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The Externalization of Europe’s Data Protection Law in Morocco: an Imperative Means for the Management of Migration Flows 欧洲数据保护法在摩洛哥的外部化:管理移民流动的必要手段
Pub Date : 2021-08-04 DOI: 10.25267/PAIX_SECUR_INT.2021.I9.1504
Francesca Tassinari
espanolLA EXTERNALIZACION DE LA NORMATIVA EUROPEA DE PROTECCION DE DATOS EN MARRUECOS: UNA MEDIDA INDISPENSABLE PARA LA GESTION DE LOS FLUJOS MIGRATORIOSRESUMEN: La ley de proteccion de datos de la UE solo permite la transferencia de datos personales a terceros paises y organizaciones internacionales cuando se cumplen las normas de proteccion europeas. Esta condicion exige la externalizacion del marco juridico de la UE para garantizar el flujo de informacion en todos los sectores. Marruecos se ha acercado a los principios de proteccion de datos de la UE para fines comerciales, pero no ha alcanzado un nivel de proteccion equivalente al exigido por el articulo 44 del Reglamento General de Proteccion de Datos (RGPD). En consecuencia, el intercambio de datos personales de la UE a Marruecos se basa en medios menos garantistas en lo que respecta a los derechos fundamentales de las personas. Concretamente, la actividad operativa llevada a cabo por la Guardia Europea de Fronteras y Costas para devolver a los migrantes irregulares se basa en la clausula derogatoria de «importantes razones de interes publico». Este capitulo sostiene que la aproximacion del derecho marroqui al continental es un medio indispensable para gestionar de forma justa los flujos migratorios. Para ello, la UE no solo promueve altos estandares de proteccion de datos, sino que tambien externaliza su modelo informatico encerrado en los Reglamentos sobre la Interoperabilidad, n. 817 y 818 de 2019. EnglishEU data protection Law allows the transfer of personal data to third countries and international organisations only when the European protection standards are met. This condition demands for the externalisation of the EU legal framework to ensure the flow of information in all sectors. Morocco has been moving towards the EU data protection principles for trade purposes, tough it has not reached an equivalent level of protection as required by Article 44 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). As a result, the exchange of personal data from the EU to Morocco is based on less guarantors means as far as the individuals’ fundamental rights are concerned. Concretely, the operational activity conducted by the European Border and Coast Guard to return irregular migrants is founded on the derogative clause of «important reasons of public interest». This Chapter maintains that the approximation of Moroccan law to the continental one is an indispensable means to fairly manage migration flows. For this purpose, the EU not only promotes high data protection standards, but it also outsources its IT model enclosed in the Interoperability Regulations, n. 817 and 818 of 2019. francaisL’EXTERNALISATION DE LA REGLEMENTATION EUROPEENNE SUR LA PROTECTION DES DONNEES AU MAROC: UN MOYEN INDISPENSABLE POUR LA GESTION DES FLUX MIGRATOIRES RESUME: La legislation europeenne sur la protection des donnees n’autorise le transfert de donnees personnelles vers des pays tiers et des organisations internationales qu
espanolLA外包摩洛哥的欧洲数据保护条例:流量管理不可或缺的一步MIGRATORIOSRESUMEN:欧盟数据保护法律只允许个人数据传输到第三方国家和国际组织时符合欧洲的保护标准。这一条件要求欧盟法律框架外部化,以确保所有部门的信息流动。摩洛哥已接近欧盟用于商业目的的数据保护原则,但尚未达到《一般数据保护条例》(gdpr)第44条所要求的同等保护水平。因此,欧盟与摩洛哥之间的个人数据交换是基于较少保障个人基本权利的手段。具体来说,欧洲边境和海岸警卫队为遣返非法移民而进行的行动活动是基于“重要公共利益理由”的减损条款。本章认为,将摩洛哥法律与大陆法律相一致是公平管理移徙流动的必要手段。为此,欧盟不仅推动了高数据保护标准,还将其计算机模型外包给了2019年第817和818号互操作性法规。只有在制定了欧洲保护标准后,欧盟数据保护法才允许将个人数据转移到第三国和国际组织。这一条件要求欧盟法律框架外部化,以确保所有部门的信息流动。摩洛哥已朝着欧盟贸易数据保护原则迈进,但尚未达到《一般数据保护条例》(GDPR)第44条所要求的同等保护水平。因此,就个人基本权利而言,欧盟与摩洛哥之间的个人数据交换是基于较少的保障手段。具体来说,欧洲边境和海岸警卫队遣返非正规移民的行动活动是基于“重要公共利益理由”的减损条款。本章认为,将摩洛哥法律近似于大陆法律是公平管理移徙流动不可或缺的手段。为此,欧盟不仅推广高数据保护标准,而且还在2019年第817和818号互操作性法规中外包其it模型。francaisL 'EXTERNALISATION的REGLEMENTATION EUROPEENNE SUR LA PROTECTION DES DONNEES AU MAROC不可或缺的:和化学品管理——塞罗纳移民流动总结:法律EUROPEENNE SUR LA PROTECTION DES DONNEES n 'autorise的DONNEES personnelles vers DES青体总署tiers et DES国际组织保护他们如果normes europeennes sont respectees。这就要求欧盟的法律框架外部化,以确保所有部门的信息流动。摩洛哥已接近欧盟为商业目的保护数据的原则,但尚未达到《一般数据保护条例》(gdpr)第44条所要求的保护水平。因此,从欧盟到摩洛哥的个人数据交换依赖于较少保障个人基本权利的手段。具体来说,欧洲边境和海岸警卫队驱逐非法移民的行动活动是基于“重要公共利益理由”的减损条款。本章认为,摩洛哥法律与大陆法律的协调是公平管理移徙流动的必要手段。为此,欧盟不仅推动高数据保护标准,而且还将其it模型外包,该模型包含在2019年第817和818号互操作性法规中。
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引用次数: 0
The Control of Migration Flows in the Central Mediterranean Sea: Insights from Recent Italian Practice 地中海中部移民流动的控制:来自意大利近期实践的见解
Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.25267/PAIX_SECUR_INT.2021.I9.1501
S. Marinai
With this contribution, we underline some of the different problems that the recent Italian practice related to the control of migration flows by sea may raise. We examine the closed-ports strategy and the problems connected to the choice to cooperate with third countries in order to stop migration flows arriving by sea. A specific insight will be dedicated to the responsibility for failed rescue operations at high sea in the light of the recent practice. Furthermore, the examination of some recent developments will make it possible to verify if a real shift in Italian migration policy has been enacted. Finally, the paper will end with a brief consideration of the cooperation framework that needs to be developed at the EU level in order to improve the management of migration flows arriving by sea to Italy and other European countries.
在这篇文章中,我们强调了意大利最近在控制海上移民流动方面的做法可能引起的一些不同问题。我们审查了关闭港口战略以及与选择与第三国合作以阻止从海上到达的移民流有关的问题。根据最近的做法,将对公海救援行动失败的责任进行具体的分析。此外,审查最近的一些事态发展将有可能核实意大利移徙政策是否已经真正改变。最后,本文将简要考虑需要在欧盟层面制定的合作框架,以改善对经海路抵达意大利和其他欧洲国家的移民流的管理。
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引用次数: 0
Le statut juridique des étrangers dans l’Union européenne: Le cas des ressortissants camerounais 外国人在欧洲联盟的法律地位:以喀麦隆国民为例
Pub Date : 2020-12-18 DOI: 10.25267/paix_secur_int.2020.i8.09
Michel Remi Njiki
espanolLos nacionales de los paises terceros en la UE estan sometidos a una variedad de regimenes juridicos en base a acuerdos que se hayan podido establecer entre la UE y sus Estados de origen. Sin embargo, en el conjunto de esos acuerdos que suelen otorgar mas o menos derechos a los extranjeros se observa que ciertos regimenes son mas desarrollados que otros; de ahi que surja un interes en determinar la cuestion de saber como se articula el estatuto de los nacionales de paises ACP tomando como ejemplo de referencia los nacionales de Camerun como Estado que acogio la firma de los primeros acuerdos entre las Comunidades Europeas, en su momento, y los Estados ACP, pero tambien como ejemplo prototipico de un Estado ACP cuyo nacionales no solo son destinatarios de algunas disposiciones convencionales entre la UE y sus Estados de origen, sino tambien en virtud de acuerdos bilaterales entre ese Estado y un Estado miembro de la UE. EnglishThird-country nationals in the EU are subject to a variety of legal regimes based on the agreements that have been established between the EU and their country of origin. Nonetheless, in this collection of agreements granting more less rights to foreigners, we can observe that certain regimes are more developed than others; this explains the interest in answering the question on how the status of ACP nationals is articulated in the immigration law of EU, while taking as a reference the status of Cameroonian nationals as a State in which the first agreements between the European Communities at the time and the ACP countries where signed; and also as a prototypical ACP State whose nationals are the addressees of some rights based on agreement not only between the EU and their State of origin, but also between their State of origin and an individual member State. francaisLes ressortissants des pays tiers dans l’UE sont soumis a des varietes de regimes juridiques sur la base des accords que celle-ci a pu etablir avec les pays d’origine. Cependant, dans l’ensemble de ces accords qui octroient plus ou moins de droits aux etrangers, on observe que certains regimes sont plus developpes que d’autres d’ou il s’en suit l’interet ici de determiner la question de savoir comment s'articule le statut des ressortissants des pays ACP dans le droit des etrangers dans l'UE en prenant un exemple de reference qui est celui des camerounais en tant pays qui d’accueillit la signature des premiers accords entre les Communautes Europeennes en leurs temps et les pays ACP, mais aussi comme exemple prototypique d’un Etat ACP dont les ressortissants sont les destinataires non seulement des dispositions conventionnelles entre l’UE et leur pays d’origine, mais egalement en vertu d’accords bilateraux entre ce pays et un Etat membre.
根据欧盟与其原籍国之间可能达成的协议,来自欧盟第三国的西班牙国民受到各种法律制度的约束。然而,在所有这些通常给予外国人或多或少权利的协定中,可以看到某些制度比其他制度更发达;时在这里一个知道如何确定问题的兴趣和非加太国家地位的国家的国民以作为例子参考Camerun作为acogio签署的国家最初的欧洲共同体之间的安排,在正确的时间,和非加太国家,但也是国家例如非加太国家prototipico其目标不仅仅是常规的一些条款,包括欧盟和原籍国家,但也通过该国与欧盟成员国之间的双边协议。在欧盟的英国第三国国民受基于欧盟与其原籍国之间达成的协议的各种法律制度的制约。然而,在这一系列给予外国人更少权利的协定中,我们可以看到某些制度比其他制度更发达;this explains the interest in问题的answering on how the status of ACP nationals is articulated in the immigration law of EU,而采取作为参考the status of Cameroonian nationals as a State in which the first协定between the European社区at the time and the ACP国家签署;此外,作为一个典型的非加太国家,其国民不仅根据欧盟与其原籍国之间的协定,而且也根据其原籍国与个别成员国之间的协定行使某些权利。根据欧盟可能与原籍国达成的协议,欧盟的第三国国民受到各种法律制度的约束。然而,在所有这些或多或少赋予外国人权利的协议中,on注意certains regimes sont plus developpes其他d 'ou il s 'en阐述l 'interet ici的determiner问题nopklim comment s 'articule le statut des ressortissants非加太国家dans le droit des etrangers dans l 'UE prenant一个参考qui est celui des camerounais土壤的青体总署qui d 'accueillit签署des premiers Communautes友好协定Europeennes temps et非加太国家在的这也是一个非加太国家的典型例子,其国民不仅是欧盟与其原籍国之间的公约条款的对象,而且也是该国家与成员国之间的双边协议的对象。
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引用次数: 0
The European Union Fight against Trafficking of Human Beings: Challenges of the Victim’s Statute 欧洲联盟打击贩运人口:受害者规约的挑战
Pub Date : 2020-12-13 DOI: 10.25267/paix_secur_int.2020.i8.16
Maria Esther Jordana Santiago
The fight against trafficking in human beings poses several challenges. The introduction of the human rights approach in this area requires victim protection measures. Faced with this challenge, the European Union has opted for the introduction of different measures through Directive 2011/36/EU. This instrument complements the international framework provided by the Palermo Protocol on trafficking and the Warsaw Convention. The study of some of the provisions of these instruments should help to determine whether EU regulation is truly an advance in the protection of victims of trafficking.
打击人口贩运带来了若干挑战。在这一领域采用人权办法需要采取保护受害者的措施。面对这一挑战,欧盟选择通过2011/36/EU号指令引入不同的措施。这项文书补充了《关于贩运的巴勒莫议定书》和《华沙公约》所提供的国际框架。对这些文书的一些规定进行研究,应有助于确定欧盟的规定在保护贩运受害者方面是否真的是一种进步。
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引用次数: 1
Human Rights and Gender Aspects in United Nations Peacekeeping Operation Mandates: How did they sneak in? 联合国维持和平行动任务中的人权和性别问题:它们是如何悄悄进入的?
Pub Date : 2020-12-13 DOI: 10.25267/paix_secur_int.2020.i8.06
M. Martínez
Human Rights and Gender issues within the framework of Women, Peace and Security Agenda have been introduced into the UN peacekeeping operations in different ways. Taking into account that these operations have not been foreseen in the San Francisco Charter, this article intends to reflect on the evolution of both aspects in the Security Council resolutions that contain the UN peace operations mandates. They are the ADN of the peace operations as legal basis of their deployment and include the objectives to be accomplished. In the actual multidimensional operations, human rights and gender related objectives have evolved to become a relevant part of peacekeeping mandates though their interaction is not always clear and their implementation under the protection of civilians’ umbrella could be compromised.
在《妇女、和平与安全议程》框架下,人权和性别问题以不同方式纳入联合国维和行动。考虑到《旧金山宪章》并未预见到这些行动,本文旨在反思包含联合国和平行动授权的安全理事会决议中这两个方面的演变。它们是和平行动的准则,是其部署的法律基础,并包括所要实现的目标。在实际的多层面行动中,人权和与性别有关的目标已发展成为维持和平任务的一个相关部分,尽管它们之间的相互作用并不总是明确的,而且在保护平民的保护伞下执行这些目标可能会受到损害。
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引用次数: 0
The European Union-Turkey Cooperation on Migration matters: Towards a Review of the Migratory Statement of 18 march 2016 欧盟-土耳其在移民问题上的合作:对2016年3月18日移民声明的审查
Pub Date : 2020-12-13 DOI: 10.25267/paix_secur_int.2020.i8.08
Jorge Urbaneja Cillán
Cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Turkey on migration matters is an essential element in the migration policy of the European Union. This controversial cooperation has been reformulated within the framework of the response to the migration crisis, one of its central elements being the EU-Turkey statement, 18 March 2016. Regardless of the questionable content of the Statement, it is particularly controversial that an agreement of this relevance has been exclusively included in a press release of a Joint Declaration between the EU and Turkey. In this way, the procedure for negotiating and signing international treaties, provided for in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, has been avoided; in particular, the participation of the European Parliament and the intervention of national parliaments. On February 28, 2017, the General Court has dismissed three annulment actions against this Statement. The Court, in an excessively formal interpretation, declares its lack of competence to hear the merits of the matter. Thus, the Court considers that the Statement is not an act of the EU, but rather an act adopted by the Heads of State and Government; therefore, it is not competent to rule on the legality of an international agreement concluded by the Member States. The Court is not aware that the aforementioned Statement contains genuine legal obligations for the EU itself, as can be seen from its execution during the period in which it is being applied. In similar terms, the Spanish Supreme Court has avoided making a ruling on the merits and content of the Statement. As of March 2020, at a time of significant tensions between the EU and Turkey, a process of reflection on EU-Turkey cooperation on migration has begun, which should conclude with the review of the commitments contained in the Statement of 2016. In of March 2020, at a time of significant tensions between the EU and Turkey, a process of reflection on EU-Turkey cooperation on migration has begun, which should conclude with the review of the commitments contained in the Statement of 2016.
欧洲联盟(欧盟)与土耳其在移徙问题上的合作是欧洲联盟移徙政策的一个基本要素。这一有争议的合作已在应对移民危机的框架内重新制定,其核心内容之一是2016年3月18日欧盟-土耳其声明。抛开声明的可疑内容不谈,特别有争议的是,欧盟和土耳其联合声明的新闻稿中专门包含了一项与此相关的协议。这样就避免了《欧洲联盟运作条约》所规定的谈判和签署国际条约的程序;特别是欧洲议会的参与和各国议会的干预。2017年2月28日,普通法院驳回了针对本声明的三起撤销诉讼。本院在一项过于正式的解释中宣布,它没有能力审理此事的是非曲直。因此,法院认为该声明不是欧盟的行为,而是国家元首和政府首脑通过的行为;因此,它无权就会员国缔结的一项国际协定的合法性作出裁决。法院不知道上述声明包含欧盟本身的真正法律义务,这可以从它在适用期间的执行情况中看出。同样,西班牙最高法院也避免就该声明的是非曲性和内容作出裁决。截至2020年3月,在欧盟与土耳其之间关系严重紧张之际,已经开始了对欧盟-土耳其移民合作的反思进程,该进程应以审查2016年声明中所载承诺为结束。2020年3月,在欧盟与土耳其之间关系严重紧张之际,开始了对欧盟与土耳其在移民问题上合作的反思进程,该进程应以审查2016年声明中所载承诺为结束。
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引用次数: 4
The European Union and the Egyptian Neighbour: Assessing the Characterization of Resilience as an External Action Priority 欧洲联盟和埃及邻居:评估弹性作为外部行动优先事项的特征
Pub Date : 2019-12-16 DOI: 10.25267/paix_secur_int.2019.i7.11
J. Bordón
espanolEl concepto de resiliencia capto el interes de la academia y penetro en un numero progresivo y transversal de disciplinas a lo largo de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Apoyandose sobre la flexibilidad epistemologica, la redefinicion implicita de la agencia y la inclusion de los parametros de incertidumbre e inevitabilidad de la crisis en su seno, las areas de Relaciones Internacionales y diseno de politica exterior no tardaron en posar su atencion sobre su alcance y operacionalizacion. Tampoco es de extranar que la Union Europea, imbuida en una revision integral de los defectos y carestias de su estrategia exterior, acogiera el termino con afan de apuntalar el puente paradigmatico que tiende el llamado pragmatismo con principios. Ahora bien, la promocion de la resiliencia puede apuntar a los estados o a las sociedades, y en este sentido, de acuerdo con la logica pro-democratica de la UE, la naturaleza autoritaria del regimen de Egipto exigiria una priorizacion de aquella segunda dimension. Este articulo pretende ofrecer un repaso ligero de los enfoques de politica exterior de la Union vis-a-vis Egipto, una guia a lo largo de la Politica (o Instrumento) Europea de Vecindad, y procurara resolver en terminos cuantitativos que tipo de resiliencia situa la Union en primera linea. A modo de conclusion, se ordenara una serie de recomendaciones para la estrategia de resiliencia de la UE EnglishThe concept of resilience acquired academic momentum and pervaded a growing number of crosscutting disciplines along the second half of the twentieth century. Drawing on its epistemological flexibility, its implicit redefinition of agency and the inclusion of the parameters of uncertainty and the inevitability of crisis in its very core, it did not take long until the fields of International Relations and foreign policy-making paid thorough attention to its potential outreach and operationalization. Nor it is surprising that the European Union, imbued in a comprehensive review of its external strategy’s flaws and shortages, embraced the term as a means to underpin the paradigmatic bridge laid by the guidance of principled pragmatism. Yet, resilience-fostering can point at states or societies, and the authoritarian nature of Egypt’s regime compels to prioritize the latter, in accordance to EU’s democratic stance. The current paper will offer a brief review of EU foreign-policy approaches vis-a-vis Egypt, an European Neighbourhood Policy/Instrument walkthrough and it will aim at putting in quantitative terms what kind of resilience is the Union placing at the forefront. To conclude, a series of recommendations will be formulated for EU resilience strategy
在20世纪下半叶,弹性的概念抓住了学术界的兴趣,并渗透到越来越多的跨学科学科中。Apoyandose关于epistemologica灵活性、redefinicion隐式和包容不确定性parametros机构和内部危机的必然性,国际关系和地区设计了这些姿势的外交政治的范围和operacionalizacion的注意。同样奇怪的是,欧洲联盟对其对外战略的缺点和缺点进行了全面的审查,它欢迎这一结论,希望巩固所谓的实用主义与原则之间的范式桥梁。然而,促进复原力可以针对国家或社会,从这个意义上说,根据欧盟的民主逻辑,埃及政权的独裁性质要求优先考虑第二个维度。本文旨在简要概述欧盟对埃及的外交政策方法,指导整个欧洲邻国政策(或工具),并试图从数量上解决欧盟处于第一线的弹性类型。最后,对欧盟弹性战略提出了一系列建议。弹性的概念获得了学术动力,并渗透到20世纪下半叶越来越多的交叉学科中。Drawing on its epistemological flexibility, its implicit redefinition of agency and the包容of the parameters非常对立and the inevitability of crisis in its core,它没有not take long直到the fields of International Relations and foreign的水电费各部注意to its潜在宣传operationalization。毫不奇怪,欧洲联盟在全面审查其对外战略的缺点和不足之处后,接受这一术语作为一种手段,在原则实用主义的指导下架起了范式桥梁。然而,国家或社会的复原力可能会达到顶峰,而埃及政权的威权性质使其能够根据欧盟的民主立场优先考虑后者。本文件将简要回顾欧盟对埃及的外交政策方针,这是一项欧洲邻国政策/工具,目的是在数量条件上说明欧盟在前线的弹性。最后,将为欧盟恢复力战略制定一系列建议
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引用次数: 0
OANTA, G.A. (coord.), El Derecho del mar y las personas y grupos vulnerables, Bosch Editor, Barcelona, 2018 OANTA, G.A. (coord.),《海洋法与弱势人群和群体》,博世出版社,巴塞罗那,2018年
Pub Date : 2019-12-16 DOI: 10.25267/paix_secur_int.2019.i7.16
A. Bürgin
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引用次数: 0
Diffusion of Research Result 'Research Projects on Immigration and Human Rights: CIMCETT PROJECT' 研究成果的传播“移民与人权研究项目:CIMCETT项目”
Pub Date : 2019-12-16 DOI: 10.25267/paix_secur_int.2019.i7.12
C. Cortés, Montserrat Pi Llorens
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引用次数: 0
Relación de Tratados, Acuerdos no Normativos, Memorandos de Entendimiento y comunicados conjuntos España-Marruecos, 2018-2019 2018-2019年西班牙-摩洛哥条约、非规范性协议、谅解备忘录和联合公报清单
Pub Date : 2019-12-16 DOI: 10.25267/paix_secur_int.2019.i7.14
Lorena M. Calvo Mariscal
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引用次数: 0
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Paix et Securite Internationales
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