problems and preventing the emergence of new production environmental and economic issues.","PeriodicalId":32925,"journal":{"name":"Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym","volume":"2005 1","pages":"195 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83038370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.16
S. Ihnatov
Abstract The article is devoted to the description of the physical processes occurring in the soil when cement mortar is injected into the ground under pressure. The paper determines the reason for the lack of knowledge of such kinds of changes in the soil’s physical and mechanical properties around a well expanded by the injection. The article presents the author’s own results in the variability of the physical and mechanical properties of the soil during ground hardening by the injection, in time and in orientation. The differences over time in sand and clay characteristics are also presented.
{"title":"A laboratory study of the soil around injection-expanded wells: physical and mechanical characteristics changes","authors":"S. Ihnatov","doi":"10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.16","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article is devoted to the description of the physical processes occurring in the soil when cement mortar is injected into the ground under pressure. The paper determines the reason for the lack of knowledge of such kinds of changes in the soil’s physical and mechanical properties around a well expanded by the injection. The article presents the author’s own results in the variability of the physical and mechanical properties of the soil during ground hardening by the injection, in time and in orientation. The differences over time in sand and clay characteristics are also presented.","PeriodicalId":32925,"journal":{"name":"Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym","volume":"14 1","pages":"137 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90887506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：