Screen-to-camera visible-light communication links are fundamentally limited by inter-symbol interference, in which the camera receives multiple overlapping symbols in a single capture exposure. By determining interference constraints, we are able to decode symbols with multi-bit depth across all three color channels. We present Styrofoam, a coding scheme which optimally satisfies the constraints by inserting blank frames into the transmission pattern. The coding scheme improves upon the state-of-the-art in camera-based visible-light communication by: (1) ensuring a decode with at least half-exposure of colored multi-bit symbols, (2) limiting decode latency to two transmission frames, and (3) transmitting 0.4 bytes per grid block at the slowest camera's frame rate. In doing so, we outperform peer unsynchronized VLC transmission schemes by 2.9x. Our implementation on smartphone displays and cameras achieves 69.1 kbps.
{"title":"Poster: styrofoam: a tightly packed coding scheme for camera-based visible light communication","authors":"David Ramírez, R. Likamwa, Jason Holloway","doi":"10.1145/2639108.2642901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2639108.2642901","url":null,"abstract":"Screen-to-camera visible-light communication links are fundamentally limited by inter-symbol interference, in which the camera receives multiple overlapping symbols in a single capture exposure. By determining interference constraints, we are able to decode symbols with multi-bit depth across all three color channels. We present Styrofoam, a coding scheme which optimally satisfies the constraints by inserting blank frames into the transmission pattern. The coding scheme improves upon the state-of-the-art in camera-based visible-light communication by: (1) ensuring a decode with at least half-exposure of colored multi-bit symbols, (2) limiting decode latency to two transmission frames, and (3) transmitting 0.4 bytes per grid block at the slowest camera's frame rate. In doing so, we outperform peer unsynchronized VLC transmission schemes by 2.9x. Our implementation on smartphone displays and cameras achieves 69.1 kbps.","PeriodicalId":331897,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116273027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Existing code designs for display-camera based visual communication all have an all-or-nothing behavior, i.e., they assume the entire code must be decoded. However, diverse operational conditions due to device hardware diversity (in camera resolution and frame rate) and distance range motivate more scalable designs. In this paper, we borrow the notion of hierarchical modulation from traditional RF communication, and design Strata, a layered coding scheme for visual communication. Strata can support a range of frame capture resolutions and rates, and deliver information rates correspondingly. Strata embeds information at multiple granularity into the same code area spatially or the same frame interval temporally. It ensures all layers are decodable independently, by controlling the amount of interference between adjacent layers. Further, our design is recursive and extends readily to generate more layers. Compared with existing codes, it significantly extends the operational range, though at the expense of less capacity than a single-layer code.
{"title":"Strata: layered coding for scalable visual communication","authors":"Wenjun Hu, Jingshu Mao, Zihui Huang, Yiqing Xue, Junfeng She, Kaigui Bian, G. Shen","doi":"10.1145/2639108.2639132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2639108.2639132","url":null,"abstract":"Existing code designs for display-camera based visual communication all have an all-or-nothing behavior, i.e., they assume the entire code must be decoded. However, diverse operational conditions due to device hardware diversity (in camera resolution and frame rate) and distance range motivate more scalable designs. In this paper, we borrow the notion of hierarchical modulation from traditional RF communication, and design Strata, a layered coding scheme for visual communication. Strata can support a range of frame capture resolutions and rates, and deliver information rates correspondingly. Strata embeds information at multiple granularity into the same code area spatially or the same frame interval temporally. It ensures all layers are decodable independently, by controlling the amount of interference between adjacent layers. Further, our design is recursive and extends readily to generate more layers. Compared with existing codes, it significantly extends the operational range, though at the expense of less capacity than a single-layer code.","PeriodicalId":331897,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125544204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yibo Zhu, Zengbin Zhang, Zhinus Marzi, Chris Nelson, Upamanyu Madhow, Ben Y. Zhao, Haitao Zheng
Mobile network traffic is set to explode in our near future, driven by the growth of bandwidth-hungry media applications. Current capacity solutions, including buying spectrum, WiFi offloading, and LTE picocells, are unlikely to supply the orders-of-magnitude bandwidth increase we need. In this paper, we explore a dramatically different alternative in the form of 60GHz mmwave picocells with highly directional links. While industry is investigating other mmwave bands (e.g. 28GHz to avoid oxygen absorption), we prefer the unlicensed 60GHz band with highly directional, short-range links (~100m). 60GHz links truly reap the spatial reuse benefits of small cells while delivering high per-user data rates and leveraging efforts on indoor 60GHz PHY technology and standards. Using extensive measurements on off-the-shelf 60GHz radios and system-level simulations, we explore the feasibility of 60GHz picocells by characterizing range, attenuation due to reflections, sensitivity to movement and blockage, and interference in typical urban environments. Our results dispel some common myths, and show that there are no fundamental physical barriers to high-capacity 60GHz outdoor picocells. We conclude by identifying open challenges and associated research opportunities.
{"title":"Demystifying 60GHz outdoor picocells","authors":"Yibo Zhu, Zengbin Zhang, Zhinus Marzi, Chris Nelson, Upamanyu Madhow, Ben Y. Zhao, Haitao Zheng","doi":"10.1145/2639108.2639121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2639108.2639121","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile network traffic is set to explode in our near future, driven by the growth of bandwidth-hungry media applications. Current capacity solutions, including buying spectrum, WiFi offloading, and LTE picocells, are unlikely to supply the orders-of-magnitude bandwidth increase we need. In this paper, we explore a dramatically different alternative in the form of 60GHz mmwave picocells with highly directional links. While industry is investigating other mmwave bands (e.g. 28GHz to avoid oxygen absorption), we prefer the unlicensed 60GHz band with highly directional, short-range links (~100m). 60GHz links truly reap the spatial reuse benefits of small cells while delivering high per-user data rates and leveraging efforts on indoor 60GHz PHY technology and standards. Using extensive measurements on off-the-shelf 60GHz radios and system-level simulations, we explore the feasibility of 60GHz picocells by characterizing range, attenuation due to reflections, sensitivity to movement and blockage, and interference in typical urban environments. Our results dispel some common myths, and show that there are no fundamental physical barriers to high-capacity 60GHz outdoor picocells. We conclude by identifying open challenges and associated research opportunities.","PeriodicalId":331897,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129787459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A number of interesting problems that I have addressed over the years which yielded surprisingly simple results will be presented. Many of these had intuitively pleasing interpretations or especially simple proofs and/or insights.
{"title":"Some of my simple results","authors":"L. Kleinrock","doi":"10.1145/2639108.2655084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2639108.2655084","url":null,"abstract":"A number of interesting problems that I have addressed over the years which yielded surprisingly simple results will be presented. Many of these had intuitively pleasing interpretations or especially simple proofs and/or insights.","PeriodicalId":331897,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124605151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fadel M. Adib, Zachary Kabelac, Hongzi Mao, D. Katabi, Rob Miller
This demo presents Vital-Radio, a wireless sensing technology that monitors breathing remotely, without requiring any body contact. Vital-Radio operates by transmitting a low-power wireless signal and monitoring its reflections off the human body. It uses these reflections to track motion associated with breathing, i.e., the chest movements caused by inhaling and exhaling. The demo will enable any person to sit in front of the device and check that it tracks their inhale and exhale process. The person may hold his/her breath and check that the device detects the breath holding event in real-time.
{"title":"Demo: real-time breath monitoring using wireless signals","authors":"Fadel M. Adib, Zachary Kabelac, Hongzi Mao, D. Katabi, Rob Miller","doi":"10.1145/2639108.2641756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2639108.2641756","url":null,"abstract":"This demo presents Vital-Radio, a wireless sensing technology that monitors breathing remotely, without requiring any body contact. Vital-Radio operates by transmitting a low-power wireless signal and monitoring its reflections off the human body. It uses these reflections to track motion associated with breathing, i.e., the chest movements caused by inhaling and exhaling. The demo will enable any person to sit in front of the device and check that it tracks their inhale and exhale process. The person may hold his/her breath and check that the device detects the breath holding event in real-time.","PeriodicalId":331897,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130151643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Locating objects labeled with RFID tags is an important issue which should be addressed in many applications, such as warehouse management, goods management in supermarket and finding of lost objects. Some existing works use large numbers of reference tags which involve lots of manpower to deploy them. Others achieve high accuracy, but rely on sophisticated equipments which are hardly available in large scale to the industry. This work exploits the radiation pattern of existing directional panel antenna which is steerable and derives angle-of-arrival (AoA) information from the energy reflected by the target tag when the antenna is rotating. We use Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) equipments and get median position accuracy of 29cm in our preliminary experiment.
{"title":"Poster: locating RFID tags by rotation","authors":"Tao Li, Wei Xi, Shaojie Tang, Jinsong Han, Jizhong Zhao, Xiangyang Li, Zhi Wang, Zhiping Jiang","doi":"10.1145/2639108.2642907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2639108.2642907","url":null,"abstract":"Locating objects labeled with RFID tags is an important issue which should be addressed in many applications, such as warehouse management, goods management in supermarket and finding of lost objects. Some existing works use large numbers of reference tags which involve lots of manpower to deploy them. Others achieve high accuracy, but rely on sophisticated equipments which are hardly available in large scale to the industry. This work exploits the radiation pattern of existing directional panel antenna which is steerable and derives angle-of-arrival (AoA) information from the energy reflected by the target tag when the antenna is rotating. We use Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) equipments and get median position accuracy of 29cm in our preliminary experiment.","PeriodicalId":331897,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125340145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valentin Radu, P. Katsikouli, Rik Sarkar, M. Marina
The environmental context of a mobile device determines where/how it is used, which can be exploited for efficient operation and better usability. In this work we describe a general method using only the lightweight sensors on a smartphone to detect if a device is indoor or outdoor. Using semi-supervised machine learning techniques, our method automatically learns characteristics of new environments and devices, thereby achieves detection accuracy of over 90% even in unfamiliar circumstances. Therefore, it easily outperforms existing indoor-outdoor detection techniques based on static algorithms, or relying on energy hungry and unreliable GPS.
{"title":"Poster: am i indoor or outdoor?","authors":"Valentin Radu, P. Katsikouli, Rik Sarkar, M. Marina","doi":"10.1145/2639108.2642916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2639108.2642916","url":null,"abstract":"The environmental context of a mobile device determines where/how it is used, which can be exploited for efficient operation and better usability. In this work we describe a general method using only the lightweight sensors on a smartphone to detect if a device is indoor or outdoor. Using semi-supervised machine learning techniques, our method automatically learns characteristics of new environments and devices, thereby achieves detection accuracy of over 90% even in unfamiliar circumstances. Therefore, it easily outperforms existing indoor-outdoor detection techniques based on static algorithms, or relying on energy hungry and unreliable GPS.","PeriodicalId":331897,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129125915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scalability and sustainability are two fundamental requirements in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Inch scale sensor nodes can operate unattended for long periods if they have sufficient energy sources. In this work, a Self-Powered Sensor Network (SPSN) testbed is introduced. SPSN is cost-efficient and has large-scale deployability. It combines cognitive networking principles with efficient routing approaches and energy harvesting techniques. SPSN is used for indoor CO2 monitoring as well as for outdoor gas leak detection. The performance of the system for channel estimation at an outdoor environment is examined. Experimental results show that SPSN can be used for a plethora of other applications as well.
{"title":"Poster: cognitive networking in a self-powered wireless sensor network testbed","authors":"P. Spachos, D. Hatzinakos","doi":"10.1145/2639108.2642909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2639108.2642909","url":null,"abstract":"Scalability and sustainability are two fundamental requirements in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Inch scale sensor nodes can operate unattended for long periods if they have sufficient energy sources. In this work, a Self-Powered Sensor Network (SPSN) testbed is introduced. SPSN is cost-efficient and has large-scale deployability. It combines cognitive networking principles with efficient routing approaches and energy harvesting techniques. SPSN is used for indoor CO2 monitoring as well as for outdoor gas leak detection. The performance of the system for channel estimation at an outdoor environment is examined. Experimental results show that SPSN can be used for a plethora of other applications as well.","PeriodicalId":331897,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127004243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lan Zhang, Xiangyang Li, Wenchao Huang, Kebin Liu, Shuwei Zong, X. Jian, Puchun Feng, Taeho Jung, Yunhao Liu
In this demo, we propose a proof-of-concept networking system for smart glasses, through which users can express their interest and connect to a target simply by a gaze. Our system iGaze is a visual attention driven networking suite: an iGaze glass (hardware) and a networking protocol VAN (software). Our glass is a low-cost head-mounted glass with a camera, orientation sensors, microphone and speakers, which are embedded with our software for visual attention capture and networking. A visual attention driven networking protocol (VAN) is carefully designed and implemented. In VAN, we design an energy efficient and highly accurate visual attention determination scheme using single camera to capture user's communication interest and a double-matching scheme based on visual direction detection and Doppler effect of acoustic signal to lock the target devices. iGaze has separated and modularized hardware and software design. It can run on top of existing networking protocols, e.g., Wi-Fi.
{"title":"Demo: visual attention driven networking with smart glasses","authors":"Lan Zhang, Xiangyang Li, Wenchao Huang, Kebin Liu, Shuwei Zong, X. Jian, Puchun Feng, Taeho Jung, Yunhao Liu","doi":"10.1145/2639108.2641739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2639108.2641739","url":null,"abstract":"In this demo, we propose a proof-of-concept networking system for smart glasses, through which users can express their interest and connect to a target simply by a gaze. Our system iGaze is a visual attention driven networking suite: an iGaze glass (hardware) and a networking protocol VAN (software). Our glass is a low-cost head-mounted glass with a camera, orientation sensors, microphone and speakers, which are embedded with our software for visual attention capture and networking. A visual attention driven networking protocol (VAN) is carefully designed and implemented. In VAN, we design an energy efficient and highly accurate visual attention determination scheme using single camera to capture user's communication interest and a double-matching scheme based on visual direction detection and Doppler effect of acoustic signal to lock the target devices. iGaze has separated and modularized hardware and software design. It can run on top of existing networking protocols, e.g., Wi-Fi.","PeriodicalId":331897,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking","volume":"47 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114032878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, millimeter wave communications in 60 GHz band have attracted considerable attention from academia, industry, and standards bodies. To overcome huge propagation loss, high gain directional antennas are used. Consequently, concurrent transmissions (spatial reuse) are enabled within a basic service set (BSS) and even among BSSs, which provides huge potential to improve the network capacity. In this paper, we propose a software-defined mmWave network architecture, where a centralized controller is introduced by abstracting the cross-layer control functions from the network layer to physical layer. Efficient coordination is achieved in this architecture to maximize the spatial reuse.
{"title":"Poster: promoting the spatial reuse of millimeter wave networks via software-defined cross-layer design","authors":"Yong Niu, Yong Li, Depeng Jin","doi":"10.1145/2639108.2642917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2639108.2642917","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, millimeter wave communications in 60 GHz band have attracted considerable attention from academia, industry, and standards bodies. To overcome huge propagation loss, high gain directional antennas are used. Consequently, concurrent transmissions (spatial reuse) are enabled within a basic service set (BSS) and even among BSSs, which provides huge potential to improve the network capacity. In this paper, we propose a software-defined mmWave network architecture, where a centralized controller is introduced by abstracting the cross-layer control functions from the network layer to physical layer. Efficient coordination is achieved in this architecture to maximize the spatial reuse.","PeriodicalId":331897,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129327814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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