Pub Date : 1996-10-27DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1996.559129
D. E. Wilkening, K. Littlejohn
The United States Air Force's Wright Laboratory and TASC are continuing to develop an environment for reengineering software from one language to another. Our approach engineers a program in the new language by reusing portions of the original implementation and design. This article summarizes our reengineering process model, describes the existing FORTRAN-to-Ada reengineering technology that we developed, and highlights JOVIAL-to-Ada extensions that we plan for our new multiple language reengineering environment.
{"title":"Legacy software reengineering technology","authors":"D. E. Wilkening, K. Littlejohn","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1996.559129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1996.559129","url":null,"abstract":"The United States Air Force's Wright Laboratory and TASC are continuing to develop an environment for reengineering software from one language to another. Our approach engineers a program in the new language by reusing portions of the original implementation and design. This article summarizes our reengineering process model, describes the existing FORTRAN-to-Ada reengineering technology that we developed, and highlights JOVIAL-to-Ada extensions that we plan for our new multiple language reengineering environment.","PeriodicalId":332554,"journal":{"name":"15th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116670561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-27DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1996.559206
D. Mccrobie, L. Sherry
This study examines a pilot's understanding of the avionics' behavior while flying. Under most conditions, pilots are able to successfully understand the avionics during flight. There are times, however, when the pilot may not be totally aware of what the avionics are doing, why an action is being performed, and what the automation will do next. Explanations of these conditions that lead to aviation surprises have included many relating to the lowered situation awareness of the pilot during these times. It has also been shown that several vertical guidance modes are not displayed which lead to a pilot loosing track of the current mode of operation, especially during periods of high mental workload and multi-task performance. This paper suggests ways to improve situation awareness in a dynamic flight environment.
{"title":"Vertical situation awareness and pilot performance","authors":"D. Mccrobie, L. Sherry","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1996.559206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1996.559206","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines a pilot's understanding of the avionics' behavior while flying. Under most conditions, pilots are able to successfully understand the avionics during flight. There are times, however, when the pilot may not be totally aware of what the avionics are doing, why an action is being performed, and what the automation will do next. Explanations of these conditions that lead to aviation surprises have included many relating to the lowered situation awareness of the pilot during these times. It has also been shown that several vertical guidance modes are not displayed which lead to a pilot loosing track of the current mode of operation, especially during periods of high mental workload and multi-task performance. This paper suggests ways to improve situation awareness in a dynamic flight environment.","PeriodicalId":332554,"journal":{"name":"15th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128237382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-27DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1996.559195
S. Young
Lower cost, reliable military avionics systems can be realized by leveraging key enabling packaging technologies from the commercial electronics industry. This includes the technologies and corresponding infrastructures which are arising in response to the Consumer Portable Electronics COTS market. This paper argues that innovative use of emerging commercial packaging technologies will be required for military avionics OEMs to survive and compete; especially as we move towards the year 2000 in an environment where the rules and rites of classical military procurement are fading. Three emerging packaging technology areas have been identified as being key enablers for realizing low cost reliable avionics systems. The technology areas are: area array interconnects; advanced PWB technologies; composite materials for heatsinks. The movement towards area array interconnection is the impetus behind development of the mentioned enabling technologies. These technologies will be useful to Avionics OEMs whether for new designs or for the repackaging of commercial architectures for insertion into tactical environments.
{"title":"Affordable reliable packaging technologies for avionics systems of the coming era","authors":"S. Young","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1996.559195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1996.559195","url":null,"abstract":"Lower cost, reliable military avionics systems can be realized by leveraging key enabling packaging technologies from the commercial electronics industry. This includes the technologies and corresponding infrastructures which are arising in response to the Consumer Portable Electronics COTS market. This paper argues that innovative use of emerging commercial packaging technologies will be required for military avionics OEMs to survive and compete; especially as we move towards the year 2000 in an environment where the rules and rites of classical military procurement are fading. Three emerging packaging technology areas have been identified as being key enablers for realizing low cost reliable avionics systems. The technology areas are: area array interconnects; advanced PWB technologies; composite materials for heatsinks. The movement towards area array interconnection is the impetus behind development of the mentioned enabling technologies. These technologies will be useful to Avionics OEMs whether for new designs or for the repackaging of commercial architectures for insertion into tactical environments.","PeriodicalId":332554,"journal":{"name":"15th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123890610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-27DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1996.559178
L. Harrison, P. Saraceni
This paper examines the background and development of the portable electronic device (PED) problem. Although these devices were not perceived as a problem in the past, the proliferation of computer-based electronic devices, small radio receivers, transceivers, telephones, and video cameras has created a new class of problems for both modern and older civil transport aircraft. The proliferation of the PED has, in essence, changed the operational environment of today's aircraft. A portion of the paper is an examination of the results of a search of the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) database for suspected cases of electromagnetic interference. A number of reports have been entered into the database that indicate potential problems caused by PEDs. The difficulties in addressing the PED problem are discussed. This discussion involves regulations, guidelines, and airline policy relevant to the PED problem.
{"title":"Portable electronic devices: which direction?","authors":"L. Harrison, P. Saraceni","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1996.559178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1996.559178","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the background and development of the portable electronic device (PED) problem. Although these devices were not perceived as a problem in the past, the proliferation of computer-based electronic devices, small radio receivers, transceivers, telephones, and video cameras has created a new class of problems for both modern and older civil transport aircraft. The proliferation of the PED has, in essence, changed the operational environment of today's aircraft. A portion of the paper is an examination of the results of a search of the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) database for suspected cases of electromagnetic interference. A number of reports have been entered into the database that indicate potential problems caused by PEDs. The difficulties in addressing the PED problem are discussed. This discussion involves regulations, guidelines, and airline policy relevant to the PED problem.","PeriodicalId":332554,"journal":{"name":"15th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129382059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-27DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1996.559161
T. Riffle
This paper presents considerations and tradeoffs in using an Open Systems Architecture (OSA) and Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) technology to meet the needs of retrofit military avionics display systems applications. The issues that systems designers must consider when applying OSA/COTS to retrofit aircraft applications are listed and discussed. The role of OSA and COTS in modular avionics systems is also discussed. Choices available for OSA/COTS are reviewed for their impact on system performance and cost. The F-16 Advanced Display Processor (ADP) and Display Unit (DU) system are reviewed as an example of a modular open system COTS based aircraft display sub-system.
{"title":"Open systems architecture and commercial off the shelf technology applied to retrofit military display subsystems","authors":"T. Riffle","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1996.559161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1996.559161","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents considerations and tradeoffs in using an Open Systems Architecture (OSA) and Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) technology to meet the needs of retrofit military avionics display systems applications. The issues that systems designers must consider when applying OSA/COTS to retrofit aircraft applications are listed and discussed. The role of OSA and COTS in modular avionics systems is also discussed. Choices available for OSA/COTS are reviewed for their impact on system performance and cost. The F-16 Advanced Display Processor (ADP) and Display Unit (DU) system are reviewed as an example of a modular open system COTS based aircraft display sub-system.","PeriodicalId":332554,"journal":{"name":"15th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114589082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-27DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1996.559137
G.C. Chang, G. Livack, J. Mcdaniel
Successful implementation of the free flight concept requires new technologies and associated procedures and standards for the flight crew, the air traffic service provider, and, where applicable, the dispatcher. This paper explores key cockpit technologies and procedures that enhance aviation safety and, at the same time, are cockpit enabling technologies for free flight. These enabling technologies are integrated through two complementary operational concepts known as Flight Operations and Air Traffic Management Integration (FTMI) and Situational Awareness for Safety (SAS), with due consideration given to human factors. These two concepts, along with their supporting avionics, data links, and ground-side air traffic and Flight Information Service (FIS) infrastructure, make free flight a distinct technical possibility.
{"title":"Emerging cockpit technologies for free flight","authors":"G.C. Chang, G. Livack, J. Mcdaniel","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1996.559137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1996.559137","url":null,"abstract":"Successful implementation of the free flight concept requires new technologies and associated procedures and standards for the flight crew, the air traffic service provider, and, where applicable, the dispatcher. This paper explores key cockpit technologies and procedures that enhance aviation safety and, at the same time, are cockpit enabling technologies for free flight. These enabling technologies are integrated through two complementary operational concepts known as Flight Operations and Air Traffic Management Integration (FTMI) and Situational Awareness for Safety (SAS), with due consideration given to human factors. These two concepts, along with their supporting avionics, data links, and ground-side air traffic and Flight Information Service (FIS) infrastructure, make free flight a distinct technical possibility.","PeriodicalId":332554,"journal":{"name":"15th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114295140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-27DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1996.559154
N. Geddes, J.L. Brown, W. S. Beamon, J. A. Wise
This paper describes a research program that validates a real-time model of multi-agent shared intentions in a set of manned Free Flight air operations scenarios performed in a high-fidelity, multi-agent simulator system. The shared model of intentions is based on the OPAL software system previously developed by Applied Systems Intelligence, Inc. The validation was conducted as a series of manned simulation tests performed at the Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University's Airways Simulation Laboratory. The results identify accuracy and granularity requirements for the use of shared models of intention as a basis for early conflict detection and resolution in Free Flight operations.
{"title":"A shared model of intentions for Free Flight","authors":"N. Geddes, J.L. Brown, W. S. Beamon, J. A. Wise","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1996.559154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1996.559154","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a research program that validates a real-time model of multi-agent shared intentions in a set of manned Free Flight air operations scenarios performed in a high-fidelity, multi-agent simulator system. The shared model of intentions is based on the OPAL software system previously developed by Applied Systems Intelligence, Inc. The validation was conducted as a series of manned simulation tests performed at the Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University's Airways Simulation Laboratory. The results identify accuracy and granularity requirements for the use of shared models of intention as a basis for early conflict detection and resolution in Free Flight operations.","PeriodicalId":332554,"journal":{"name":"15th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115000515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-27DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1996.559182
R. McIntyre
United Airlines began using Flight Management Systems (FMS) in 1982. The FMS-equipped aircraft operated initially in the domestic environment. Eventually, FMS-equipped aircraft operated on very long segments, such as Los Angeles to Hong Kong, which often required operation of the aircraft at multiple limits such as maximum takeoff weight, maximum fuel capacity, and/or specified fuel reserves. These limits are not fully considered by the current generation FMS in attempting to optimize the speed schedule. Software enhancements to this speed schedule logic could bring economic benefits to airlines flying these operationally challenging flights.
{"title":"The adverse impact of flight management systems on long range international airline operations","authors":"R. McIntyre","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1996.559182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1996.559182","url":null,"abstract":"United Airlines began using Flight Management Systems (FMS) in 1982. The FMS-equipped aircraft operated initially in the domestic environment. Eventually, FMS-equipped aircraft operated on very long segments, such as Los Angeles to Hong Kong, which often required operation of the aircraft at multiple limits such as maximum takeoff weight, maximum fuel capacity, and/or specified fuel reserves. These limits are not fully considered by the current generation FMS in attempting to optimize the speed schedule. Software enhancements to this speed schedule logic could bring economic benefits to airlines flying these operationally challenging flights.","PeriodicalId":332554,"journal":{"name":"15th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124720878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-27DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1996.559198
C. Belcastro
A process is presented for assessing the effects of electromagnetic environments on flight-critical aircraft control computers. The assessment process is a combination of analysis, simulation, and tests and is currently under development for demonstration at the NASA Langley Research Center in the High Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) Laboratory and Closed-Loop Test (CLT) Laboratory. The assessment process is comprehensive in that it addresses (i) closed-loop operation of the controller under test, (ii) real-time dynamic detection of controller malfunctions that occur due to the effects of electromagnetic disturbances caused by lightning, HIRF, and electromagnetic interference and incompatibilities, and (iii) the resulting effects on the aircraft relative to the stage of flight, flight conditions, and required operational performance. In addition, this method uses electromagnetic field modeling codes to determine internal electromagnetic environments to which onboard electronic equipment will be subjected. Lower cost demonstrations of certification compliance should be realizable using this method due to the reduction or elimination of costly full-aircraft tests.
{"title":"A low-cost comprehensive process for assessing electromagnetic environment (EME) effects on flight-critical control computers","authors":"C. Belcastro","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1996.559198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1996.559198","url":null,"abstract":"A process is presented for assessing the effects of electromagnetic environments on flight-critical aircraft control computers. The assessment process is a combination of analysis, simulation, and tests and is currently under development for demonstration at the NASA Langley Research Center in the High Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) Laboratory and Closed-Loop Test (CLT) Laboratory. The assessment process is comprehensive in that it addresses (i) closed-loop operation of the controller under test, (ii) real-time dynamic detection of controller malfunctions that occur due to the effects of electromagnetic disturbances caused by lightning, HIRF, and electromagnetic interference and incompatibilities, and (iii) the resulting effects on the aircraft relative to the stage of flight, flight conditions, and required operational performance. In addition, this method uses electromagnetic field modeling codes to determine internal electromagnetic environments to which onboard electronic equipment will be subjected. Lower cost demonstrations of certification compliance should be realizable using this method due to the reduction or elimination of costly full-aircraft tests.","PeriodicalId":332554,"journal":{"name":"15th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125607861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-27DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1996.559192
D. Winter
In 1995, an initiative was launched at McDonnell Douglas Aerospace to assess the potential for reuse of flight software across multiple fighter aircraft platforms, and to define and demonstrate a supporting system architecture based upon open commercial hardware, software, standards and practices. The project has, thus far, yielded a preliminary common software architecture for mission processing, and successful demonstration flights of a reusable navigation module on three MDA aircraft (AV-8B, F-15 and F/A-18). The key products and findings, to date, of this ongoing activity are summarized.
1995年，麦克唐纳-道格拉斯航空航天公司启动了一项计划，以评估跨多个战斗机平台飞行软件重用的潜力，并定义和演示基于开放商业硬件、软件、标准和实践的支持系统架构。到目前为止，该项目已经产生了用于任务处理的初步通用软件架构，并在三架MDA飞机(AV-8B, F-15和F/ a -18)上成功地进行了可重复使用导航模块的演示飞行。总结了这项正在进行的活动迄今为止的主要产品和结果。
{"title":"Modular, reusable flight software for production strike aircraft","authors":"D. Winter","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1996.559192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1996.559192","url":null,"abstract":"In 1995, an initiative was launched at McDonnell Douglas Aerospace to assess the potential for reuse of flight software across multiple fighter aircraft platforms, and to define and demonstrate a supporting system architecture based upon open commercial hardware, software, standards and practices. The project has, thus far, yielded a preliminary common software architecture for mission processing, and successful demonstration flights of a reusable navigation module on three MDA aircraft (AV-8B, F-15 and F/A-18). The key products and findings, to date, of this ongoing activity are summarized.","PeriodicalId":332554,"journal":{"name":"15th DASC. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127217234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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