In this paper we define the complex relation between task models and user interfaces in a declarative manner. We do this by describing how a task model can be transformed to other functionally equivalent task models, how it can be mapped to a user interface prototype, and how a user interface can be transformed to other functionally equivalent user interfaces. We use this relation in order to tackle the question whether a user interface is appropriate for a task, which leads us to a conceptual notion of usability. The user interfaces are modeled with form-oriented analysis.
{"title":"Appropriateness of user interfaces to tasks","authors":"S. Balbo, D. Draheim, C. Lutteroth, Gerald Weber","doi":"10.1145/1122935.1122957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1122935.1122957","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we define the complex relation between task models and user interfaces in a declarative manner. We do this by describing how a task model can be transformed to other functionally equivalent task models, how it can be mapped to a user interface prototype, and how a user interface can be transformed to other functionally equivalent user interfaces. We use this relation in order to tackle the question whether a user interface is appropriate for a task, which leads us to a conceptual notion of usability. The user interfaces are modeled with form-oriented analysis.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123744880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current task modeling techniques have a shortcoming in that they only use the model at design time. This means that the information contained in the model has to be embedded into the application and makes the task model static. In this paper we propose using the task model at runtime, in order to simplify producing applications which adapt to the actions of the user. In particular, we extend the ConcurTaskTree (CTT) notation to allow dynamic execution of a task model. A key feature of our extension is that it gives semantics for the use of information exchange operators. Our second contribution is an implementation of our dynamic task model. We present a prototype application which shows how the interactions with the task model at runtime allow us to produce a dynamic and context aware user interface.
{"title":"Executable task models","authors":"Tobias Klug, J. Kangasharju","doi":"10.1145/1122935.1122958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1122935.1122958","url":null,"abstract":"Current task modeling techniques have a shortcoming in that they only use the model at design time. This means that the information contained in the model has to be embedded into the application and makes the task model static. In this paper we propose using the task model at runtime, in order to simplify producing applications which adapt to the actions of the user. In particular, we extend the ConcurTaskTree (CTT) notation to allow dynamic execution of a task model. A key feature of our extension is that it gives semantics for the use of information exchange operators. Our second contribution is an implementation of our dynamic task model. We present a prototype application which shows how the interactions with the task model at runtime allow us to produce a dynamic and context aware user interface.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122427976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design of interactive systems for an ambient intelligent environment poses many challenges because of the great diversity in devices the user has control of and the user's situation imposed by the environment. Although task-centered interface design is an established approach for traditional form-based and even for multi-device user interfaces, this design approach is, in its current form, not ready for the design of user interfaces for ambient intelligent environments. In this paper we propose a task-centered approach to design interaction mechanisms for ambient intelligent environments by means of visualization and simulation. We focus on three different concepts that are important to support this approach: situated task allocations, user interface distributions and visualization of context influences. Because the execution of a task depends strongly on the situation or context of use, the consequences of a context change on the execution of a task specification should be communicated with the task designer during the design process. The designer should be able to define the possibilities to execute a task while taking into account constraints imposed by the environment of the user. A tool to support this approach using visualization of the environment and simulation of the interface configurations is introduced.
{"title":"Task modeling for ambient intelligent environments: design support for situated task executions","authors":"K. Luyten, Chris Vandervelpen, K. Coninx","doi":"10.1145/1122935.1122953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1122935.1122953","url":null,"abstract":"The design of interactive systems for an ambient intelligent environment poses many challenges because of the great diversity in devices the user has control of and the user's situation imposed by the environment. Although task-centered interface design is an established approach for traditional form-based and even for multi-device user interfaces, this design approach is, in its current form, not ready for the design of user interfaces for ambient intelligent environments. In this paper we propose a task-centered approach to design interaction mechanisms for ambient intelligent environments by means of visualization and simulation. We focus on three different concepts that are important to support this approach: situated task allocations, user interface distributions and visualization of context influences. Because the execution of a task depends strongly on the situation or context of use, the consequences of a context change on the execution of a task specification should be communicated with the task designer during the design process. The designer should be able to define the possibilities to execute a task while taking into account constraints imposed by the environment of the user. A tool to support this approach using visualization of the environment and simulation of the interface configurations is introduced.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"265 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123479915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interrupting users engaged in tasks typically has negative effects on their task completion time, error rate, and affective state. Empirical research has shown that these negative effects can be mitigated by deferring interruptions until more opportune moments in a user's task sequence. However, existing systems that reason about when to interrupt do not have access to task models that would allow for such finer-grained temporal reasoning. We outline our method of finding opportune moments that links a physiological measure of workload with task modeling techniques and theories of attention. We describe the design and implementation of our interruption management system, showing how it can be used to specify and monitor practical, representative user tasks. We discuss our ongoing empirical work in this area, and how the use of our framework may enable attention aware systems to consider a user's position in a task when reasoning about when to interrupt.
{"title":"A method, system, and tools for intelligent interruption management","authors":"Piotr D. Adamczyk, Shamsi T. Iqbal, B. Bailey","doi":"10.1145/1122935.1122959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1122935.1122959","url":null,"abstract":"Interrupting users engaged in tasks typically has negative effects on their task completion time, error rate, and affective state. Empirical research has shown that these negative effects can be mitigated by deferring interruptions until more opportune moments in a user's task sequence. However, existing systems that reason about when to interrupt do not have access to task models that would allow for such finer-grained temporal reasoning. We outline our method of finding opportune moments that links a physiological measure of workload with task modeling techniques and theories of attention. We describe the design and implementation of our interruption management system, showing how it can be used to specify and monitor practical, representative user tasks. We discuss our ongoing empirical work in this area, and how the use of our framework may enable attention aware systems to consider a user's position in a task when reasoning about when to interrupt.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114773193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Liborio, E. Furtado, Ismael Rocha, Vasco Furtado
The process of generating user interfaces is complex and demands a great deal of effort from the specialist, because there are several possible combinations and uncertainties regarding any one option. We believe that the modeling of HCI concepts and of the knowledge of all parties involved is of great importance, as well as the reuse of this modeling to automate and optimize such process. Therefore, we are proposing a KBS (Knowledge-Based System) that represents the knowledge of the interface designers. This System possesses the feature of interactivity, so that the user can have an explanation of the results produced, thus improving the understanding and acceptance of the proposed interface. Furthermore, the system allows for its knowledge base to be modified. We applied the proposed method to generate an abstract user interface for a system of email control and for a system of simulation of criminal activity.
生成用户界面的过程是复杂的，需要专家付出大量的努力，因为任何一个选项都有几种可能的组合和不确定性。我们认为，对HCI概念和所有相关方的知识进行建模是非常重要的，以及对这种建模的重用，以自动化和优化这一过程。因此，我们提出了一个KBS (knowledge - based System)，它代表了界面设计者的知识。本系统具有交互性的特点，使用户可以对所产生的结果有一个解释，从而提高了对所设计界面的理解和接受度。此外，该系统允许对其知识库进行修改。我们应用所提出的方法为电子邮件控制系统和犯罪活动模拟系统生成抽象用户界面。
{"title":"Interface design through knowledge-based systems: an approach centered on explanations from problem-solving models","authors":"A. Liborio, E. Furtado, Ismael Rocha, Vasco Furtado","doi":"10.1145/1122935.1122961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1122935.1122961","url":null,"abstract":"The process of generating user interfaces is complex and demands a great deal of effort from the specialist, because there are several possible combinations and uncertainties regarding any one option. We believe that the modeling of HCI concepts and of the knowledge of all parties involved is of great importance, as well as the reuse of this modeling to automate and optimize such process. Therefore, we are proposing a KBS (Knowledge-Based System) that represents the knowledge of the interface designers. This System possesses the feature of interactivity, so that the user can have an explanation of the results produced, thus improving the understanding and acceptance of the proposed interface. Furthermore, the system allows for its knowledge base to be modified. We applied the proposed method to generate an abstract user interface for a system of email control and for a system of simulation of criminal activity.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130594651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design of workflow systems originated as an attempt to support coordinated data access. The improvement of interaction technology has created an opportunity for more flexible and interactive activities. Tools for modelling tasks in cooperative applications have started to appear. In this paper, we show how to extend one such tool for supporting workflow control in distributed environments through interactive graphical interfaces. In particular, we show how we have created an environment that exploits a workflow server containing a simulator of cooperative task models. This enables the possibility of allowing users with different roles to access the system through interactive graphical Web interfaces obtained using SVG. Users can access from any location where a Web access is available and obtain information regarding the state of a specific workflow instance, their enabled tasks according to the current state, the active tasks (high level tasks started but not yet finished), and the history of tasks accomplished with details regarding their performance. Whenever a task is performed, the user can inform the system regarding this, and the workflow system will update the state of the procedure and enable or disable the tasks for all the roles involved accordingly.
{"title":"Supporting interactive workflow systems through graphical web interfaces and interactive simulators","authors":"A. Bruno, F. Paternò, C. Santoro","doi":"10.1145/1122935.1122948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1122935.1122948","url":null,"abstract":"The design of workflow systems originated as an attempt to support coordinated data access. The improvement of interaction technology has created an opportunity for more flexible and interactive activities. Tools for modelling tasks in cooperative applications have started to appear. In this paper, we show how to extend one such tool for supporting workflow control in distributed environments through interactive graphical interfaces. In particular, we show how we have created an environment that exploits a workflow server containing a simulator of cooperative task models. This enables the possibility of allowing users with different roles to access the system through interactive graphical Web interfaces obtained using SVG. Users can access from any location where a Web access is available and obtain information regarding the state of a specific workflow instance, their enabled tasks according to the current state, the active tasks (high level tasks started but not yet finished), and the history of tasks accomplished with details regarding their performance. Whenever a task is performed, the user can inform the system regarding this, and the workflow system will update the state of the procedure and enable or disable the tasks for all the roles involved accordingly.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127992754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bridging the gap between individual mental models of stakeholders and organizational or software developers requires a diagrammatic acquisition and representation scheme that captures information provided by stakeholders in an accurate way for all involved parties. In this paper we reflect an action research approach for deriving such a scheme, and revisit existing approaches in the light of our developments. Since human-centered diagrammatic representation schemes need to ensure the intelligibility of process knowledge, they have to provide dedicated modeling elements, such as contextual information types.
{"title":"Towards human-centered design of diagrammatic representation schemes","authors":"Stefan Oppl, C. Stary","doi":"10.1145/1122935.1122947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1122935.1122947","url":null,"abstract":"Bridging the gap between individual mental models of stakeholders and organizational or software developers requires a diagrammatic acquisition and representation scheme that captures information provided by stakeholders in an accurate way for all involved parties. In this paper we reflect an action research approach for deriving such a scheme, and revisit existing approaches in the light of our developments. Since human-centered diagrammatic representation schemes need to ensure the intelligibility of process knowledge, they have to provide dedicated modeling elements, such as contextual information types.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122227987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a machine learning-based approach for capturing rules embedded in users' movement paths while navigating in Virtual Environments (VEs). It is argued that this methodology and the set of navigational rules which it provides should be regarded as a starting point for designing adaptive VEs able to provide navigation support. This is a major contribution of this work, given that the up-to-date adaptivity for navigable VEs has been primarily delivered through the manipulation of navigational cues with little reference to the user model of navigation.
{"title":"A hybrid model for capturing implicit spatial knowledge","authors":"C. Sas","doi":"10.1145/1122935.1122945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1122935.1122945","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a machine learning-based approach for capturing rules embedded in users' movement paths while navigating in Virtual Environments (VEs). It is argued that this methodology and the set of navigational rules which it provides should be regarded as a starting point for designing adaptive VEs able to provide navigation support. This is a major contribution of this work, given that the up-to-date adaptivity for navigable VEs has been primarily delivered through the manipulation of navigational cues with little reference to the user model of navigation.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132134411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the fundamental aims of system design is to make the user unaware of a system's presence. You only become aware of something when it has gone wrong. And yet there is a paradox here. In order to design a system that is transparent to the user we seem to need to be completely aware of it and of its deep structure. This paradox is associated with what is known as the 'problem of mapping'. This is the problem of how to move from abstract representations of tasks, knowledge and data structures to a concrete representation of the structure of dialogues and interactions required for a specific implementation. In this paper I review some of the history of a different field of design -- architecture -- in its search for design methodologies. Using that history I suggest that underlying the paradox lies a paradigm -- a set of ideas tha we think with rather than of -- in which some of our most deeply held assumptions may be at fault. In particular I suggest that the established task modelling approach assumes as basic the distinction between user and system, while for any 'well working' system the user must actually become literally embedded. That is, the distinction between user and system should, from the user's point of view, effectively disappear. I suggest that this sort of disappearance can result from consideration of design in terms of designing and managing ecologies. I illustrate this with studies of health buildings. This suggestion seems to be in line with recent thinking in both philosophy and cognitive science, however it does raise serious questions for methodology in engineering design -- by which I mean in the broadest sense, systems which appear purposive. I conclude that as computing becomes pervasive, methods in which design is considered as a form of 'reflective practice' may need to be adopted in systems design.
{"title":"The system-user paradox: do we need models or should we grow ecologies?","authors":"A. Penn","doi":"10.1145/1122935.1122937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1122935.1122937","url":null,"abstract":"One of the fundamental aims of system design is to make the user unaware of a system's presence. You only become aware of something when it has gone wrong. And yet there is a paradox here. In order to design a system that is transparent to the user we seem to need to be completely aware of it and of its deep structure. This paradox is associated with what is known as the 'problem of mapping'. This is the problem of how to move from abstract representations of tasks, knowledge and data structures to a concrete representation of the structure of dialogues and interactions required for a specific implementation. In this paper I review some of the history of a different field of design -- architecture -- in its search for design methodologies. Using that history I suggest that underlying the paradox lies a paradigm -- a set of ideas tha we think with rather than of -- in which some of our most deeply held assumptions may be at fault. In particular I suggest that the established task modelling approach assumes as basic the distinction between user and system, while for any 'well working' system the user must actually become literally embedded. That is, the distinction between user and system should, from the user's point of view, effectively disappear. I suggest that this sort of disappearance can result from consideration of design in terms of designing and managing ecologies. I illustrate this with studies of health buildings. This suggestion seems to be in line with recent thinking in both philosophy and cognitive science, however it does raise serious questions for methodology in engineering design -- by which I mean in the broadest sense, systems which appear purposive. I conclude that as computing becomes pervasive, methods in which design is considered as a form of 'reflective practice' may need to be adopted in systems design.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114882915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While evaluating usability of Visual Modeling Languages (VMLs) there is a need to take into account their pragmatics. VMLs can be applied in several contexts of use which might pose contradictory requirements for their evaluation. Thus, an explicit description of the context in which a VML is used, facilitates precise evaluation. Pragmatics consists of several profiles which describe concrete contexts of VML use.This paper attempts to apply task-oriented approaches for modeling the pragmatics profiles. First, it presents reasons for modeling pragmatics and discusses expected benefits for usability evaluation. When defining the role of pragmatics it uses some inspirations from linguistics. Then, it analyses the area of VML and extracts artifacts which need to be modeled. And finally, it discusses use of task-oriented approaches for this purpose and adapts some concepts.
{"title":"Modeling pragmatics for visual modeling language evaluation","authors":"A. Bobkowska","doi":"10.1145/1122935.1122950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1122935.1122950","url":null,"abstract":"While evaluating usability of Visual Modeling Languages (VMLs) there is a need to take into account their pragmatics. VMLs can be applied in several contexts of use which might pose contradictory requirements for their evaluation. Thus, an explicit description of the context in which a VML is used, facilitates precise evaluation. Pragmatics consists of several profiles which describe concrete contexts of VML use.This paper attempts to apply task-oriented approaches for modeling the pragmatics profiles. First, it presents reasons for modeling pragmatics and discusses expected benefits for usability evaluation. When defining the role of pragmatics it uses some inspirations from linguistics. Then, it analyses the area of VML and extracts artifacts which need to be modeled. And finally, it discusses use of task-oriented approaches for this purpose and adapts some concepts.","PeriodicalId":330928,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133034252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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