The histological effect of oral administration of artesunate commonly used for the treatment of Malaria on one of the visual relay centres namely the superior colliculus (SC) of adult Wistar rat was carefully studied. The rats of both sexes (n=24), average weight of 210g were randomly assigned into three treatment (n=18) and control (n=6) groups. The rats in the treatment group 'A' received 4mg/kg body weight of artesunate base dissolved in distilled water daily for 3 days, through orogastric tube. The animals in groups 'B' and 'C' received 4mg/kg body weight of artesunate base dissolved in distilled water for the first day and thereafter received 2mg/kg body weight daily for six and thirteen days through the same route respectively, while that of the control group D, received equal volume of distilled water daily during the period of the experiment. The rats were fed with grower's mash obtained from Edo Feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo State, Nigeria and were given water liberally. The rats were sacrificed on day four, eight and fifteen of the experiment. The Superior colliculus was carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for histological studies. The histological findings after H&E method indicated that the treated section of the Superior colliculus showed some varying degree of cell clustering, cellular hypertrophy, and intercellular vacuolations appearing in the stroma of the superior colliculus. Varying dosage and long administration of artesunate may have some deleterious effects on the neurons of the intracranial visual relay centre and this may probably have some adverse effects on visual sensibilities by its deleterious effects on the cells of the superior colliculus of adult Wistar rats. It is therefore recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these observations be carried out.
{"title":"Histological Studies Of The Effects Of Oral Administration Of Artesunate On The Superior Colliculus Of Adult Wistar Rats","authors":"A. O. Eweka, J. Adjene","doi":"10.5580/94e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/94e","url":null,"abstract":"The histological effect of oral administration of artesunate commonly used for the treatment of Malaria on one of the visual relay centres namely the superior colliculus (SC) of adult Wistar rat was carefully studied. The rats of both sexes (n=24), average weight of 210g were randomly assigned into three treatment (n=18) and control (n=6) groups. The rats in the treatment group 'A' received 4mg/kg body weight of artesunate base dissolved in distilled water daily for 3 days, through orogastric tube. The animals in groups 'B' and 'C' received 4mg/kg body weight of artesunate base dissolved in distilled water for the first day and thereafter received 2mg/kg body weight daily for six and thirteen days through the same route respectively, while that of the control group D, received equal volume of distilled water daily during the period of the experiment. The rats were fed with grower's mash obtained from Edo Feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo State, Nigeria and were given water liberally. The rats were sacrificed on day four, eight and fifteen of the experiment. The Superior colliculus was carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for histological studies. The histological findings after H&E method indicated that the treated section of the Superior colliculus showed some varying degree of cell clustering, cellular hypertrophy, and intercellular vacuolations appearing in the stroma of the superior colliculus. Varying dosage and long administration of artesunate may have some deleterious effects on the neurons of the intracranial visual relay centre and this may probably have some adverse effects on visual sensibilities by its deleterious effects on the cells of the superior colliculus of adult Wistar rats. It is therefore recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these observations be carried out.","PeriodicalId":331725,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127261957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Data on the relationship between H. pylori infection and diabetes mellitus are scarce and discordant. Objective: A case-control study has been conducted to investigate the relationship between infection with Helicobacter pylori and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Abakaliki, south eastern Nigeria; a region with high H. pylori endemicity. Materials & Methods: The study population comprised 60 type 2 diabetics (32 males and 28 females) and 60 non-diabetics (27 males and 33 females) aged 29 to 72 years. Hematological and biochemical parameters were determined using standard techniques while Helicobacter pylori detection in serum was done by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the identification of immunoglobulin G. Results: There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in the prevalence of H. pylori infection and dyspeptic symptoms between diabetics and non-diabetics. Although H. pylori-infected diabetics were significantly older (63.71 vs. 51.95 years; p = 0.00) and had significantly lower fasting plasma glucose (7.96 vs. 11.58 mmol/l; p = 0.01) than the non-infected diabetics, the two groups had comparable hematological and biochemical parameters. Conclusion: H. pylori seropositivity and dyspeptic symptoms were similar in type 2 diabetics and non-diabetics, although H. pylori infection when present in diabetics appears to influence glycaemic status, the mechanism of which remains largely unknown.
{"title":"Helicobacter pylori Seropositivity in Nigerians with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"N. Ugwu, E. Ugwuja, B. Ejikeme, N. Obeka","doi":"10.5580/16b7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/16b7","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Data on the relationship between H. pylori infection and diabetes mellitus are scarce and discordant. Objective: A case-control study has been conducted to investigate the relationship between infection with Helicobacter pylori and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Abakaliki, south eastern Nigeria; a region with high H. pylori endemicity. Materials & Methods: The study population comprised 60 type 2 diabetics (32 males and 28 females) and 60 non-diabetics (27 males and 33 females) aged 29 to 72 years. Hematological and biochemical parameters were determined using standard techniques while Helicobacter pylori detection in serum was done by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the identification of immunoglobulin G. Results: There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in the prevalence of H. pylori infection and dyspeptic symptoms between diabetics and non-diabetics. Although H. pylori-infected diabetics were significantly older (63.71 vs. 51.95 years; p = 0.00) and had significantly lower fasting plasma glucose (7.96 vs. 11.58 mmol/l; p = 0.01) than the non-infected diabetics, the two groups had comparable hematological and biochemical parameters. Conclusion: H. pylori seropositivity and dyspeptic symptoms were similar in type 2 diabetics and non-diabetics, although H. pylori infection when present in diabetics appears to influence glycaemic status, the mechanism of which remains largely unknown.","PeriodicalId":331725,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122262245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ogbonna, C. Ogbonna, B. Ogbonna, A. Enyi, J. Uneke
Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the pharmacokinetic and relative bioavailability of three tablet formulation containing sulphadoxine pyrimethamine (SP) used for intermittent preventive therapy in pregnant women in Nigeria to see whether there is need for dose adjustment. Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers(pregnant women at their fourth month of pregnancy) attending antenatal clinic (ANC)were randomised to receive a single oral dose of three SP tablets each containing 500mg sulphadoxine (XD)and 25mg pyrimethamine (PY) in form of A (innovator product) and B,C(locally manufactured SP tablet formulation),after an overnight fasting. Several blood samples (100μl) were collected from a finger prick in duplicates up to ten days and dried on a Whatman® filter paper. The samples were analysed for DX and PY using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The pharmacokinetic parameters assessed were maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), area under curve (AUC), elimination half life (t1/2), time to attain maximum concentration (tmax) and relative bioavailability using the single compartment model. Results: Sample formulation B was significantly lower than samples A and C (p<0.1) in mean plasma concentration (Cmax), area under curve (AUC). Conclusion: The difference shows in vivo inequivalence between the products, and calls for caution in using these products, however the pharmacokinetic results shows that there is no need for dose adjustment of SP in pregnancy since they attain therapeutic concentration in vivo, indicating that their kinetics is not altered in pregnancy.
{"title":"Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence of brands of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine tablets used in intermittent preventive therapy for pregnant women in Nigeria","authors":"A. Ogbonna, C. Ogbonna, B. Ogbonna, A. Enyi, J. Uneke","doi":"10.5580/2436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2436","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the pharmacokinetic and relative bioavailability of three tablet formulation containing sulphadoxine pyrimethamine (SP) used for intermittent preventive therapy in pregnant women in Nigeria to see whether there is need for dose adjustment. Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers(pregnant women at their fourth month of pregnancy) attending antenatal clinic (ANC)were randomised to receive a single oral dose of three SP tablets each containing 500mg sulphadoxine (XD)and 25mg pyrimethamine (PY) in form of A (innovator product) and B,C(locally manufactured SP tablet formulation),after an overnight fasting. Several blood samples (100μl) were collected from a finger prick in duplicates up to ten days and dried on a Whatman® filter paper. The samples were analysed for DX and PY using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The pharmacokinetic parameters assessed were maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), area under curve (AUC), elimination half life (t1/2), time to attain maximum concentration (tmax) and relative bioavailability using the single compartment model. Results: Sample formulation B was significantly lower than samples A and C (p<0.1) in mean plasma concentration (Cmax), area under curve (AUC). Conclusion: The difference shows in vivo inequivalence between the products, and calls for caution in using these products, however the pharmacokinetic results shows that there is no need for dose adjustment of SP in pregnancy since they attain therapeutic concentration in vivo, indicating that their kinetics is not altered in pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":331725,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125943081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. R. Amin, Sheikh Mohammad Hasan Mamun, Mohammad Yeakub Ali, M. K. Rahman, A. A. Hasan, M. R. Rahman, M. Faiz
{"title":"Poisoning While Traveling (Transport Poisoning): Is It A New Entity?","authors":"M. R. Amin, Sheikh Mohammad Hasan Mamun, Mohammad Yeakub Ali, M. K. Rahman, A. A. Hasan, M. R. Rahman, M. Faiz","doi":"10.5580/469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/469","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331725,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128921887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malaria is a focal disease with multitudinous variations in its epidemiological pattern in relation to topographical features. The present paper demonstrates the application of CART (Classification & Regression Trees) for control of malaria in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Baseline epidemiological data of 12 districts of Arunachal Pradesh was employed for deriving prediction rules. The data was categorized into 2 different aspects, namely (1) Epidemiological (2) Meteorological. The intricate and complex interactions that exist between diverse input data sets, as they relate to the target features, are learned and modeled through exhaustive analysis. Predictor variables (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, number of rainy days and month) were ranked by CART according to their influence on the target variable (MPI). Application of these easily conceptualized rules, rather than more abstract epidemiological principles, enables even non-specialists to gain an understanding of the malaria problem and in forecasting the malaria transmission dynamics to formulate the intervention strategies to combat malaria effectively.
{"title":"Application of Correlation & Regression Tree (CART) for management of Malaria in Arunachal Pradesh, India","authors":"U. Murty, N. Arora","doi":"10.5580/1d41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1d41","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is a focal disease with multitudinous variations in its epidemiological pattern in relation to topographical features. The present paper demonstrates the application of CART (Classification & Regression Trees) for control of malaria in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Baseline epidemiological data of 12 districts of Arunachal Pradesh was employed for deriving prediction rules. The data was categorized into 2 different aspects, namely (1) Epidemiological (2) Meteorological. The intricate and complex interactions that exist between diverse input data sets, as they relate to the target features, are learned and modeled through exhaustive analysis. Predictor variables (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, number of rainy days and month) were ranked by CART according to their influence on the target variable (MPI). Application of these easily conceptualized rules, rather than more abstract epidemiological principles, enables even non-specialists to gain an understanding of the malaria problem and in forecasting the malaria transmission dynamics to formulate the intervention strategies to combat malaria effectively.","PeriodicalId":331725,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133545021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We studied mortality pattern of children admitted in pediatric medical unit of our hospital to have a baseline assessment of quality of care and to recognize our priority problems. Causes of death and their nature based on preventability were determined. Impact of gender, age, nationality and home-to-hospital distance on death was analyzed. Fatality was higher in non-Malaysians, especially females, and toddlers (p<0.05). Children residing on islands, or more than 7 miles (11.2 kilometers) from hospital had higher fatality rates. Children older than 5 years who died were more often likely to stay far, arrive to hospital late and had higher percentage of severe malnutrition. All deaths in non-Malaysians and older children were of preventable type. Health of younger children should be focused on. Nutritional education should be provided to parents/caretakers of children, and primary health care services should be strengthened especially in the interiors and on islands.
{"title":"Pattern Of Childhood Mortality In Sandakan Hospital, East Malaysia","authors":"S. Shahid","doi":"10.5580/6e7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/6e7","url":null,"abstract":"We studied mortality pattern of children admitted in pediatric medical unit of our hospital to have a baseline assessment of quality of care and to recognize our priority problems. Causes of death and their nature based on preventability were determined. Impact of gender, age, nationality and home-to-hospital distance on death was analyzed. Fatality was higher in non-Malaysians, especially females, and toddlers (p<0.05). Children residing on islands, or more than 7 miles (11.2 kilometers) from hospital had higher fatality rates. Children older than 5 years who died were more often likely to stay far, arrive to hospital late and had higher percentage of severe malnutrition. All deaths in non-Malaysians and older children were of preventable type. Health of younger children should be focused on. Nutritional education should be provided to parents/caretakers of children, and primary health care services should be strengthened especially in the interiors and on islands.","PeriodicalId":331725,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123573853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The antibacterial activity of raw and aqueous extracts of Allium cepa (onions) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (from high vaginal swab) that are common cause of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) and urinary tract infections was investigated using the cup-plate diffusion method. The result showed that ethanolic extract of ginger gave the widest zone of inhibition against the two test organisms at the concentration of 0.8gml-1. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more sensitive to the extract of onion bulbs compared to Staphylococcus aureus. It was also observed that the solvent of extraction and its varying concentrations affected the sensitivity of the two organisms to the plant materials. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ginger extracts on the test organisms ranged from 0.1gml-1 0.2gml-1, showing that ginger was more effective and produced marked inhibitory effect on the two test organisms compared to the onion extracts. This investigation indicates that, though both plants had antibacterial activity on the two test organisms, ginger had more inhibitory effect thus confirming their use in folk medicine.
{"title":"Antibacterial Activity Of Allium cepa (Onions) And Zingiber officinale (Ginger) On Staphylococcus aureus And Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated From High Vaginal Swab","authors":"N. Azu, R. Onyeagba, O. Nworie, J. Kalu","doi":"10.5580/1ec2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1ec2","url":null,"abstract":"The antibacterial activity of raw and aqueous extracts of Allium cepa (onions) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (from high vaginal swab) that are common cause of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) and urinary tract infections was investigated using the cup-plate diffusion method. The result showed that ethanolic extract of ginger gave the widest zone of inhibition against the two test organisms at the concentration of 0.8gml-1. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more sensitive to the extract of onion bulbs compared to Staphylococcus aureus. It was also observed that the solvent of extraction and its varying concentrations affected the sensitivity of the two organisms to the plant materials. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ginger extracts on the test organisms ranged from 0.1gml-1 0.2gml-1, showing that ginger was more effective and produced marked inhibitory effect on the two test organisms compared to the onion extracts. This investigation indicates that, though both plants had antibacterial activity on the two test organisms, ginger had more inhibitory effect thus confirming their use in folk medicine.","PeriodicalId":331725,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127009523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Prakash, S. Sundar, B. Kar, N. Sharma, R. Raja, Usha
Background: Renal involvement in Visceral Leishmaniasis has been reported in the form of proteinuria, microscopic haematuria, acute renal failure and histologic abnormalities in kidney biopsy. However, renal disease in Visceral Leishmaniasis is not widely documented from India, despite kala-azar being endemic in this country. Material methods: We have studied incidence and spectrum of clinical renal disease in patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). This study included 240 (Male: 154 and Female: 86) patients with parasitological confirmed diagnosis of VL over a period of two years (April 2002 – April 2004). The presence of oliguria, edema, proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine and haematuria either alone or in combination were taken as evidence of clinical renal disease. Renal tissue under light microscope was studied in six cases. Observation: The renal involvement was documented in 37/240 (15%) patients. The age (Male:32; Female:05) of the patient ranged between 15-36 years. The spectrum of renal diseases included; proteinuria in the range of 1-2 gm/day (15%), abnormal urinary sediment (4%), edema (9%) and acute renal failure (15%) of cases. Dialytic support was not needed. All patients received Amphotericin B (1.0 mg per kg body wt.) as anti-leishmanial treatment for 15 infusions. Renal histology in six patients revealed; ATN (4), AIN (01) and thrombotic microangiopathy in (01) patients. Glomerular lesions were not observed in our study. There was no mortality. Conclusion: Renal disease can occur during the course of Visceral Leishmaniasis. They were of mild nature and reversible with treatment of Kala-azar without specific treatment. Acute renal failure is mostly related to prerenal factors and overall renal disease carry good prognosis in patient with Visceral Leishmaniasis.
{"title":"Spectrum Of Renal Disease In Visceral Leishmaniasis","authors":"J. Prakash, S. Sundar, B. Kar, N. Sharma, R. Raja, Usha","doi":"10.5580/1177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1177","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Renal involvement in Visceral Leishmaniasis has been reported in the form of proteinuria, microscopic haematuria, acute renal failure and histologic abnormalities in kidney biopsy. However, renal disease in Visceral Leishmaniasis is not widely documented from India, despite kala-azar being endemic in this country. Material methods: We have studied incidence and spectrum of clinical renal disease in patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). This study included 240 (Male: 154 and Female: 86) patients with parasitological confirmed diagnosis of VL over a period of two years (April 2002 – April 2004). The presence of oliguria, edema, proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine and haematuria either alone or in combination were taken as evidence of clinical renal disease. Renal tissue under light microscope was studied in six cases. Observation: The renal involvement was documented in 37/240 (15%) patients. The age (Male:32; Female:05) of the patient ranged between 15-36 years. The spectrum of renal diseases included; proteinuria in the range of 1-2 gm/day (15%), abnormal urinary sediment (4%), edema (9%) and acute renal failure (15%) of cases. Dialytic support was not needed. All patients received Amphotericin B (1.0 mg per kg body wt.) as anti-leishmanial treatment for 15 infusions. Renal histology in six patients revealed; ATN (4), AIN (01) and thrombotic microangiopathy in (01) patients. Glomerular lesions were not observed in our study. There was no mortality. Conclusion: Renal disease can occur during the course of Visceral Leishmaniasis. They were of mild nature and reversible with treatment of Kala-azar without specific treatment. Acute renal failure is mostly related to prerenal factors and overall renal disease carry good prognosis in patient with Visceral Leishmaniasis.","PeriodicalId":331725,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126010540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: To describe the epidemiologic characteristics of meningitis in children during a 12 year period, from 1994 to 2005, in Barbados, with particular emphasis on the trends in incidence and age distribution. Methods: This is a retrospective population based study of all childhood meningitis over a 12 years period. A chart review was conducted of all patients outside of the neonatal age group hospitalized at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital of Barbados with a diagnosis of meningitis from January 1994 to November 2005. Results: There were 327 cases of meningitis, 235 (71%) cases were categorized as aseptic meningitis and 92 (29%) were categorized as bacterial meningitis. The median age of children with aseptic meningitis was 3 years (Range 2 months 15 years) and the median age for patients with bacterial meningitis was 18.0 months and ranged in age from 1 months to 15 years (P < 0.05). Fifty nine percent of the cases of aseptic meningitis and 50% of the cases of bacterial meningitis occurred in boys. The annual incidence of pyogenic meningitis has varied narrowly in between 10 to 20 per 100, 000 under 16 populations, with a decline to less than 5 in 2005. The annual incidence rate of aseptic meningitis showed two epidemics with the rate peaking above 40 cases per 100, 000 under 16 population in 1997 and 2001. Through out the study period, a little over half of all meningitis in < 5 years children was pyogenic without any significant trend. Conclusions: The incidence of pyogenic meningitis in Barbados has shown a modest decline since early 2000. Aseptic meningitis is as common as pyogenic meningitis and shows seasonality during the year with epidemics every few years.
{"title":"The Spectrum Of Childhood Meningitis In Barbados: A Population Based Study","authors":"Alok Kumar, A. Jennings, D. Louis","doi":"10.5580/16de","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/16de","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To describe the epidemiologic characteristics of meningitis in children during a 12 year period, from 1994 to 2005, in Barbados, with particular emphasis on the trends in incidence and age distribution. Methods: This is a retrospective population based study of all childhood meningitis over a 12 years period. A chart review was conducted of all patients outside of the neonatal age group hospitalized at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital of Barbados with a diagnosis of meningitis from January 1994 to November 2005. Results: There were 327 cases of meningitis, 235 (71%) cases were categorized as aseptic meningitis and 92 (29%) were categorized as bacterial meningitis. The median age of children with aseptic meningitis was 3 years (Range 2 months 15 years) and the median age for patients with bacterial meningitis was 18.0 months and ranged in age from 1 months to 15 years (P < 0.05). Fifty nine percent of the cases of aseptic meningitis and 50% of the cases of bacterial meningitis occurred in boys. The annual incidence of pyogenic meningitis has varied narrowly in between 10 to 20 per 100, 000 under 16 populations, with a decline to less than 5 in 2005. The annual incidence rate of aseptic meningitis showed two epidemics with the rate peaking above 40 cases per 100, 000 under 16 population in 1997 and 2001. Through out the study period, a little over half of all meningitis in < 5 years children was pyogenic without any significant trend. Conclusions: The incidence of pyogenic meningitis in Barbados has shown a modest decline since early 2000. Aseptic meningitis is as common as pyogenic meningitis and shows seasonality during the year with epidemics every few years.","PeriodicalId":331725,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133363024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malaria continues to pose a serious threat to public health in NorthEastern states of India. Arunachal Pradesh is highly endemic for Malaria predominately with Plasmodium falciparium infections. Despite continuous efforts by government, a desirable level of control has not been achieved. The present study describes the application of self organizing maps (Kohonen maps), a data mining tool for prioritization of malaria endemic zones in this region. 60 PHCs (Public Health Centers) were randomly selected from Arunachal Pradesh and 6 malariometric parameters via Annual Blood Examination rate (ABER), Annual Parasite Incidence (API), Slide Positivity Rate (SPR), Annual Falciparum Incidence (AFI) and Slide Falciparum Rate (SFR) were considered which reflected the intensity of malaria transmission in this region. Self Organizing Maps yielded 9 clusters based on neighborhood distance, which reflects about zones based on status of intensity of malaria epidemiology. Such maps would make it possible to target control measures at high-risk areas and greatly increase the cost efficiency of malaria control programmes.
{"title":"Prioritization of Malaria endemic zones in Arunachal Pradesh: A novel application of self organizing maps (SOM)","authors":"U.S.N. Muty, N. Arora","doi":"10.5580/1bd4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1bd4","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria continues to pose a serious threat to public health in NorthEastern states of India. Arunachal Pradesh is highly endemic for Malaria predominately with Plasmodium falciparium infections. Despite continuous efforts by government, a desirable level of control has not been achieved. The present study describes the application of self organizing maps (Kohonen maps), a data mining tool for prioritization of malaria endemic zones in this region. 60 PHCs (Public Health Centers) were randomly selected from Arunachal Pradesh and 6 malariometric parameters via Annual Blood Examination rate (ABER), Annual Parasite Incidence (API), Slide Positivity Rate (SPR), Annual Falciparum Incidence (AFI) and Slide Falciparum Rate (SFR) were considered which reflected the intensity of malaria transmission in this region. Self Organizing Maps yielded 9 clusters based on neighborhood distance, which reflects about zones based on status of intensity of malaria epidemiology. Such maps would make it possible to target control measures at high-risk areas and greatly increase the cost efficiency of malaria control programmes.","PeriodicalId":331725,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125618656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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