The security of global navigation satellite systems draws attention increasingly, and authentication mechanisms for civilian services seem very effective in thwarting malicious behavior. For exampl ...
{"title":"On the Effects of Distance-decreasing Attacks on Cryptographically Protected GNSS Signals","authors":"Kewei Zhang, Panos Papadimitratos","doi":"10.33012/2019.16736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16736","url":null,"abstract":"The security of global navigation satellite systems draws attention increasingly, and authentication mechanisms for civilian services seem very effective in thwarting malicious behavior. For exampl ...","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126710084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrity for High Accuracy GNSS Correction Services","authors":"L. Urquhart, R. Leandro, P. Gonzales","doi":"10.33012/2019.16709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16709","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131274455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of GPS-DCM Clock Corrections in Support of 1Hz PPP-AR Applications","authors":"Omid Kamali, F. Lahaye","doi":"10.33012/2019.16711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16711","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114634963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryan Yang, Shifei Yang, G. Hau, Chia-Wei Sung, Hongtao Yu
The paper is dedicated to Allystar’s new generation GNSS system-on-a-chip (SoC) for introducing its basic Cynosure III architecture, GNSS raw measurements evaluation, and preliminary real-time kinematic (RTK) testing result. The motivation of launching this GNSS SoC is to provide a desirable solution for meeting the requirements of mass market applications, such as small size, low power consumption, affordable expense and accurate positioning information. Therefore, this fully integrated multiband multi-constellation GNSS SoC is capable of tracking all legacy and modernized civil signals (in L1, L2, L5 and L6 band) transmitted by all satellite navigation systems (GPS, BDS, GLONASS, Galileo, QZSS, NAVIC and SBAS). In addition to standard positioning service (SPS) with multi-band multi-constellation GNSS signals, it also provides GNSS raw measurements output via standard radio technical commission for maritime services (RTCM) format and built-in RTK engine with centimeter-level positioning accuracy. Hence it enables any kind of high-precision integrations and applications, such as wearable devices, GIS data collection, precision agriculture, intelligent logistic, intelligent driving, surveying and mapping, and so forth. In terms of manufacturing processes, it adopts TSMC’s 40 nm process and incorporates a variety of advanced low-power design technologies, making it extremely attractive in terms of size and power consumption. The chip die of Cynosure III architecture is mounted in a 5.0 mm by 5.0 mm quad-flat no-lead (QFN) package, which allows customers to reduce printed circuit board (PCB) and bill of materials (BOM) cost while reducing the number of peripheral devices. The distinguishing characteristic of Cynosure III architecture is that only an analog GNSS radio-frequency (RF) front-end, a digital GNSS baseband, and an ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller are integrated for tracking multi-band multi-constellation GNSS signals. Furthermore, several popular I/O interfaces (UART, USB, SPI, I2C, GPIO, PWM, etc.) and controller area network (CAN) bus are supported, which can be widely used in vehicle management and car navigation.
{"title":"Single-Chip Delivers Multi-Band Multi-GNSS Raw Measurement and Built-In RTK Engine for Mass Market Applications","authors":"Ryan Yang, Shifei Yang, G. Hau, Chia-Wei Sung, Hongtao Yu","doi":"10.33012/2019.16680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16680","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is dedicated to Allystar’s new generation GNSS system-on-a-chip (SoC) for introducing its basic Cynosure III architecture, GNSS raw measurements evaluation, and preliminary real-time kinematic (RTK) testing result. The motivation of launching this GNSS SoC is to provide a desirable solution for meeting the requirements of mass market applications, such as small size, low power consumption, affordable expense and accurate positioning information. Therefore, this fully integrated multiband multi-constellation GNSS SoC is capable of tracking all legacy and modernized civil signals (in L1, L2, L5 and L6 band) transmitted by all satellite navigation systems (GPS, BDS, GLONASS, Galileo, QZSS, NAVIC and SBAS). In addition to standard positioning service (SPS) with multi-band multi-constellation GNSS signals, it also provides GNSS raw measurements output via standard radio technical commission for maritime services (RTCM) format and built-in RTK engine with centimeter-level positioning accuracy. Hence it enables any kind of high-precision integrations and applications, such as wearable devices, GIS data collection, precision agriculture, intelligent logistic, intelligent driving, surveying and mapping, and so forth.\u0000In terms of manufacturing processes, it adopts TSMC’s 40 nm process and incorporates a variety of advanced low-power design technologies, making it extremely attractive in terms of size and power consumption. The chip die of Cynosure III architecture is mounted in a 5.0 mm by 5.0 mm quad-flat no-lead (QFN) package, which allows customers to reduce printed circuit board (PCB) and bill of materials (BOM) cost while reducing the number of peripheral devices. The distinguishing characteristic of Cynosure III architecture is that only an analog GNSS radio-frequency (RF) front-end, a digital GNSS baseband, and an ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller are integrated for tracking multi-band multi-constellation GNSS signals. Furthermore, several popular I/O interfaces (UART, USB, SPI, I2C, GPIO, PWM, etc.) and controller area network (CAN) bus are supported, which can be widely used in vehicle management and car navigation.","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130714761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Ichikawa, T. Nagasaki, O. Tajima, H. Takiguchi, K. Araki, Takuya Tajiri
We have developed a state-of-the-art microwave radiometer named KUMODeS (KEK Universal Moisture and Oxygen Detection System) using millimeter-wave spectroscopy in order to monitor water vapor behavior. We have carried out comparative measurements of precipitable water vapor (PWV) in order to investigate the potential of KUMODeS/PWV measurements. Although further investigation is required to evaluate the performance of KUMODeS quantitatively, the preliminary results of PWV comparisons imply that the KUMODeS technology will be useful for retrieving the accurate behavior of water vapor with high temporal resolution.
{"title":"Half-year Comparison of Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieved with Novel Ground-based Microwave Radiometer and GPS Receiver at Tsukuba and Numerical Weather Analysis Data","authors":"R. Ichikawa, T. Nagasaki, O. Tajima, H. Takiguchi, K. Araki, Takuya Tajiri","doi":"10.33012/2019.16716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16716","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed a state-of-the-art microwave radiometer named KUMODeS (KEK Universal Moisture and Oxygen Detection System) using millimeter-wave spectroscopy in order to monitor water vapor behavior. We have carried out comparative measurements of precipitable water vapor (PWV) in order to investigate the potential of KUMODeS/PWV measurements. Although further investigation is required to evaluate the performance of KUMODeS quantitatively, the preliminary results of PWV comparisons imply that the KUMODeS technology will be useful for retrieving the accurate behavior of water vapor with high temporal resolution.","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130878921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. W. Cheong, A. Dempster, Ryan J. R. Thompson, J. Fleming, G. Hooper
{"title":"Exploiting Wideband Characteristics for GNSS Interference Geo-localisation: Theory and Field Test","authors":"J. W. Cheong, A. Dempster, Ryan J. R. Thompson, J. Fleming, G. Hooper","doi":"10.33012/2019.16689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16689","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131000605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An extended Kalman filter (EKF) originally designed for precise point positioning (PPP) has been implemented using GPS broadcast navigation messages and SBAS corrections in conjunction with integrity algorithms originally developed for Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (ARAIM) to produce protection levels of less than 10 meters. A new method for handling fault detection and exclusion (FDE) without requiring full reinitialization of the EKF is introduced. This new method maintains low protection levels through FDE.
{"title":"SBAS Corrections for PPP Integrity with Solution Separation","authors":"Kazuma Gunning, J. Blanch, T. Walter","doi":"10.33012/2019.16739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16739","url":null,"abstract":"An extended Kalman filter (EKF) originally designed for precise point positioning (PPP) has been implemented using GPS broadcast navigation messages and SBAS corrections in conjunction with integrity algorithms originally developed for Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (ARAIM) to produce protection levels of less than 10 meters. A new method for handling fault detection and exclusion (FDE) without requiring full reinitialization of the EKF is introduced. This new method maintains low protection levels through FDE.","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132246910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of GNSS in the railway sector has been postulated on the notion of a Virtual Balise (VB). The VB-based positioning system works by setting a VB point on the railway track and determining the passage of the VB point using the position solution from the GNSS receiver. Although augmentation systems such as SBAS or GBAS are able to satisfy the integrity requirements of the aviation standards down to the 10-7 level, it is difficult to satisfy the high integrity requirements of the railway sector because firstly the railway users located on the ground are affected by the ground environment such as terrain, buildings and tunnels and secondly because the stringency of the railway sector requirements extends below the 10-9 level. This paper proposes a method to detect faults in the GNSS solution due to satellite failure or local effects. Firstly, requirements for the monitoring performance are carefully derived accounting for the specificities of GNSS, namely that the possibility of consecutive VB faults cannot be discounted. The second contribution of the paper is the proposed detection using both odometry and track geometry of the onboard system. This enables to monitor all three-dimensional solution error so that higher sensitivity for the fault detection can be achieved. Simulations have been performed with both single and dual (GPS, GALILEO) solutions. It has been found that the combinations of metrics are able to achieve very small missed detection probabilities for mean failure rates from 5.0m/s down to 0.03m/s for most dual constellation geometries. The detection performance of the odometer implementation varied according to the heading of the train. On the other hand, when odometry and track geometry are used together, all the three-directional monitors can obtain stable results regardless of the heading.
{"title":"Diagnostics of GNSS-based Virtual Balise in Railway Using Embedded Odometry and Track Geometry","authors":"H. No, Jérémy Vezinet, C. Milner","doi":"10.33012/2019.16675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16675","url":null,"abstract":"The use of GNSS in the railway sector has been postulated on the notion of a Virtual Balise (VB). The VB-based positioning system works by setting a VB point on the railway track and determining the passage of the VB point using the position solution from the GNSS receiver. Although augmentation systems such as SBAS or GBAS are able to satisfy the integrity requirements of the aviation standards down to the 10-7 level, it is difficult to satisfy the high integrity requirements of the railway sector because firstly the railway users located on the ground are affected by the ground environment such as terrain, buildings and tunnels and secondly because the stringency of the railway sector requirements extends below the 10-9 level. This paper proposes a method to detect faults in the GNSS solution due to satellite failure or local effects. Firstly, requirements for the monitoring performance are carefully derived accounting for the specificities of GNSS, namely that the possibility of consecutive VB faults cannot be discounted. The second contribution of the paper is the proposed detection using both odometry and track geometry of the onboard system. This enables to monitor all three-dimensional solution error so that higher sensitivity for the fault detection can be achieved. Simulations have been performed with both single and dual (GPS, GALILEO) solutions. It has been found that the combinations of metrics are able to achieve very small missed detection probabilities for mean failure rates from 5.0m/s down to 0.03m/s for most dual constellation geometries. The detection performance of the odometer implementation varied according to the heading of the train. On the other hand, when odometry and track geometry are used together, all the three-directional monitors can obtain stable results regardless of the heading.","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130734993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many strategies for treating dual-frequency cycle slip have been studied over the years; however, the conventional method using the Melbourne-Wubbena (MW) combination is vulnerable to pseudorange multipath effects. In this paper, we propose a new detection algorithm of dual-frequency cycle slip using only carrier-phase stationary observations for the network real-time kinematic (RTK) system which generates high-precision corrections for user. Two independent and complementary carrierphase combinations, called the ionospheric negative (IN) and ionospheric positive (IP) combinations in this paper, are employed for avoiding insensitive pairs. They can successfully detect all of the cycle slips since two L1/L2 combinations combine cycle slips with opposite signs for uniquely detecting insensitive pairs. We verified that the actual error distributions under severe ionospheric storm of these monitoring values can be sufficiently bounded by the normal Gaussian distribution from a theoretical analysis. Consequently, we demonstrated that the proposed method ensures high-integrity performance with a probability of missed detection of 7.5 × 10?9 .under a desired false-alarm probability of 10?5 . In addition, the IN and IP combination shows the best detection performance than the other linear combinations such as ionosphere-free, wide-lane, and narrow-lane. Through an algorithm verification test using actual data collected under a severe ionospheric storm, we confirmed that all artificially inserted cycle slips are successfully detected. In conclusion, the proposed method is confirmed to be effective for handling dual-frequency cycle slips for network RTK system.
{"title":"A New Cycle-Slip Detection Algorithm for Network RTK Using Optimal Dual-Frequency Carrier-Phase Combinations","authors":"Donguk Kim, Junesol Song, Sunkyoung Yu, C. Kee","doi":"10.33012/2019.16710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16710","url":null,"abstract":"Many strategies for treating dual-frequency cycle slip have been studied over the years; however, the conventional method using the Melbourne-Wubbena (MW) combination is vulnerable to pseudorange multipath effects. In this paper, we propose a new detection algorithm of dual-frequency cycle slip using only carrier-phase stationary observations for the network real-time kinematic (RTK) system which generates high-precision corrections for user. Two independent and complementary carrierphase combinations, called the ionospheric negative (IN) and ionospheric positive (IP) combinations in this paper, are employed for avoiding insensitive pairs. They can successfully detect all of the cycle slips since two L1/L2 combinations combine cycle slips with opposite signs for uniquely detecting insensitive pairs. We verified that the actual error distributions under severe ionospheric storm of these monitoring values can be sufficiently bounded by the normal Gaussian distribution from a theoretical analysis. Consequently, we demonstrated that the proposed method ensures high-integrity performance with a probability of missed detection of 7.5 × 10?9 .under a desired false-alarm probability of 10?5 . In addition, the IN and IP combination shows the best detection performance than the other linear combinations such as ionosphere-free, wide-lane, and narrow-lane. Through an algorithm verification test using actual data collected under a severe ionospheric storm, we confirmed that all artificially inserted cycle slips are successfully detected. In conclusion, the proposed method is confirmed to be effective for handling dual-frequency cycle slips for network RTK system.","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130823420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A star tracker employs images of stars taken by a satellite-based camera to estimate its attitude and angular velocity in space. A star tracker is a flexible attitude sensor, which meets the requirements of a CubeSat. The objective of this paper is to develop an arc-minute accurate star tracker algorithm for CubeSats, and to analyze the results using a software-in-the-loop simulation. The algorithm is divided into three main parts: centroiding, Lost-in-Space (LIS) mode, and tracking mode. The weight sum method is used in centroiding, the voting method and quaternion-estimator (QUEST) method are used in the LIS mode, and the extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and catalog partitioning are used in tracking. Stars images are simulated to verify the algorithm. We evaluate centroid accuracy under different noise levels and star magnitudes, and the results have sub-pixel accuracy. In addition, we show the performance of LIS algorithm. With an appropriate voting tolerance, over 80% of the stars are correctly matched, the attitude estimations have arc-minute accuracy, and the matching results have over a 95% success rate. Also, the performance of the tracking algorithm is showed. The tracking results are successful, and the attitude estimation from the EKF has arc-minute accuracy.
{"title":"A Star Tracker for Cubesats - Implementation and Analysis","authors":"Wen Chen, Shau-Shiun Jan","doi":"10.33012/2019.16720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16720","url":null,"abstract":"A star tracker employs images of stars taken by a satellite-based camera to estimate its attitude and angular velocity in space. A star tracker is a flexible attitude sensor, which meets the requirements of a CubeSat. The objective of this paper is to develop an arc-minute accurate star tracker algorithm for CubeSats, and to analyze the results using a software-in-the-loop simulation. The algorithm is divided into three main parts: centroiding, Lost-in-Space (LIS) mode, and tracking mode. The weight sum method is used in centroiding, the voting method and quaternion-estimator (QUEST) method are used in the LIS mode, and the extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and catalog partitioning are used in tracking. Stars images are simulated to verify the algorithm. We evaluate centroid accuracy under different noise levels and star magnitudes, and the results have sub-pixel accuracy. In addition, we show the performance of LIS algorithm. With an appropriate voting tolerance, over 80% of the stars are correctly matched, the attitude estimations have arc-minute accuracy, and the matching results have over a 95% success rate. Also, the performance of the tracking algorithm is showed. The tracking results are successful, and the attitude estimation from the EKF has arc-minute accuracy.","PeriodicalId":332769,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127248452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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