This study investigated the incidence of bacteria and their antibiogram profile urine samples collected from students of the Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. A total of thirty (30) midstream urine samples were collected and bacteria in the samples were isolated using the spread plate method after which biochemical characterization was carried out. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp , Klebsiella species , Salmonella species and Proteus species were the bacterial species isolated after which Kirby-Baurer disc diffusion antimicrobial assay was used to test their sensitivity against various antibiotics, such as Gentamycin, Cotrimozaxole, Ceftriaxone, Amoxyclay, Levofloxacin and Clavatin. From the study, Proteus spp shows zones of inhibition of (7mm for Cotrimozaxole), (5mm for Ceftriaxone), 5mm (for Gentmycin), (5mm), and 4mm (for Amoxyclav). E. coli 6.2 mm (Gentamycin), 3.6 mm (Levofloxacin), and 3.6 mm (Levofloxacin) zones of inhibition respectively . Gentamycin obtained 4.00mm, Levofloxacin 2.00mm and erythromycin 1.00 mm against Pseudomonas spp . Zones of inhibition were only observed on Clavatin (2.1 mm) for Salmonella species, while Klebsiella species was however , resistance to all the antibiotics tested . The highest sensitivity was observed in Cotrimozaxole which obtained a diameter of 7mm for Proteus spp ., while the lowest zone was recorded for Pseudomonas species against Erythromycin with a diameter of 1 mm. This study revealed that most of the isolates were resistant to the antimicrobial agents the implication of antibacterial resistance as shown in the study. This study therefore recommends that proper hygiene should be observed before ingestion of food and water.
{"title":"Biostatistical analysis on incidence of bacteria","authors":"B. Zhao, X. Jiang, J. Cao, K. Huang","doi":"10.15761/ahdvs.1000157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15761/ahdvs.1000157","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the incidence of bacteria and their antibiogram profile urine samples collected from students of the Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. A total of thirty (30) midstream urine samples were collected and bacteria in the samples were isolated using the spread plate method after which biochemical characterization was carried out. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp , Klebsiella species , Salmonella species and Proteus species were the bacterial species isolated after which Kirby-Baurer disc diffusion antimicrobial assay was used to test their sensitivity against various antibiotics, such as Gentamycin, Cotrimozaxole, Ceftriaxone, Amoxyclay, Levofloxacin and Clavatin. From the study, Proteus spp shows zones of inhibition of (7mm for Cotrimozaxole), (5mm for Ceftriaxone), 5mm (for Gentmycin), (5mm), and 4mm (for Amoxyclav). E. coli 6.2 mm (Gentamycin), 3.6 mm (Levofloxacin), and 3.6 mm (Levofloxacin) zones of inhibition respectively . Gentamycin obtained 4.00mm, Levofloxacin 2.00mm and erythromycin 1.00 mm against Pseudomonas spp . Zones of inhibition were only observed on Clavatin (2.1 mm) for Salmonella species, while Klebsiella species was however , resistance to all the antibiotics tested . The highest sensitivity was observed in Cotrimozaxole which obtained a diameter of 7mm for Proteus spp ., while the lowest zone was recorded for Pseudomonas species against Erythromycin with a diameter of 1 mm. This study revealed that most of the isolates were resistant to the antimicrobial agents the implication of antibacterial resistance as shown in the study. This study therefore recommends that proper hygiene should be observed before ingestion of food and water.","PeriodicalId":332812,"journal":{"name":"Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Veterinary Science","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132119826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparative studies on squab growth performance and egg morphometrical attributes of different pigeon breeds","authors":"O. Islam, Shameema Khatun, M. Famous, M. Uddin","doi":"10.15761/ahdvs.1000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15761/ahdvs.1000189","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332812,"journal":{"name":"Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Veterinary Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115018039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Pacheco-Lima, Faria N Silva, L. ValadãoH, Moreira da Silva Jf
{"title":"Bull and cow-level prevalence of paratuberculosis in Lidia’s cattle breed from the Azores","authors":"J. Pacheco-Lima, Faria N Silva, L. ValadãoH, Moreira da Silva Jf","doi":"10.15761/ahdvs.1000188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15761/ahdvs.1000188","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332812,"journal":{"name":"Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Veterinary Science","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123208520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. B. Medeiros, Marcela Cristina Flexa do Amaral, Geciele Santos Cruz, Leandro de Lima Sousa, I. Hamoy, M. Rodrigues
{"title":"Analyze of elements of the productive chain of fingerlings of rheophilic species: Pilot study in the Amazon region","authors":"N. B. Medeiros, Marcela Cristina Flexa do Amaral, Geciele Santos Cruz, Leandro de Lima Sousa, I. Hamoy, M. Rodrigues","doi":"10.15761/ahdvs.1000187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15761/ahdvs.1000187","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332812,"journal":{"name":"Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Veterinary Science","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126752215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ngwarh Perpetua Tuncha, A. T. Niba, Ndzi Roger Banla
{"title":"Effect of feeding different levels of protein supplementation on the growth performance of young snails (Archachatina marginata) in the western highlands of Cameroon","authors":"Ngwarh Perpetua Tuncha, A. T. Niba, Ndzi Roger Banla","doi":"10.15761/ahdvs.1000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15761/ahdvs.1000186","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332812,"journal":{"name":"Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Veterinary Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127966578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akashi N, Azuma K, T. T, Kawamoto H, Amaha T, Yamashita M, Osaki T, Ito N, O. Y, Murahata Y, Imagawa T
The present study examined correlations between state of free amino acids and hematological or plasma biochemistry, using blood samples acquired from Japanese- black calves within 24 hours after birth. All of free amino acids demonstrated negative correlations with red blood cell counts, hemoglobins and hematocrits. The most significant positive correlation was recorded between γ -glutamyl transpeptidase and glutamic acid, with a linear regression of y=0.025 x+39.99, where x corresponds to γ -glutamyl transpeptidase and y corresponds to glutamic acid (r=0.88, p<0.001). This suggests glutamic acid concentration may relate to the degree of colostrum intake in Japanese-black newborn calves. transpeptidase; AA: Amino acid; Thr: Threonine; Val: Valine; Met: Methionine; Ile: Isoleucine; Leu: Leucine; Phe: Phenylalanine; Lys: Lysine; His: Histidine; Trp: Tryptophan; Arg: Arginine; EAA: Essential AAs; Asp: Aspartic acid; Ser: Serine; Asn: Asparagine; Glu: Glutamic acid; Gln: Glutamine; Gly: Glycine; Ala: Alanine; Tyr: Tyrosine; Pro: Proline,; Cit: Citrulline; Orn: Ornithine; NEAA: Nonessential AAs; TAA: Total AAs.
{"title":"Correlations between states of amino acids and hematology or plasma biochemistry in calves within 24 hours after birth","authors":"Akashi N, Azuma K, T. T, Kawamoto H, Amaha T, Yamashita M, Osaki T, Ito N, O. Y, Murahata Y, Imagawa T","doi":"10.15761/ahdvs.1000170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15761/ahdvs.1000170","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examined correlations between state of free amino acids and hematological or plasma biochemistry, using blood samples acquired from Japanese- black calves within 24 hours after birth. All of free amino acids demonstrated negative correlations with red blood cell counts, hemoglobins and hematocrits. The most significant positive correlation was recorded between γ -glutamyl transpeptidase and glutamic acid, with a linear regression of y=0.025 x+39.99, where x corresponds to γ -glutamyl transpeptidase and y corresponds to glutamic acid (r=0.88, p<0.001). This suggests glutamic acid concentration may relate to the degree of colostrum intake in Japanese-black newborn calves. transpeptidase; AA: Amino acid; Thr: Threonine; Val: Valine; Met: Methionine; Ile: Isoleucine; Leu: Leucine; Phe: Phenylalanine; Lys: Lysine; His: Histidine; Trp: Tryptophan; Arg: Arginine; EAA: Essential AAs; Asp: Aspartic acid; Ser: Serine; Asn: Asparagine; Glu: Glutamic acid; Gln: Glutamine; Gly: Glycine; Ala: Alanine; Tyr: Tyrosine; Pro: Proline,; Cit: Citrulline; Orn: Ornithine; NEAA: Nonessential AAs; TAA: Total AAs.","PeriodicalId":332812,"journal":{"name":"Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Veterinary Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133955922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Macaluso, A. Parco, S. Tumino, L. Galuppo, R. Puleio, N. Raj, G. Loria
Mycoplasma diseases of livestock such as contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and contagious agalactia still represent major problems for animal health authorities worldwide. Many significant improvements have been seen as a result of research into these degenerate bacteria, mainly in the area of diagnosis, with the availability of specific, effective new molecular tools to detect small quantities of these pathogens (some of them highly fastidious, unculturable and often in mixed bacterial culture) directly from clinical samples. The objective of the present study was to identify and differentiate Mycoplasma species of sheep, goats and cattle by a new diagnostic test based on PCR of the 16S rRNA gene with specific primers and separation of the PCR product according to primary sequence using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Detection and identification results were compared with the ones obtained by sequence analysis. The development of a PCR DGGE offers advantages of a rapid identification of many Mycoplasma species for which no specific PCR is yet available, enabling the differentiation of animal Mycoplasma species. It represents a significant improvement from conventional culture and serological tests in term of specificity and time to perform. *Correspondence to: Nicholas RAJ, The Oaks, Nutshell Lane, Farnham, Surrey, UK, E-mail: robin.nicholas@btinternet.com Received: August 20, 2019; Accepted: August 28, 2019; Published: August 30, 2019 Introduction Mycoplasmas cause a wide range of disease in both humans and animals and are commonly associated with pneumonia, arthritis, conjunctivitis, infertility and abortion. Mycoplasmas are highly fastidious, typically taking weeks to culture while many serological tests are non-specific and poorly sensitive. More recently PCRs have been used to detect Mycoplasma species, but it is not feasible to develop PCR tests for each species. Consequently, there is a significant need for a single, generic test that can both detect and differentiate Mycoplasmas. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) can theoretically detect single base mutations in DNA [1-3]. Amplicons of the same length but with different nucleotide compositions are separated in a denaturing gradient gel of polyacrylamide, based on their differential denaturation profile. During denaturation, the two strands of a DNA molecule separate or melt at a specific denaturant concentration, and the DNA sequence stops its migration in the gel. PCR DGGE allows the detection and differentiation of mixed and very small amounts of Mycoplasmas showing higher sensitivity than the conventional tests. Using this method McAuliffe et al. [4,5] enabled the differentiation of 67 Mycoplasma species of human and animal origin representing a significant improvement on current tests. Diagnosis of Mycoplasma infection can be made directly from clinical samples in less than 24 h and can even detect new and unculturable
牲畜的支原体疾病，如传染性牛胸膜肺炎、传染性山羊胸膜肺炎和传染性无乳病，仍然是世界各地动物卫生当局面临的主要问题。对这些退化细菌的研究已经取得了许多重大进展，主要是在诊断领域，有了专门的、有效的新分子工具，可以直接从临床样本中检测少量这些病原体(其中一些非常挑剔，不可培养，通常是混合细菌培养)。本研究的目的是建立一种新的绵羊、山羊和牛支原体的诊断方法，该方法基于16S rRNA基因的特异引物PCR，并利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)对PCR产物进行一级序列分离。并将检测鉴定结果与序列分析结果进行了比较。PCR DGGE的发展提供了快速鉴定许多尚未获得特异性PCR的支原体物种的优势，使动物支原体物种的分化成为可能。在特异性和执行时间方面，它代表了传统培养和血清学测试的显着改进。*通讯:Nicholas RAJ, The Oaks，果果巷，法纳姆，萨里，英国，E-mail: robin.nicholas@btinternet.com收稿日期:2019年8月20日;录用日期:2019年8月28日;支原体在人类和动物中引起广泛的疾病，通常与肺炎、关节炎、结膜炎、不孕症和流产有关。支原体非常挑剔，通常需要数周的时间来培养，而许多血清学测试是非特异性和低敏感性的。最近，PCR已用于检测支原体种类，但不可能为每个物种开发PCR检测方法。因此，迫切需要一种既能检测支原体又能区分支原体的单一通用检测方法。变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)理论上可以检测DNA的单碱基突变[1-3]。长度相同但核苷酸组成不同的扩增子根据其不同的变性特征，在聚丙烯酰胺变性梯度凝胶中分离。在变性过程中，DNA分子的两条链在特定的变性剂浓度下分离或融化，DNA序列停止在凝胶中的迁移。PCR DGGE可以检测和区分混合和非常少量的支原体，显示出比传统测试更高的灵敏度。使用这种方法，McAuliffe等人[4,5]能够区分67种来自人类和动物的支原体，这是对当前测试的重大改进。支原体感染的诊断可以在不到24小时的时间内直接从临床样本中进行，甚至可以检测到新的和不可培养的支原体。我们报道DGGE在小反刍动物致病性和非致病性支原体检测中的应用。
{"title":"Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE): A tool to assess diversity of Mycoplasma species in small ruminants","authors":"G. Macaluso, A. Parco, S. Tumino, L. Galuppo, R. Puleio, N. Raj, G. Loria","doi":"10.15761/ahdvs.1000163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15761/ahdvs.1000163","url":null,"abstract":"Mycoplasma diseases of livestock such as contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and contagious agalactia still represent major problems for animal health authorities worldwide. Many significant improvements have been seen as a result of research into these degenerate bacteria, mainly in the area of diagnosis, with the availability of specific, effective new molecular tools to detect small quantities of these pathogens (some of them highly fastidious, unculturable and often in mixed bacterial culture) directly from clinical samples. The objective of the present study was to identify and differentiate Mycoplasma species of sheep, goats and cattle by a new diagnostic test based on PCR of the 16S rRNA gene with specific primers and separation of the PCR product according to primary sequence using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Detection and identification results were compared with the ones obtained by sequence analysis. The development of a PCR DGGE offers advantages of a rapid identification of many Mycoplasma species for which no specific PCR is yet available, enabling the differentiation of animal Mycoplasma species. It represents a significant improvement from conventional culture and serological tests in term of specificity and time to perform. *Correspondence to: Nicholas RAJ, The Oaks, Nutshell Lane, Farnham, Surrey, UK, E-mail: robin.nicholas@btinternet.com Received: August 20, 2019; Accepted: August 28, 2019; Published: August 30, 2019 Introduction Mycoplasmas cause a wide range of disease in both humans and animals and are commonly associated with pneumonia, arthritis, conjunctivitis, infertility and abortion. Mycoplasmas are highly fastidious, typically taking weeks to culture while many serological tests are non-specific and poorly sensitive. More recently PCRs have been used to detect Mycoplasma species, but it is not feasible to develop PCR tests for each species. Consequently, there is a significant need for a single, generic test that can both detect and differentiate Mycoplasmas. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) can theoretically detect single base mutations in DNA [1-3]. Amplicons of the same length but with different nucleotide compositions are separated in a denaturing gradient gel of polyacrylamide, based on their differential denaturation profile. During denaturation, the two strands of a DNA molecule separate or melt at a specific denaturant concentration, and the DNA sequence stops its migration in the gel. PCR DGGE allows the detection and differentiation of mixed and very small amounts of Mycoplasmas showing higher sensitivity than the conventional tests. Using this method McAuliffe et al. [4,5] enabled the differentiation of 67 Mycoplasma species of human and animal origin representing a significant improvement on current tests. Diagnosis of Mycoplasma infection can be made directly from clinical samples in less than 24 h and can even detect new and unculturable","PeriodicalId":332812,"journal":{"name":"Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Veterinary Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134355447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Directors of Veterinary Services in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: Leonard Danels (Director, 16 December 1922-19 June 1924), 1913-1924","authors":"R. T. Wilson","doi":"10.15761/ahdvs.1000149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15761/ahdvs.1000149","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332812,"journal":{"name":"Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Veterinary Science","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134439737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biostatistical analysis on chronic disease risk","authors":"Zhao B, Jiang X, Cao J, H. K","doi":"10.15761/ahdvs.1000160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15761/ahdvs.1000160","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332812,"journal":{"name":"Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Veterinary Science","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131683625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In tropical countries, roughages feeds are the major diets of ruminant animals which are poor in quality. Hence, improving the nutritive value of feeds of such kind is vital for best utilization for ultimate goal of increased animal production. Animal feeds and feeding practices can be changed by biological catalysts such as fungi with the objective to improve nutritive value and to reduce environmental waste. Biological treatment of such crop residues using white rot fungi can break the ligno- cellulose structure, liberating free cellulose and thus enhancing their feeding value. Biologically treated roughages have higher digestibility for most of the nutrients with an increase in crude protein content as compared to untreated material, besides ensuring more fermentable substrates in the rumen. In addition, treatment of low-quality animal feeds with white rot fungi species increases the protein and ash contents with a reduction of its fibrous fraction. Moreover, biological treatment roughages feed increases the feed intake, digestibility and eventually livestock production and reproduction. However, the application of biological treatment of roughages is limited by lack of biological agents such as the typical fungi or its products (enzymes) and knowledge of utilization of such agents. The other setback is reduction of weight of the final substrate after the treatment in which case a dry matter loss of substrate can be as high as 40% in prolonged incubation with the fungus. Moreover, there is lack of know how to use such technology in most of tropical Africa including Ethiopia. This review was then organized to create awareness on utilization of biological treatment as remedy for poor quality of roughages, optimizing mechanisms must be sought.
{"title":"Biological treatment of crop residues as an option for feed improvement in the tropics: A review","authors":"B. Asmare","doi":"10.15761/ahdvs.1000176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15761/ahdvs.1000176","url":null,"abstract":"In tropical countries, roughages feeds are the major diets of ruminant animals which are poor in quality. Hence, improving the nutritive value of feeds of such kind is vital for best utilization for ultimate goal of increased animal production. Animal feeds and feeding practices can be changed by biological catalysts such as fungi with the objective to improve nutritive value and to reduce environmental waste. Biological treatment of such crop residues using white rot fungi can break the ligno- cellulose structure, liberating free cellulose and thus enhancing their feeding value. Biologically treated roughages have higher digestibility for most of the nutrients with an increase in crude protein content as compared to untreated material, besides ensuring more fermentable substrates in the rumen. In addition, treatment of low-quality animal feeds with white rot fungi species increases the protein and ash contents with a reduction of its fibrous fraction. Moreover, biological treatment roughages feed increases the feed intake, digestibility and eventually livestock production and reproduction. However, the application of biological treatment of roughages is limited by lack of biological agents such as the typical fungi or its products (enzymes) and knowledge of utilization of such agents. The other setback is reduction of weight of the final substrate after the treatment in which case a dry matter loss of substrate can be as high as 40% in prolonged incubation with the fungus. Moreover, there is lack of know how to use such technology in most of tropical Africa including Ethiopia. This review was then organized to create awareness on utilization of biological treatment as remedy for poor quality of roughages, optimizing mechanisms must be sought.","PeriodicalId":332812,"journal":{"name":"Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Veterinary Science","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124214280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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