Victoria Yaneva, L. Ha, Sukru Eraslan, Y. Yeşilada, R. Mitkov
The ASD diagnosis requires a long, elaborate, and expensive procedure, which is subjective and is currently restricted to behavioural, historical, and parent-report information. In this paper, we present an alternative way for detecting the condition based on the atypical visual-attention patterns of people with autism. We collect gaze data from two different kinds of tasks related to processing of information from web pages: Browsing and Searching. The gaze data is then used to train a machine learning classifier whose aim is to distinguish between participants with autism and a control group of participants without autism. In addition, we explore the effects of the type of the task performed, different approaches to defining the areas of interest, gender, visual complexity of the web pages and whether or not an area of interest contained the correct answer to a searching task. Our best-performing classifier achieved 0.75 classification accuracy for a combination of selected web pages using all gaze features. These preliminary results show that the differences in the way people with autism process web content could be used for the future development of serious games for autism screening. The gaze data, R code, visual stimuli and task descriptions are made freely available for replication purposes.
{"title":"Detecting Autism Based on Eye-Tracking Data from Web Searching Tasks","authors":"Victoria Yaneva, L. Ha, Sukru Eraslan, Y. Yeşilada, R. Mitkov","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3192819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192819","url":null,"abstract":"The ASD diagnosis requires a long, elaborate, and expensive procedure, which is subjective and is currently restricted to behavioural, historical, and parent-report information. In this paper, we present an alternative way for detecting the condition based on the atypical visual-attention patterns of people with autism. We collect gaze data from two different kinds of tasks related to processing of information from web pages: Browsing and Searching. The gaze data is then used to train a machine learning classifier whose aim is to distinguish between participants with autism and a control group of participants without autism. In addition, we explore the effects of the type of the task performed, different approaches to defining the areas of interest, gender, visual complexity of the web pages and whether or not an area of interest contained the correct answer to a searching task. Our best-performing classifier achieved 0.75 classification accuracy for a combination of selected web pages using all gaze features. These preliminary results show that the differences in the way people with autism process web content could be used for the future development of serious games for autism screening. The gaze data, R code, visual stimuli and task descriptions are made freely available for replication purposes.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115093655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thiago Donizetti dos Santos, Vagner Figuerêdo de Santana
With the increasing use of technology in everyday life, one would expect that the use of computers would be comfortable and straightforward for everyone. However, some people still feel intimidated when using computers. Those people experience multiple levels of anxiety and, for high levels of anxiety, manifest what is known as Computer Anxiety. People with Computer Anxiety (PwCA) face problems when using computers/technology at home, in the workplace, or for study purposes, which might result in multiple forms of barriers. This work contributes with a systematic review, summarizing the main approaches related to Computer Anxiety and the understanding of the contexts of use involving PwCA. The main results are that Computer Anxiety Rating Scale (CARS) is the most popular scale for measuring Computer Anxiety, Computer Self-Efficacy has a negative strong relationship with Computer Anxiety, experience in using computers reduces Computer Anxiety, PwCA tend to take more time to complete tasks, and that higher education levels are related with lower levels of Computer Anxiety. The results obtained are valuable for researchers working on identifying and removing barriers in systems targeting the population of older adults, given that they are greatly impacted by factors leading to Computer Anxiety.
{"title":"Computer Anxiety and Interaction: A Systematic Review","authors":"Thiago Donizetti dos Santos, Vagner Figuerêdo de Santana","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3192825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192825","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing use of technology in everyday life, one would expect that the use of computers would be comfortable and straightforward for everyone. However, some people still feel intimidated when using computers. Those people experience multiple levels of anxiety and, for high levels of anxiety, manifest what is known as Computer Anxiety. People with Computer Anxiety (PwCA) face problems when using computers/technology at home, in the workplace, or for study purposes, which might result in multiple forms of barriers. This work contributes with a systematic review, summarizing the main approaches related to Computer Anxiety and the understanding of the contexts of use involving PwCA. The main results are that Computer Anxiety Rating Scale (CARS) is the most popular scale for measuring Computer Anxiety, Computer Self-Efficacy has a negative strong relationship with Computer Anxiety, experience in using computers reduces Computer Anxiety, PwCA tend to take more time to complete tasks, and that higher education levels are related with lower levels of Computer Anxiety. The results obtained are valuable for researchers working on identifying and removing barriers in systems targeting the population of older adults, given that they are greatly impacted by factors leading to Computer Anxiety.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"355 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134172848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Creating web sites has become quite a complex task. One of most important aspects of a modern web site is accessibility. However, despite extensive standards many web sites have accessibility issues. This paper presents a new approach for creating tools to improve the accessibility of web sites using ontologies.
{"title":"Using Ontologies as a Foundation for Web Accessibility Tools","authors":"Jens Pelzetter","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3196316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3196316","url":null,"abstract":"Creating web sites has become quite a complex task. One of most important aspects of a modern web site is accessibility. However, despite extensive standards many web sites have accessibility issues. This paper presents a new approach for creating tools to improve the accessibility of web sites using ontologies.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117248121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bruna de Oliveira, J. Braga, Rafael Jeferson Pezzuto Damaceno
Mobile devices can be used as assistive technologies as they help improve the quality of life of people with visual impairments (PVI). Despite the advantages of mobile devices, it is necessary to overcome some challenges regarding the difficulties of interacting of these users with the operating system of these devices. This is important for the use of this technology to reach a greater number of the visually impaired. Therefore, this study aimed to perform an interface design and the development of an application. It automatically adapts the Android® operating system according to the accessibility preferences of the visually impaired through voice commands. These preferences were validated in previous studies. With the help of computational tools and tests with PVI, it was possible to create the prototype of the application interface and to know the improvements to be made. The developed application showed potential to be a useful tool for the visually impaired, also bringing specific benefits of using the voice command to partially impaired people.
{"title":"Application for the configuration and adaptation of the Android operating system for the visually impaired","authors":"Bruna de Oliveira, J. Braga, Rafael Jeferson Pezzuto Damaceno","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3192838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192838","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile devices can be used as assistive technologies as they help improve the quality of life of people with visual impairments (PVI). Despite the advantages of mobile devices, it is necessary to overcome some challenges regarding the difficulties of interacting of these users with the operating system of these devices. This is important for the use of this technology to reach a greater number of the visually impaired. Therefore, this study aimed to perform an interface design and the development of an application. It automatically adapts the Android® operating system according to the accessibility preferences of the visually impaired through voice commands. These preferences were validated in previous studies. With the help of computational tools and tests with PVI, it was possible to create the prototype of the application interface and to know the improvements to be made. The developed application showed potential to be a useful tool for the visually impaired, also bringing specific benefits of using the voice command to partially impaired people.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116323289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Assistive Technologies empower individuals to accomplish tasks they might not be able to do otherwise. Unfortunately, a large percentage of Assistive Technologies end up unused or abandoned, leaving people with solutions that are inappropriate for their needs. Low rates of Assistive Technology use occur for many reasons, but common factors include 1) lack of considering user opinion in selection, 2) ease in obtaining devices, 3) poor device performance, and 4) changes in user needs and priorities. By correctly training end-users, clinicians and caregivers to "Do-It-Yourself" (DIY) and create, modify, or build their own solutions we may be able to help more people gain access to the Assistive Technology they desire. A new generation of digital fabrication tools and microcontroller platforms offer exciting possibilities for DIY assistive technologies that may be less expensive and faster to produce than traditional methods. These rapid prototyping tools (machines that manufacture objects quickly so they can be used in the iterative design process) have the potential to make personal-scale manufacturing possible. "Personal-scale manufacturing tools enable people that have no special training in woodworking, metalsmithing, or embroidery to manufacture their own complex, one-of-a-kind artisan-style objects. This technology provides new opportunities for assistive technology users to build their own physical objects, using tools such as Computer Numeric Controlled (CNC) tools that can precisely cut or build a variety of materials. Such tools include 3D printers that can build solid objects out of plastic, laser cutters that can precisely cut (or etch) flat materials (such as cardboard, acrylic, wood, and metal), and multi-axis milling machines that can transform metal into almost any 3D shape. Additionally, there has been a boom in microcontroller kits and platforms that make it easy to create custom devices that output sound, light, or tactile patterns from user interaction, physiological, or environmental sensors.
{"title":"Making \"Making\" Accessible","authors":"A. Hurst","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3192715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192715","url":null,"abstract":"Assistive Technologies empower individuals to accomplish tasks they might not be able to do otherwise. Unfortunately, a large percentage of Assistive Technologies end up unused or abandoned, leaving people with solutions that are inappropriate for their needs. Low rates of Assistive Technology use occur for many reasons, but common factors include 1) lack of considering user opinion in selection, 2) ease in obtaining devices, 3) poor device performance, and 4) changes in user needs and priorities. By correctly training end-users, clinicians and caregivers to \"Do-It-Yourself\" (DIY) and create, modify, or build their own solutions we may be able to help more people gain access to the Assistive Technology they desire. A new generation of digital fabrication tools and microcontroller platforms offer exciting possibilities for DIY assistive technologies that may be less expensive and faster to produce than traditional methods. These rapid prototyping tools (machines that manufacture objects quickly so they can be used in the iterative design process) have the potential to make personal-scale manufacturing possible. \"Personal-scale manufacturing tools enable people that have no special training in woodworking, metalsmithing, or embroidery to manufacture their own complex, one-of-a-kind artisan-style objects. This technology provides new opportunities for assistive technology users to build their own physical objects, using tools such as Computer Numeric Controlled (CNC) tools that can precisely cut or build a variety of materials. Such tools include 3D printers that can build solid objects out of plastic, laser cutters that can precisely cut (or etch) flat materials (such as cardboard, acrylic, wood, and metal), and multi-axis milling machines that can transform metal into almost any 3D shape. Additionally, there has been a boom in microcontroller kits and platforms that make it easy to create custom devices that output sound, light, or tactile patterns from user interaction, physiological, or environmental sensors.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127327305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carlos M. Duarte, A. Salvado, M. E. Akpinar, Y. Yeşilada, L. Carriço
Understanding what role a visual element plays in a web page can have a significant impact in the accessibility of that page. From an accessibility conformance testing perspective, several WCAG techniques require role identification of some visual elements during the testing process. This has prevented automatic accessibility evaluation tools from processing these techniques. A technique for automatic role detection of visual elements of web pages was recently developed as a complement to a web page segmentation process. This paper explores this role identification technique in the context of automatic web accessibility evaluation. The technique is integrated with an automated evaluation tool, and demonstrated to successfully evaluate some WCAG techniques that rely on the identification of visual elements, in particular menu and list elements.
{"title":"Automatic Role Detection of Visual Elements of Web Pages for Automatic Accessibility Evaluation","authors":"Carlos M. Duarte, A. Salvado, M. E. Akpinar, Y. Yeşilada, L. Carriço","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3196827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3196827","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding what role a visual element plays in a web page can have a significant impact in the accessibility of that page. From an accessibility conformance testing perspective, several WCAG techniques require role identification of some visual elements during the testing process. This has prevented automatic accessibility evaluation tools from processing these techniques. A technique for automatic role detection of visual elements of web pages was recently developed as a complement to a web page segmentation process. This paper explores this role identification technique in the context of automatic web accessibility evaluation. The technique is integrated with an automated evaluation tool, and demonstrated to successfully evaluate some WCAG techniques that rely on the identification of visual elements, in particular menu and list elements.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128807877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recent popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the consumer space and Web of Things (WoT) work by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has led to a Curtin University research project that has investigated the use of IoT by people with disabilities in the education space. Potential education-related IoT solutions raised in the research include the delivery of smartboard materials directly to the student to ensure compatibility with assistive technologies, the use of consumer-based IoT to provide captions and the monitoring of lecturer and student engagement in real-time to improve education delivery. While these technical possibilities are not new in their own right, the key points of interest from this research are that the students with disabilities, despite their IoT knowledge being limited to the emerging consumer space, have proposed these solutions as a way to support their learning. In addition, the fact such solutions are yet to be implemented in mainstream education settings despite the technical ability to do so raises concerns about the widening educational gap unless more effort is made by manufacturers to provide practical real-world IoT classroom solutions. While the use of IoT in these contexts may be considered an assistive technology in its own right, issues of privacy, security, and interoperability need to be addressed. As such, it is imperative that the W3C WoT work in this area continues to provide guidance and further academic research is needed.
{"title":"Internet of Things (IoT) as Assistive Technology: Potential Applications in Tertiary Education","authors":"S. Hollier, Shadi Abou-Zahra","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3192828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192828","url":null,"abstract":"The recent popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the consumer space and Web of Things (WoT) work by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has led to a Curtin University research project that has investigated the use of IoT by people with disabilities in the education space. Potential education-related IoT solutions raised in the research include the delivery of smartboard materials directly to the student to ensure compatibility with assistive technologies, the use of consumer-based IoT to provide captions and the monitoring of lecturer and student engagement in real-time to improve education delivery. While these technical possibilities are not new in their own right, the key points of interest from this research are that the students with disabilities, despite their IoT knowledge being limited to the emerging consumer space, have proposed these solutions as a way to support their learning. In addition, the fact such solutions are yet to be implemented in mainstream education settings despite the technical ability to do so raises concerns about the widening educational gap unless more effort is made by manufacturers to provide practical real-world IoT classroom solutions. While the use of IoT in these contexts may be considered an assistive technology in its own right, issues of privacy, security, and interoperability need to be addressed. As such, it is imperative that the W3C WoT work in this area continues to provide guidance and further academic research is needed.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114921461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucas Rosenblatt, Patrick Carrington, Kotaro Hara, Jeffrey P. Bigham
Programming heavily relies on entering text using traditional QWERTY keyboards, which poses challenges for people with limited upper-body movement. Developing tools using a publicly available speech recognition API could provide a basis for keyboard free programming. In this paper, we describe our efforts in design, development, and evaluation of a voice-based IDE to support people with limited dexterity. We report on a formative Wizard of Oz (WOz) based design process to gain an understanding of how people would use and what they expect from a speech-based programming environment. Informed by the findings from the WOz, we developed VocalIDE, a prototype speech-based IDE with features such as Context Color Editing that facilitates vocal programming. Finally, we evaluate the utility of VocalIDE with 8 participants who have upper limb motor impairments. The study showed that VocalIDE significantly improves the participants' ability to make navigational edits and select text while programming.
编程很大程度上依赖于传统的QWERTY键盘输入文本，这对上半身活动受限的人来说是一个挑战。使用公开可用的语音识别API开发工具可以为无键盘编程提供基础。在本文中，我们描述了我们在设计、开发和评估基于语音的IDE方面所做的努力，以支持灵巧程度有限的人。我们报告了一个基于《绿野仙踪》(Wizard of Oz, WOz)的设计过程，以了解人们将如何使用以及他们对基于语音的编程环境的期望。根据WOz的发现，我们开发了VocalIDE，这是一个基于语音的原型IDE，具有上下文颜色编辑等功能，可以促进语音编程。最后，我们对8名有上肢运动障碍的参与者评估了VocalIDE的效用。研究表明，VocalIDE显著提高了参与者在编程时进行导航编辑和选择文本的能力。
{"title":"Vocal Programming for People with Upper-Body Motor Impairments","authors":"Lucas Rosenblatt, Patrick Carrington, Kotaro Hara, Jeffrey P. Bigham","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3192821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192821","url":null,"abstract":"Programming heavily relies on entering text using traditional QWERTY keyboards, which poses challenges for people with limited upper-body movement. Developing tools using a publicly available speech recognition API could provide a basis for keyboard free programming. In this paper, we describe our efforts in design, development, and evaluation of a voice-based IDE to support people with limited dexterity. We report on a formative Wizard of Oz (WOz) based design process to gain an understanding of how people would use and what they expect from a speech-based programming environment. Informed by the findings from the WOz, we developed VocalIDE, a prototype speech-based IDE with features such as Context Color Editing that facilitates vocal programming. Finally, we evaluate the utility of VocalIDE with 8 participants who have upper limb motor impairments. The study showed that VocalIDE significantly improves the participants' ability to make navigational edits and select text while programming.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131844480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rie Kamikubo, Keita Higuchi, Ryo Yonetani, H. Koike, Yoichi Sato
Despite the emphasis of involving users with disabilities in the development of accessible interfaces, user trials come with high costs and effort. Particularly considering the diverse range of abilities such as in the case of low vision, simulating the effect of an impairment on interaction with an interface has been approached. As a starting point to assess the role of simulation in the design cycle, this research focuses on allowing sighted individuals to experience the interface under tunnel vision using gaze-contingent simulation. We investigated its implementation reliability through the analysis of empirical tests of prototypes compared between participants under simulation and intended groups. We found that the simulation-based approach can enable developers to not only examine problems in interfaces but also be exposed to user feedback from simulated user trials with necessary evaluation measures. We discussed how the approach can complement accessibility qualities associated with user involvement at different development phases.
{"title":"Exploring the Role of Tunnel Vision Simulation in the Design Cycle of Accessible Interfaces","authors":"Rie Kamikubo, Keita Higuchi, Ryo Yonetani, H. Koike, Yoichi Sato","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3192822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192822","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the emphasis of involving users with disabilities in the development of accessible interfaces, user trials come with high costs and effort. Particularly considering the diverse range of abilities such as in the case of low vision, simulating the effect of an impairment on interaction with an interface has been approached. As a starting point to assess the role of simulation in the design cycle, this research focuses on allowing sighted individuals to experience the interface under tunnel vision using gaze-contingent simulation. We investigated its implementation reliability through the analysis of empirical tests of prototypes compared between participants under simulation and intended groups. We found that the simulation-based approach can enable developers to not only examine problems in interfaces but also be exposed to user feedback from simulated user trials with necessary evaluation measures. We discussed how the approach can complement accessibility qualities associated with user involvement at different development phases.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125998041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shuyi Song, Jiajun Bu, Ye Wang, Zhi Yu, Andreas Artmeier, Lianjun Dai, Can Wang
The rising awareness of accessibility increases the demand for Web accessibility evaluation projects to verify the implementation of Web accessibility guidelines and identify accessibility barriers in websites. However, the complexity of accessibility evaluation tasks and the lack of experts limits their scope and reduces their significance. Due to this complexity, they could not directly rely on a technique called crowdsourcing, which made great contributions in many fields by dividing a problem into many tedious micro-tasks and solving tasks in parallel. Addressing this issue, we develop a new crowdsourcing-based Web accessibility evaluation system with two novel decision strategies, golden set strategy and time-based golden set strategy. These strategies enable the generation of task results with high accuracy synthesized from micro-tasks solved by workers with heterogeneous expertise. An accessibility evaluation of 98 websites by 55 workers with varying experience verifies that our system can complete the evaluation in half the time with a 7.2% improvement on accuracy than the current approach.
{"title":"Web Accessibility Evaluation in a Crowdsourcing-Based System with Expertise-Based Decision Strategy","authors":"Shuyi Song, Jiajun Bu, Ye Wang, Zhi Yu, Andreas Artmeier, Lianjun Dai, Can Wang","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3192827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192827","url":null,"abstract":"The rising awareness of accessibility increases the demand for Web accessibility evaluation projects to verify the implementation of Web accessibility guidelines and identify accessibility barriers in websites. However, the complexity of accessibility evaluation tasks and the lack of experts limits their scope and reduces their significance. Due to this complexity, they could not directly rely on a technique called crowdsourcing, which made great contributions in many fields by dividing a problem into many tedious micro-tasks and solving tasks in parallel. Addressing this issue, we develop a new crowdsourcing-based Web accessibility evaluation system with two novel decision strategies, golden set strategy and time-based golden set strategy. These strategies enable the generation of task results with high accuracy synthesized from micro-tasks solved by workers with heterogeneous expertise. An accessibility evaluation of 98 websites by 55 workers with varying experience verifies that our system can complete the evaluation in half the time with a 7.2% improvement on accuracy than the current approach.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126706100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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