Many studies support the idea to use computer technologies to facilitate socialization and social inclusion for people with autism, but in reality many websites and mobile applications are lacking in accessibility features. This research aims to develop an accessibility framework based on the compilation of Web Accessibility standards, semantic web technologies (i.e. HTML5, CSS, Ontologies, RDFa) and evidence-based best practices and recommendations for user interface design for people with autism. This adaptation framework will be illustrated using a transportation use case example.
{"title":"Adaptable user interfaces for people with autism: A transportation example","authors":"Claudia De Los Rios Perez","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3196318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3196318","url":null,"abstract":"Many studies support the idea to use computer technologies to facilitate socialization and social inclusion for people with autism, but in reality many websites and mobile applications are lacking in accessibility features. This research aims to develop an accessibility framework based on the compilation of Web Accessibility standards, semantic web technologies (i.e. HTML5, CSS, Ontologies, RDFa) and evidence-based best practices and recommendations for user interface design for people with autism. This adaptation framework will be illustrated using a transportation use case example.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117093391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With growing browser performance and technological advances such as WebVR, WebAssembly and WebGL, opportunities of novel assistive applications of technology are at an all time high. With about 4% of the world's population being visually impaired, easy real world navigation and path-finding are unsolved problems. Tasks like simple navigation across a room, or walking down a street pose real dangers, and current technology based solutions are too inaccessible, or difficult to use, hindering their effectiveness. Keeping portability and compatibility in mind, a browser based system was implemented, which makes use of high performance WebGL shaders to augment a video feed of a user's surroundings. A range of highly configurable shaders, such as edge detection and colour inversion allow a user to adjust the effect to their specific needs and preferences. The effect is rendered into a VR format, to allow users to make use of it with a minimal learning curve, and the web based platform keeps the system accessible to anyone with a smartphone, without incompatibility issues.
{"title":"WebSight: Using AR and WebGL shaders to assist the visually impaired","authors":"Dan Ruta, Louis Jordan, T. Fox, R. Boakes","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3196319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3196319","url":null,"abstract":"With growing browser performance and technological advances such as WebVR, WebAssembly and WebGL, opportunities of novel assistive applications of technology are at an all time high. With about 4% of the world's population being visually impaired, easy real world navigation and path-finding are unsolved problems. Tasks like simple navigation across a room, or walking down a street pose real dangers, and current technology based solutions are too inaccessible, or difficult to use, hindering their effectiveness. Keeping portability and compatibility in mind, a browser based system was implemented, which makes use of high performance WebGL shaders to augment a video feed of a user's surroundings. A range of highly configurable shaders, such as edge detection and colour inversion allow a user to adjust the effect to their specific needs and preferences. The effect is rendered into a VR format, to allow users to make use of it with a minimal learning curve, and the web based platform keeps the system accessible to anyone with a smartphone, without incompatibility issues.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134461448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite its many advantages, automated web accessibility evaluation's main limitation is still its inability to assess rules and techniques that require a semantic understanding of the web content. Today, machine learning solutions are available that can interpret different media content with a reasonable degree of confidence. These solutions have an untapped potential to increase the accessibility of web pages. This potential extends to the evaluation of web pages also. This paper proposes an algorithm to automatically rate the similarity between a content and its textual description in a web accessibility evaluation context. The validity of the algorithm is demonstrated by comparing its ratings of descriptions of images obtained from their alt texts with human ratings of the same descriptions.
{"title":"Semantic Content Analysis Supporting Web Accessibility Evaluation","authors":"Carlos M. Duarte, Inês Matos, L. Carriço","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3196828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3196828","url":null,"abstract":"Despite its many advantages, automated web accessibility evaluation's main limitation is still its inability to assess rules and techniques that require a semantic understanding of the web content. Today, machine learning solutions are available that can interpret different media content with a reasonable degree of confidence. These solutions have an untapped potential to increase the accessibility of web pages. This potential extends to the evaluation of web pages also. This paper proposes an algorithm to automatically rate the similarity between a content and its textual description in a web accessibility evaluation context. The validity of the algorithm is demonstrated by comparing its ratings of descriptions of images obtained from their alt texts with human ratings of the same descriptions.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129468847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper investigates the potential benefits of bringing together Internet of Things and deep learning techniques toward the development of assistive technologies for users with visual disabilities. We propose a computer vision system designed to classify objects in the user's surroundings and to provide its user with an audio description of the detected things. The solution exploits a wearable vision sensor, which is mounted on the user's glasses and controlled by a single board computer running Google TensorFlow framework. With this software layer, the aid may support users in specific environments, e.g., museums. Finally, experiments show promising results in the context of image classification.
{"title":"A TensorFlow-based Assistive Technology System for Users with Visual Impairments","authors":"Davide Mulfari","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3196314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3196314","url":null,"abstract":"The paper investigates the potential benefits of bringing together Internet of Things and deep learning techniques toward the development of assistive technologies for users with visual disabilities. We propose a computer vision system designed to classify objects in the user's surroundings and to provide its user with an audio description of the detected things. The solution exploits a wearable vision sensor, which is mounted on the user's glasses and controlled by a single board computer running Google TensorFlow framework. With this software layer, the aid may support users in specific environments, e.g., museums. Finally, experiments show promising results in the context of image classification.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130579111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accessibility policies are a fundamental instrument for implementing accessibility solutions, and this is true also for university websites. However, writing a good accessibility policy is not trivial. In this paper we present a brief outline of a survey we performed on twenty university policies. Drawing on these examples, we explain what should be included in a policy and how such a content should be formulated.
{"title":"On Accessibility Policies for Higher Education Institutions","authors":"G. Brajnik, S. Graca","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3192833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192833","url":null,"abstract":"Accessibility policies are a fundamental instrument for implementing accessibility solutions, and this is true also for university websites. However, writing a good accessibility policy is not trivial. In this paper we present a brief outline of a survey we performed on twenty university policies. Drawing on these examples, we explain what should be included in a policy and how such a content should be formulated.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"31 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120866306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Rauschenberger, Luz Rello, R. Baeza-Yates, Jeffrey P. Bigham
Detecting dyslexia is important because early intervention is key to avoid the negative effects of dyslexia such as school failure. Most of the current approaches to detect dyslexia require expensive personnel (i.e. psychologists) or special hardware (i.e. eye trackers or MRI machines). Also, most of the methods can only be used when children are learning how to read but not before, necessarily delaying needed early intervention. In this work, we present a study with 178 participants speaking different languages (Spanish, German, English, and Catalan) with and without dyslexia using a web-based game built with musical and visual elements that are language independent. The study reveals eighth game measures with significant differences for Spanish children with and without dyslexia, which could be used in future work as a basis for language independent detection. A web-based application like this could have a major impact on children all over the world by easily screening them and suggest the help they need.
{"title":"Towards Language Independent Detection of Dyslexia with a Web-based Game","authors":"M. Rauschenberger, Luz Rello, R. Baeza-Yates, Jeffrey P. Bigham","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3192816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192816","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting dyslexia is important because early intervention is key to avoid the negative effects of dyslexia such as school failure. Most of the current approaches to detect dyslexia require expensive personnel (i.e. psychologists) or special hardware (i.e. eye trackers or MRI machines). Also, most of the methods can only be used when children are learning how to read but not before, necessarily delaying needed early intervention. In this work, we present a study with 178 participants speaking different languages (Spanish, German, English, and Catalan) with and without dyslexia using a web-based game built with musical and visual elements that are language independent. The study reveals eighth game measures with significant differences for Spanish children with and without dyslexia, which could be used in future work as a basis for language independent detection. A web-based application like this could have a major impact on children all over the world by easily screening them and suggest the help they need.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133346356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Takahiro Miura, Ken-ichiro Yabu, Ryogo Ogino, Atsushi Hiyama, M. Hirose, T. Ifukube
Rapid improvements in real-world accessibility conditions have enabled greater mobility of people with disabilities as well as senior citizens. However, while the accessibility information of downtown areas and sightseeing locations is frequently updated, the most recent information on accessibility conditions in areas such as suburbs is difficult to obtain quickly because of infrequent updates of this type of information along with local information upgrades. On the other hand, healthy seniors aged over 65 years are known to engage in volunteer activities in developed countries with a high population of the elderly. In this regard, collaborative work on the accessibility assessments of places unexplored by these senior citizens can enable not only the efficient data collection on local areas but also lead to increase in their awareness and motivation to participate in social activities. In this study, we propose an accessibility-sharing application for volunteers including seniors and youngsters along with a scheme to efficiently record real-world conditions. In particular, we develop a smartphone application named Real-world Accessibility Transaction System (ReAcTS), and we conduct events to share accessibility information in cooperation with volunteer groups mainly composed of senior citizens.
{"title":"Collaborative Accessibility Assessments by Senior Citizens Using Smartphone Application ReAcTS (Real-world Accessibility Transaction System)","authors":"Takahiro Miura, Ken-ichiro Yabu, Ryogo Ogino, Atsushi Hiyama, M. Hirose, T. Ifukube","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3192826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192826","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid improvements in real-world accessibility conditions have enabled greater mobility of people with disabilities as well as senior citizens. However, while the accessibility information of downtown areas and sightseeing locations is frequently updated, the most recent information on accessibility conditions in areas such as suburbs is difficult to obtain quickly because of infrequent updates of this type of information along with local information upgrades. On the other hand, healthy seniors aged over 65 years are known to engage in volunteer activities in developed countries with a high population of the elderly. In this regard, collaborative work on the accessibility assessments of places unexplored by these senior citizens can enable not only the efficient data collection on local areas but also lead to increase in their awareness and motivation to participate in social activities. In this study, we propose an accessibility-sharing application for volunteers including seniors and youngsters along with a scheme to efficiently record real-world conditions. In particular, we develop a smartphone application named Real-world Accessibility Transaction System (ReAcTS), and we conduct events to share accessibility information in cooperation with volunteer groups mainly composed of senior citizens.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131541634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Web Accessibility remains a major concern of the rapidly growing Internet community. Accessing online content is crucial for many people as they engage in a variety of tasks every day. Content can be in any form, such as audio, video, images and text. A major portion of a website's viewport generally contains images, and there are set standards & guidelines for providing information about these images while creating image elements on a webpage. Yet, most websites do not strictly follow accessibility guidelines and, as a result, either a website contains no descriptions of images or the descriptions provided are not sufficient to convey the meaning to visually impaired people who use screen readers for accessing web content. In this paper, we propose a solution that provides alternate image descriptions to all images on a website with help of Machine Learning in a completely unobtrusive environment. The application does not require any setup and can be used on static as well as dynamic websites.
{"title":"Accessify: An ML Powered Application to Provide Accessible Images on Web Sites","authors":"Shivam Singh, A. Bhandari, Nishith Pathak","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3192830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192830","url":null,"abstract":"Web Accessibility remains a major concern of the rapidly growing Internet community. Accessing online content is crucial for many people as they engage in a variety of tasks every day. Content can be in any form, such as audio, video, images and text. A major portion of a website's viewport generally contains images, and there are set standards & guidelines for providing information about these images while creating image elements on a webpage. Yet, most websites do not strictly follow accessibility guidelines and, as a result, either a website contains no descriptions of images or the descriptions provided are not sufficient to convey the meaning to visually impaired people who use screen readers for accessing web content. In this paper, we propose a solution that provides alternate image descriptions to all images on a website with help of Machine Learning in a completely unobtrusive environment. The application does not require any setup and can be used on static as well as dynamic websites.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132420086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The term "artificial intelligence" is a buzzword today and is heavily used to market products, services, research, conferences, and more. It is scientifically disputed which types of products and services do actually qualify as "artificial intelligence" versus simply advanced computer technologies mimicking aspects of natural intelligence. Yet it is undisputed that, despite often inflationary use of the term, there are mainstream products and services today that for decades were only thought to be science fiction. They range from industrial automation, to self-driving cars, robotics, and consumer electronics for smart homes, workspaces, education, and many more contexts. Several technological advances enable what is commonly referred to as "artificial intelligence". It includes connected computers and the Internet of Things (IoT), open and big data, low cost computing and storage, and many more. Yet regardless of the definition of the term artificial intelligence, technological advancements in this area provide immense potential, especially for people with disabilities. In this paper we explore some of these potential in the context of web accessibility. We review some existing products and services, and their support for web accessibility. We propose accessibility conformance evaluation as one potential way forward, to accelerate the uptake of artificial intelligence, to improve web accessibility.
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Web Accessibility: Is Conformance Evaluation a Way Forward?","authors":"Shadi Abou-Zahra, Judy Brewer, Michael Cooper","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3192834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192834","url":null,"abstract":"The term \"artificial intelligence\" is a buzzword today and is heavily used to market products, services, research, conferences, and more. It is scientifically disputed which types of products and services do actually qualify as \"artificial intelligence\" versus simply advanced computer technologies mimicking aspects of natural intelligence. Yet it is undisputed that, despite often inflationary use of the term, there are mainstream products and services today that for decades were only thought to be science fiction. They range from industrial automation, to self-driving cars, robotics, and consumer electronics for smart homes, workspaces, education, and many more contexts. Several technological advances enable what is commonly referred to as \"artificial intelligence\". It includes connected computers and the Internet of Things (IoT), open and big data, low cost computing and storage, and many more. Yet regardless of the definition of the term artificial intelligence, technological advancements in this area provide immense potential, especially for people with disabilities. In this paper we explore some of these potential in the context of web accessibility. We review some existing products and services, and their support for web accessibility. We propose accessibility conformance evaluation as one potential way forward, to accelerate the uptake of artificial intelligence, to improve web accessibility.","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131292575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People with autism require adaptations on their user interfaces to be able to engage and correctly use digital technology. Based on the current literature for user interfaces for people with autism, this paper presents a web application of maps adapted to their needs. According to his preferences it is possible to change how the map looks and how the information is displayed on the screen. The development is presented in the URL: Http://www.adaptableinterface.com
{"title":"Adaptable maps for people with autism","authors":"C. Perez, D. McMeekin, Marita Falkmer, T. Tan","doi":"10.1145/3192714.3210349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3210349","url":null,"abstract":"People with autism require adaptations on their user interfaces to be able to engage and correctly use digital technology. Based on the current literature for user interfaces for people with autism, this paper presents a web application of maps adapted to their needs. According to his preferences it is possible to change how the map looks and how the information is displayed on the screen. The development is presented in the URL: Http://www.adaptableinterface.com","PeriodicalId":330095,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Internet of Accessible Things","volume":"24 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120914753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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