Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.26650/istjecon2020-828581
Sefa Karagöz
The informal economy is a multifaceted phenomenon with both economic and social consequences. It is important to better understand the informal economy in the context of social policy, as the informal sector is also associated with unemployment, income distribution, poverty, and migration. Thus, this study aims to draw conclusions about the relationship between the informal economy and outcomes in the primary areas of social policy. Accordingly, an evaluation was made in the context of unemployment, income distribution-poverty, migration, and informal employment, with the objective of revealing the relationship between the informal economy and social policy. The analysis of these relationships is based largely on empirical studies in the literature. It was found that the informal economy has both positive and negative consequences for unemployment, income distribution-poverty, and migration and that the informal economy must be considered in social policy planning so as to avoid deepening current social problems.
{"title":"Sosyal Politika Açısından Kayıt Dışı Ekonominin Önemi","authors":"Sefa Karagöz","doi":"10.26650/istjecon2020-828581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/istjecon2020-828581","url":null,"abstract":"The informal economy is a multifaceted phenomenon with both economic and social consequences. It is important to better understand the informal economy in the context of social policy, as the informal sector is also associated with unemployment, income distribution, poverty, and migration. Thus, this study aims to draw conclusions about the relationship between the informal economy and outcomes in the primary areas of social policy. Accordingly, an evaluation was made in the context of unemployment, income distribution-poverty, migration, and informal employment, with the objective of revealing the relationship between the informal economy and social policy. The analysis of these relationships is based largely on empirical studies in the literature. It was found that the informal economy has both positive and negative consequences for unemployment, income distribution-poverty, and migration and that the informal economy must be considered in social policy planning so as to avoid deepening current social problems.","PeriodicalId":33072,"journal":{"name":"Istanbul Iktisat Dergisi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48902340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.26650/istjecon2020-825490
Oğuz Öcal, Buket Altinoz, A. Aslan
Mediterranean countries are indispensable places of tourism with their world-famous shores, wonderful climate and impressive historical places. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between tourist arrivals and economic freedom indicators such as government integrity, tax burden, government spending, business freedom and trade freedom. For this purpose, the panel vector autoregression (PVAR) method was used for a Mediterranean countries sample covering the period from 1996 to 2016. The results of causality testing showed that the tourist arrivals have a bidirectional causality relationship with each explanatory variable, while the coefficient estimates showed that an increase in economic freedom indices affected tourist arrivals negatively in Mediterranean countries. That is, economic freedoms do not mean an advantage for tourists without supportive public policies for tourism. The test results suggest that policymakers should take into account the various aspects of the tourism sector, particularly natural resources and environmental factors, while making policies that increase economic freedom in Mediterranean countries
{"title":"The Nexus Between Economic Freedom and Tourist Arrivals: Evidence from Mediterranean Countries","authors":"Oğuz Öcal, Buket Altinoz, A. Aslan","doi":"10.26650/istjecon2020-825490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/istjecon2020-825490","url":null,"abstract":"Mediterranean countries are indispensable places of tourism with their world-famous shores, wonderful climate and impressive historical places. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between tourist arrivals and economic freedom indicators such as government integrity, tax burden, government spending, business freedom and trade freedom. For this purpose, the panel vector autoregression (PVAR) method was used for a Mediterranean countries sample covering the period from 1996 to 2016. The results of causality testing showed that the tourist arrivals have a bidirectional causality relationship with each explanatory variable, while the coefficient estimates showed that an increase in economic freedom indices affected tourist arrivals negatively in Mediterranean countries. That is, economic freedoms do not mean an advantage for tourists without supportive public policies for tourism. The test results suggest that policymakers should take into account the various aspects of the tourism sector, particularly natural resources and environmental factors, while making policies that increase economic freedom in Mediterranean countries","PeriodicalId":33072,"journal":{"name":"Istanbul Iktisat Dergisi","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69058992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-06DOI: 10.26650/istjecon2020-0011
A. Aslan
Citation/Atıf: Onur Aslan, A. & Dincer, M. Z. (2020). The effect of ınward processing regime on foreign trade: The case of automotives and white goods. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi Istanbul Journal of Economics, 70(2), 439-452. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2020-0011 ABSTRACT Although the Inward Processing Regime (IPR) has been criticized for increasing imports and dependence on them in production, it provides foreign exchange inflow to the country thanks to export. IPR, which is one of the most economically effective customs regimes of all export promotion practices in Turkey, ensures $65 billion export for $28 billion import. Thus, IPR affects current deficit positively. Ford Otosan and Arçelik, which operate under the Koç Group, one of the most important conglomerates in Turkey, also use IPR. These two companies carry out almost all their exports within the scope of IPR and provide a total of approx. $8.5 billion foreign currency inflow to Turkey. This amount meets about 14% of exports under IPR. In short, these two companies are constituent factors of the Turkish economy in addition to the employment they provide as well as the foreign currency they bring into the country. The aim of this study is to reveal the positive effect of IPR on export by using exemplary leading company data in the automotive and white goods sectors. Social science analysis techniques, observation, interview, academic data analysis, document analysis, qualitative data collection methods and fieldwork support were used to achieve this aim.
引用本文/Atıf: Onur Aslan, A. & Dincer, M. Z.(2020)。ınward加工制度对对外贸易的影响:以汽车和白色家电为例。İstanbul İktisat Dergisi İstanbul Economics, 70(2)， 439-452。虽然进境加工制度(IPR)因增加进口和生产依赖而受到批评，但由于出口，它为该国提供了外汇流入。知识产权是土耳其所有出口促进措施中最具经济效益的海关制度之一，确保了650亿美元的出口和280亿美元的进口。因此，知识产权对经常赤字有积极的影响。土耳其最重要的企业集团之一Koç集团旗下的Ford Otosan和arelik也使用知识产权。这两家公司几乎所有的出口都在知识产权范围内进行，提供的产品总额约为。85亿美元的外汇流入土耳其。这一数额约占知识产权出口总额的14%。简而言之，这两家公司除了提供就业机会和为土耳其带来外汇外，还是土耳其经济的组成部分。本研究的目的是通过使用汽车和白色家电行业的典型龙头企业数据来揭示知识产权对出口的积极影响。通过社会科学分析技术、观察、访谈、学术数据分析、文献分析、定性数据收集方法和实地工作支持来实现这一目标。
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Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.26650/istjecon2020-0010
M. Akin
Bu calismada risk sermayesi yatirimcilarinin beklentilerini karsilamalari icin almalari gereken hisse oranlarinin matematiksel acilimi gosterilmektedir. Baslangic safhasi atlatildiktan sonra, sermaye ihtiyacini karsilamada girisimcinin etrafindaki tanidiklari yetersiz kalmaktadir. Bu nedenle, startup kuruculari oz kaynaklarinin bir kismini yatirim getirisi bekleyen diger yatirimcilara satarlar. Startuplar’in buyumeye gecme asamasinda risk sermayedarlarinin destegi bu anlamda kritiktir. Buradaki en onemli acmaz ne kadar yatirima ne kadar hisse orani verilecegi yonundedir. Risk sermayesinin organizasyon yapisi ve startuplar’daki basari oraninin dusuk olmasi sebebiyle, maliyeti yuksek bir sermayedir. Yatirimcilarin beklenti oranlari genel piyasa beklentilerinin cok ustunde degildir. Risk sermayesini pahali yapan unsurlar 5-10 yil arasi degisen uzun bekleme donemi ve startup’in basarili olma ihtimalinin %10-20 arasi degismesidir. Bundan dolayi indirgeme oranlari %50’lerin cok ustune cikmaktadir. Genellikle startup girisimcisi cok az sermaye karsiliginda cok fazla hisse vermis gibi bir hayal kirikligi yasamaktadir. Bu az sermayenin arkasindakinin risk sermayesini gostererek bu oranlarin bir pazarlik konusu veya bir somuruden cok sektorun kurgusunun neticesi oldugunun anlasilmasidir. Bu sartlarda, startup kurucularinin izleyebilecekleri en dogru strateji risk sermayedarlariyla siki pazarlik etmek yerine gerektigi kadar finansman saglamalaridir
在这场灾难中，学生需要达到降低风险预期的数学紧迫性有待评估。在安全的基础上，我可能会发现一个女孩，她是一个女孩。因此，创业公司创始人将他们的一些臭氧源出售给其他正在等待教育的学生。这对于支持Startuplar在夜班期间的风险至关重要。世界上最痛苦的是我的学生将获得多少学费。风险区的组织和初创企业的增长率是一项高成本。预期的客户并没有对卫星抱有太多期望。风险因素是，如果不是在5到10年之间，等待已久的边境和启动事件的概率会降低10-20%。因此，下载率低50%。一般来说，当启动启动器太低时，禁止有很多情绪。这是市场营销问题或大量行业意外的结果，凸显了成交量低背后的风险。Bu sartlada，初创公司kuruculanin izleyebilecekleri en dogru战略风险sermayedarlariyla siki pazarlik etmek yerine gerektigi kadar finansman saglamaradir
{"title":"Risk Sermayesinin Yüksek Maliyeti ve Startuplar’ın İzlemesi Gereken Yatırım Stratejisi","authors":"M. Akin","doi":"10.26650/istjecon2020-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/istjecon2020-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Bu calismada risk sermayesi yatirimcilarinin beklentilerini karsilamalari icin almalari gereken hisse oranlarinin matematiksel acilimi gosterilmektedir. Baslangic safhasi atlatildiktan sonra, sermaye ihtiyacini karsilamada girisimcinin etrafindaki tanidiklari yetersiz kalmaktadir. Bu nedenle, startup kuruculari oz kaynaklarinin bir kismini yatirim getirisi bekleyen diger yatirimcilara satarlar. Startuplar’in buyumeye gecme asamasinda risk sermayedarlarinin destegi bu anlamda kritiktir. Buradaki en onemli acmaz ne kadar yatirima ne kadar hisse orani verilecegi yonundedir. Risk sermayesinin organizasyon yapisi ve startuplar’daki basari oraninin dusuk olmasi sebebiyle, maliyeti yuksek bir sermayedir. Yatirimcilarin beklenti oranlari genel piyasa beklentilerinin cok ustunde degildir. Risk sermayesini pahali yapan unsurlar 5-10 yil arasi degisen uzun bekleme donemi ve startup’in basarili olma ihtimalinin %10-20 arasi degismesidir. Bundan dolayi indirgeme oranlari %50’lerin cok ustune cikmaktadir. Genellikle startup girisimcisi cok az sermaye karsiliginda cok fazla hisse vermis gibi bir hayal kirikligi yasamaktadir. Bu az sermayenin arkasindakinin risk sermayesini gostererek bu oranlarin bir pazarlik konusu veya bir somuruden cok sektorun kurgusunun neticesi oldugunun anlasilmasidir. Bu sartlarda, startup kurucularinin izleyebilecekleri en dogru strateji risk sermayedarlariyla siki pazarlik etmek yerine gerektigi kadar finansman saglamalaridir","PeriodicalId":33072,"journal":{"name":"Istanbul Iktisat Dergisi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47422552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.26650/istjecon2019-002
B. Aydın
Bu calismada 21. yuzyilda OECD ulkelerinde beklenen yasam suresi uzerinde etkili olan iktisadi gostergeler arastirilmistir. Ulkelerin gelismislik duzeyleri ve beklenen yasam sureleri incelendiginde az gelismis ulkelerin gelismis ulkelere nazaran dogumda beklenen yasam suresinde onemli olcude geride olduklari gorulmektedir. Bu nedenle iktisadi olarak gelismis ulkelerde yasam suresinin neden daha fazla oldugu ve bu durumu etkileyen iktisadi gostergelerin arastirilmasi buyuk onem arz etmektedir. Literaturde yer alan calismalar degerlendirildiginde konunun sahip oldugu oneme ragmen yasam beklentisi ile iktisadi degiskenler arasindaki iliskiyi inceleyen yeterli calismanin mevcut olmadigi gorulmektedir. Bu calismada, 2000-2016 donemindeki yillik veriler ile Panel Regresyon Analizi ve Panel Granger Nedensellik Analizi yontemleri kullanilmistir. Calismada elde edilen bulgulara gore beklenen yasam suresi ile issizlik orani ve beklenen yasam suresi ile kisi basi gayri safi yurtici hasila arasinda cift yonlu nedensellik ayrica saglik harcamalarindan beklenen yasam suresine dogru tek yonlu nedensellik iliskisi bulundugu tespit edilmistir. Ayrica yapilan regresyon analizinde OECD ulkeleri uzerinde beklenen yasam suresini etkileyen en onemli unsurun saglik harcamalari oldugu sonucuna ulasilmistir. Bu sonuc; kalkinma acisindan bireylere ve topluma daha uzun bir yasam saglayabilmenin, ulkelerin saglik harcamalarini arttirmalari ile daha yukari seviyelere cikarilabilecegini gostermektedir.
Bu calimada 21。经合组织国家的执法系统以能源消耗为基础。当我们观察各国的发展情绪和预期的立法数字时，可以发现，各国的收入落后于该国预期的合法性。因此，作为一名电气代理人，我们需要问为什么工业国家的法律形象有所提高，以及为什么影响这种情况的电气八卦数量有所增加。当升中的calism降解时，观察到没有足够的calisms来研究电王朝之间的关系。在这场灾难中，面板回归分析和面板Granger程序分析组件已与2000-2016年数据库的年度数据一起使用。在Calisma获得的研究结果已被确定为与预期的法定数字和文盲率的预期以及cift yones文盲成本的简单、简单和简单的农民来源与预期的健康法律成本之间的预期法定数字具有准确的关系。此外，在最近的一项回归分析中，经合组织国家在影响经合组织国家法律方面的健康物质方面的成本最高。布索努克；为了保护彼此，政府可以增加国家的医疗成本。
{"title":"İktisadi Göstergelerin Beklenen Yaşam Süresi Üzerindeki Etkileri: Panel Veri Analizi","authors":"B. Aydın","doi":"10.26650/istjecon2019-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/istjecon2019-002","url":null,"abstract":"Bu calismada 21. yuzyilda OECD ulkelerinde beklenen yasam suresi uzerinde etkili olan iktisadi gostergeler arastirilmistir. Ulkelerin gelismislik duzeyleri ve beklenen yasam sureleri incelendiginde az gelismis ulkelerin gelismis ulkelere nazaran dogumda beklenen yasam suresinde onemli olcude geride olduklari gorulmektedir. Bu nedenle iktisadi olarak gelismis ulkelerde yasam suresinin neden daha fazla oldugu ve bu durumu etkileyen iktisadi gostergelerin arastirilmasi buyuk onem arz etmektedir. Literaturde yer alan calismalar degerlendirildiginde konunun sahip oldugu oneme ragmen yasam beklentisi ile iktisadi degiskenler arasindaki iliskiyi inceleyen yeterli calismanin mevcut olmadigi gorulmektedir. Bu calismada, 2000-2016 donemindeki yillik veriler ile Panel Regresyon Analizi ve Panel Granger Nedensellik Analizi yontemleri kullanilmistir. Calismada elde edilen bulgulara gore beklenen yasam suresi ile issizlik orani ve beklenen yasam suresi ile kisi basi gayri safi yurtici hasila arasinda cift yonlu nedensellik ayrica saglik harcamalarindan beklenen yasam suresine dogru tek yonlu nedensellik iliskisi bulundugu tespit edilmistir. Ayrica yapilan regresyon analizinde OECD ulkeleri uzerinde beklenen yasam suresini etkileyen en onemli unsurun saglik harcamalari oldugu sonucuna ulasilmistir. Bu sonuc; kalkinma acisindan bireylere ve topluma daha uzun bir yasam saglayabilmenin, ulkelerin saglik harcamalarini arttirmalari ile daha yukari seviyelere cikarilabilecegini gostermektedir.","PeriodicalId":33072,"journal":{"name":"Istanbul Iktisat Dergisi","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69058686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.26650/istjecon2020-0002
Zekeriya Yıldırım
{"title":"Dış ve İç Şoklar, Döviz Kuru, Ülke Risk Primi ve Türkiye’de Makroekonomik Koşullar","authors":"Zekeriya Yıldırım","doi":"10.26650/istjecon2020-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/istjecon2020-0002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33072,"journal":{"name":"Istanbul Iktisat Dergisi","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69058753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.26650/istjecon2020-0009
Waqfs that generate income by operating cash or by operating cash and renting real estate are called cash waqfs in the literature. One of the issues examined in earlier studies on cash waqfs is the size of the cash capital of such waqfs. Earlier studies have also looked into the amount of increase or decrease in these capitals and how these increases or decreases occur. In the literature, waqfs that earn income only by operating cash or by operating cash and renting real estate are called cash waqfs. In this study, the effects of interest and rental income on the cash capital of 12 waqfs in the Eyup (Havass-i Refia) district between 1769-1773 were analyzed with panel data. The data required for the analysis were obtained from the waqf accounting book no. 246 registered at the Havass-i Refia Court. According to the results of the analysis, it was found that interest revenues had a significant effect on the growth of cash capitals but that rental income had no effect on cash capitals.
{"title":"Osmanlı İstanbul’u Eyüp Bölgesindeki Vakıfların Faiz ve Kira Gelirlerinin Nakit Sermayeleri Üzerindeki Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi (1769-1773)","authors":"","doi":"10.26650/istjecon2020-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/istjecon2020-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Waqfs that generate income by operating cash or by operating cash and renting real estate are called cash waqfs in the literature. One of the issues examined in earlier studies on cash waqfs is the size of the cash capital of such waqfs. Earlier studies have also looked into the amount of increase or decrease in these capitals and how these increases or decreases occur. In the literature, waqfs that earn income only by operating cash or by operating cash and renting real estate are called cash waqfs. In this study, the effects of interest and rental income on the cash capital of 12 waqfs in the Eyup (Havass-i Refia) district between 1769-1773 were analyzed with panel data. The data required for the analysis were obtained from the waqf accounting book no. 246 registered at the Havass-i Refia Court. According to the results of the analysis, it was found that interest revenues had a significant effect on the growth of cash capitals but that rental income had no effect on cash capitals.","PeriodicalId":33072,"journal":{"name":"Istanbul Iktisat Dergisi","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69058798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.26650/istjecon2019-0017
Mustafa Özyeşil
In this study, the relationship between the popularity of cryptocurrencies and their price, return and trading volumes are examined through time series analysis. The popularity variable is determined according the frequency of cryptocurrencies being searched on the internet. Stationarity of series is examined by Vogelsang and Perron (1998) structural breaks ADF unit root test. According to the test results, all series are found to be stationary at level values. VAR analyses and impulse-response functions are performed to reveal dynamic interaction between the series. According to impulse - response test results, returns of BITCOIN decreased against a decreasing shock in the number searches on the internet and its price and trading volume followed a fluctuating course. In order to see the causality relationship between variables the Granger causality test is conducted. Regression analyses are performed using ordinary least squares (OLS) method through three different equations. According to the result of the regression analysis, an increase in the number of internet searches for cryptocurrencies was found to positively affect prices, returns and trading volumes of all cryptocurrencies. The highest impact on prices and trading volume is observed in BITCOIN, while the highest effect on returns is observed in LITECOIN. According to the findings, popularity can be considered an important determinant for price, returns and trading volumes of cryptocurrencies.
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Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.26650/istjecon2019-0012
Gunumuzde pek cok ulkede belirli ekonomik ve sosyal amaclarin daha etkin ve hizli sekilde gerceklestirilmesi amaciyla vergi harcamalari yogun sekilde uygulanmaktadir. Vergi harcamalari genel olarak vazgecilen vergi gelirlerini ifade etmektedir ve uygulamada vergi muafiyeti ve istisnalari, indirimler, mahsuplar, dusuk vergi oranlari ve vergi ertelemeleri seklinde karsimiza cikmaktadir. Kamu ekonomisi bakimindan vergi kaybina yol acan uygulamalar olan vergi harcamalari, ayni zamanda kamu harcamalarinin bir turu olarak kabul edilmektedir. Dolayisiyla gelir ve harcama politikalari bakimindan vergi harcamalarinin kamu ekonomisinde etkin sekilde uygulanmasi onem arz etmektedir. Turkiye’de vergi harcamalarinin gelisimini analiz etmek amaciyla hazirlanan bu calismada, oncelikle vergi harcamalari kavrami, teorik cercevesi ve uygulamalari incelenmis, daha sonra Turkiye’de 2015-2021 donemi vergi harcamalari tahminleri kullanilarak vergi harcamalarinin buyuklugu, artis oranlari, vergi turlerine gore dagilimi, cesitli makro gostergelere oranlari analiz edilmistir. Daha sonra vergi harcamalarinin fonksiyonel dagilimina yer verilerek bu harcamalarin hangi alanlara yoneldigi tespit edilmistir. Son olarak cesitli ulkelerde vergi harcamalarinin Gayrisafi Yurt Ici Hasilaya oranlari incelenerek Turkiye’nin durumu ortaya konulmaya calisilmistir. Calismadan elde edilen sonuclar, Turkiye’de ozellikle son yillarda ekonomiyi canlandirmak icin diger politika onlemlerinin yani sira vergi harcamalarinin aktif bir maliye politikasi araci olarak yogun sekilde uygulandigini ortaya koymaktadir. Ayrica vergi harcamalarinda verimlilik ve etkinligin artirilmasi ve mali saydamligin saglanmasi durumunda vergi harcamalarinin Turkiye’nin ekonomik performansina olumlu katkilar saglayacagi ongorulmektedir.
今天，在许多国家，为了实现支出，某些经济和社会目标更加有效。Vergi harcamarari genel olarak vazgecilen Vergi gelerlerini ifade etmektedir ve vigulamada Vergi muafiyeti ve istisnalari，indidimler，mahsuplar，dusuk Vergi oralari ve Vergi ertelemeleri seklinde karsimiza cikmaktadir。公共经济也接受会导致税收损失的税收支出，而公共支出是一轮。这是因为税收支出对公共经济的影响。在这项旨在分析土耳其税收支出进展的calismus中，使用土耳其2015-2021年捐助者税收支出的估计值，以及税收支出、艺术家的橙子、税率、企业宏观gosterges的估计值对总体税收支出、理论子宫颈锻炼和应用的概念进行了分析。之后，税收成本已经确定，成本分配在哪个领域。最后，有必要通过审查企业国家的Gairisafi Yurt Ici Hasilaya税收支出率来审查土耳其的状况。从calisma获得的结果表明，土耳其在过去几年中还实施了其他政策来振兴经济，例如积极的财政政策，即原始税收支出。此外，在没有逃税和财务评估的情况下，税收成本和税收效率将继续有效地促进土耳其的经济表现。
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