Joseph G. Walters, Xiaolin Meng, Chang Xu, Hao Jing, S. Marsh
{"title":"Rural Positioning Challenges for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"Joseph G. Walters, Xiaolin Meng, Chang Xu, Hao Jing, S. Marsh","doi":"10.33012/2019.16727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16727","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121713316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Gkougkas, M. Arizabaleta, T. Pany, B. Eissfeller
{"title":"A Novel Authentication Signal Component for Codeless Correlation","authors":"E. Gkougkas, M. Arizabaleta, T. Pany, B. Eissfeller","doi":"10.33012/2019.16701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16701","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131308223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Wolkow, A. Schwithal, Maik Angermann, Andreas Dekiert, U. Bestmann
{"title":"Accuracy and Availability of an Optical Positioning System for Aircraft Landing","authors":"S. Wolkow, A. Schwithal, Maik Angermann, Andreas Dekiert, U. Bestmann","doi":"10.33012/2019.16732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16732","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129575411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of Polar and Equatorial Scintillation Effects on GPS L1 and L5 Tracking Loops","authors":"Caner Savas, Gianluca Falco, F. Dovis","doi":"10.33012/2019.16677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16677","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116792313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aerial Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Using Earth's Magnetic Anomaly Field","authors":"Taylor N. Lee, A. Canciani","doi":"10.33012/2019.16705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16705","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122036009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Fernández‐Hernández, T. Walter, Ken Alexander, Barbara J. Clark, E. Chatre, C. Hegarty, Manuel Appel, M. Meurer
Electromagnetic interference can degrade civil GNSS signals and services, and in some cases result in integrity failures. The aviation community is well-aware of such threats due to the proliferation of interfering-capable equipment including personal electronic devices (PEDs), personal privacy devices (PPDs), GNSS repeaters, mis-operated test equipment, low-cost software-defined radio cards, and the foreseeable proliferation of more sophisticated spoofing devices in the future. Protection against such interference is under consideration for the next-generation of avionics standards. This paper is intended to support the definition of new avionics standards that address these new interference threats. First, it provides a current review of the technical literature with a focus on aviation. Then, the paper compiles the existing nomenclature, taking into account definitions from regulatory bodies. Next, the paper identifies categories of threat emissions. Later, the assets to protect and use case under analysis are presented, followed by a discussion of detection and mitigation responses. The paper continues with a list of detection and mitigation actions that can be implemented at different stages of the avionics receiver. Finally, the paper concludes with a proposal on whether to mandate or recommend treatment of specific threats in the next generation of standards. The framework presented in this paper is the result of several months of iterations including research institutes, GNSS providers, and air navigation service providers. This process was required to converge to a common nomenclature and threat categorization of new jamming and spoofing threats, which did not exist in the available literature and standards. Based on common framework, a quantitative risk analysis including the modelling of the threats is already being performed, enabling requirements and associated test procedures in the next generation of aviation standards.
{"title":"Increasing International Civil Aviation Resilience: A Proposal for Nomenclature, Categorization and Treatment of New Interference Threats","authors":"I. Fernández‐Hernández, T. Walter, Ken Alexander, Barbara J. Clark, E. Chatre, C. Hegarty, Manuel Appel, M. Meurer","doi":"10.33012/2019.16699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16699","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic interference can degrade civil GNSS signals and services, and in some cases result in integrity failures. The aviation community is well-aware of such threats due to the proliferation of interfering-capable equipment including personal electronic devices (PEDs), personal privacy devices (PPDs), GNSS repeaters, mis-operated test equipment, low-cost software-defined radio cards, and the foreseeable proliferation of more sophisticated spoofing devices in the future. \u0000Protection against such interference is under consideration for the next-generation of avionics standards. \u0000This paper is intended to support the definition of new avionics standards that address these new interference threats. First, it provides a current review of the technical literature with a focus on aviation. Then, the paper compiles the existing nomenclature, taking into account definitions from regulatory bodies. Next, the paper identifies categories of threat emissions. Later, the assets to protect and use case under analysis are presented, followed by a discussion of detection and mitigation responses. The paper continues with a list of detection and mitigation actions that can be implemented at different stages of the avionics receiver. Finally, the paper concludes with a \u0000proposal on whether to mandate or recommend treatment of specific threats in the next generation \u0000of standards. \u0000The framework presented in this paper is the result of several months of iterations including research institutes, GNSS providers, and air navigation service providers. This process was required to converge to a common nomenclature and threat categorization of new jamming and spoofing threats, which did not exist in the available literature and standards. Based on common framework, a quantitative risk analysis including the modelling of the threats is already being performed, enabling requirements and associated test procedures in the next generation of aviation standards.","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127342427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Lo, Yu‐Hsuan Chen, D. Akos, Brandon Cotts, Damien Miralles
GNSS spoofing is a growing concern due to the increasing use of GNSS in safety and economically important applications. The widespread use of GNSS in these tasks means that GNSS needs to be protected from spoofing in many location. Even with the most basic task of GNSS spoof detection, it is generally difficult and costly to have a rapid and widespread response. An attractive way of addressing the challenge is to harness the most widespread and lowest cost GNSS receivers, those found in smartphones, to help with spoof detection. Further enhancing this potential are the raw GNSS measurements enabled by the latest versions of Android (7.0 and above). The capability and ubiquity of these GNSS receivers along with the connectivity and alternative navigation sources found in smartphone makes a crowdsourced network both powerful and reasonable. This paper examines the potential of these crowdsourced, networked smartphone measurements for spoof detection. Specifically, it focuses on tests of the crowdsourced detection concept using different smartphone measurements and multiple smartphones. It examines several available measurements: 1) position, 2) acceleration (from GNSS and accelerometer), 3) automatic gain control (AGC) and carrier to noise (C/No) levels and 4) pseudo ranges. These are examined on both a standalone and a networked, cross receiver basis. These are examined using measurements taken from laboratory and field tests, including an on air spoofing test.
{"title":"Test of Crowdsourced Smartphones Measurements to Detect GNSS Spoofing and Other Disruptions","authors":"S. Lo, Yu‐Hsuan Chen, D. Akos, Brandon Cotts, Damien Miralles","doi":"10.33012/2019.16698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16698","url":null,"abstract":"GNSS spoofing is a growing concern due to the increasing use of GNSS in safety and economically important applications. The widespread use of GNSS in these tasks means that GNSS needs to be protected from spoofing in many location. Even with the most basic task of GNSS spoof detection, it is generally difficult and costly to have a rapid and widespread response. An attractive way of addressing the challenge is to harness the most widespread and lowest cost GNSS receivers, those found in smartphones, to help with spoof detection. Further enhancing this potential are the raw GNSS measurements enabled by the latest versions of Android (7.0 and above). The capability and ubiquity of these GNSS receivers along with the connectivity and alternative navigation sources found in smartphone makes a crowdsourced network both powerful and reasonable. This paper examines the potential of these crowdsourced, networked smartphone measurements for spoof detection. Specifically, it focuses on tests of the crowdsourced detection concept using different smartphone measurements and multiple smartphones. It examines several available measurements: 1) position, 2) acceleration (from GNSS and accelerometer), 3) automatic gain control (AGC) and carrier to noise (C/No) levels and 4) pseudo ranges. These are examined on both a standalone and a networked, cross receiver basis. These are examined using measurements taken from laboratory and field tests, including an on air spoofing test.","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133136565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chen Zhu, G. Giorgi, Young-Hee Lee, Christoph Gnther
In this work we propose a positioning method for ground vehicles in planar motion, based on sensor fusion of stereo cameras and sparse ranging measurements obtained from a wireless network. The proposed method is an alternative localization solution when Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is unavailable, with notably low requirements on infrastructures. It does not require a database of landmarks and it works in single-link scenarios, i.e., at most one station reachable at any time. In theory, to estimate two dimensional position without ambiguity, at least three ranging anchors are required. However, in GNSS-denied environments, it is often difficult to achieve simultaneous connectivity to three wireless stations. We propose to apply visual odometry technique to estimate relative motion of the vehicle using stereo cameras, and fuse the vision system with a single ranging link. The sensor fusion method can resolve absolute position unambiguously if the vehicle sequentially connects to two stations with known coordinates. Furthermore, the accuracy of the estimated trajectory is improved by fusing both ranging and visual measurements.
{"title":"2D Positioning of Ground Vehicles using Stereo Vision and a Single Ranging Link","authors":"Chen Zhu, G. Giorgi, Young-Hee Lee, Christoph Gnther","doi":"10.33012/2019.16728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16728","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we propose a positioning method for ground vehicles in planar motion, based on sensor fusion of stereo cameras and sparse ranging measurements obtained from a wireless network. The proposed method is an alternative localization solution when Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is unavailable, with notably low requirements on infrastructures. It does not require a database of landmarks and it works in single-link scenarios, i.e., at most one station reachable at any time. In theory, to estimate two dimensional position without ambiguity, at least three ranging anchors are required. However, in GNSS-denied environments, it is often difficult to achieve simultaneous connectivity to three wireless stations. We propose to apply visual odometry technique to estimate relative motion of the vehicle using stereo cameras, and fuse the vision system with a single ranging link. The sensor fusion method can resolve absolute position unambiguously if the vehicle sequentially connects to two stations with known coordinates. Furthermore, the accuracy of the estimated trajectory is improved by fusing both ranging and visual measurements.","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125701583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Detection, Classification, and Tracking of Objects for Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"Milan Aryal, N. Baine","doi":"10.33012/2019.16731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16731","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114901913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jung Ho Lee, B. Shin, Seo Ho Lee, Jin Woo Park, Taikjin Lee
{"title":"Surface Correlation based Localization Technology using only LTE Signals in Urban Canyon","authors":"Jung Ho Lee, B. Shin, Seo Ho Lee, Jin Woo Park, Taikjin Lee","doi":"10.33012/2019.16708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16708","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123407475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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