Pub Date : 2023-02-03DOI: 10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-5-9-23
E. Panova
Background. Environmental policy in the Russian Federation has been developing through the following stages: from orientation to the maximum extraction of resources towards transition to their rational use. This transition was directly related to the goals and strategic objectives of the state, as well as the economic situation in the country. Raw materials continue to play a significant role in the structure of the country’s economy, which is a decisive factor in the development of environmental policy.Aim. To analyze the environmental policy in the Russian Federation and to determine the role of natural resources in its formation and implementation.Materials and methods. The current state of environmental policy in the Russian Federation was studied in relation to the formation and development of sustainable development concepts. The legislative basis and strategic documents regulating this sphere were analyzed. The author distinguishes three stages in the formation of the concept of ecological development: crisis economy, ‘ecologization’ of the society, and provision of a balance. The current stage is associated with a responsible attitude to natural resources and the environment, which is accompanied by a reduction in emissions into the atmosphere, modernization of production processes, elimination of accumulated damage, and restoration of ecosystems. Various formats of state–society and state–business relations are considered.Results. The conducted analysis showed that the economic situation and globalization trends have a significant impact on the implementation of environmental policy. The widely spread climate agenda has a mutually exclusive potential, both consolidating and divisive. The pooling of resources of several countries strengthens their positions, while the difference in the economic and technological development has a significant impact on their competitiveness.Conclusion. The Russian Federation and Russian companies will not be able to stay outside the sustainable development agenda. On the one hand, the level of technological development and the availability of natural resources have a significant impact on sustainability. On the other hand, the founders of many large domestic companies include foreign partners who are involved in globalization processes and international agreements. Therefore, significant adjustments to the current environmental policy may be required in the near future, as a result of the revision of strategies and alliances, obligations and relationships.
{"title":"Sustainable development as a basis for Environmental Policy in the Russian Federation: Concept and main characteristics","authors":"E. Panova","doi":"10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-5-9-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-5-9-23","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Environmental policy in the Russian Federation has been developing through the following stages: from orientation to the maximum extraction of resources towards transition to their rational use. This transition was directly related to the goals and strategic objectives of the state, as well as the economic situation in the country. Raw materials continue to play a significant role in the structure of the country’s economy, which is a decisive factor in the development of environmental policy.Aim. To analyze the environmental policy in the Russian Federation and to determine the role of natural resources in its formation and implementation.Materials and methods. The current state of environmental policy in the Russian Federation was studied in relation to the formation and development of sustainable development concepts. The legislative basis and strategic documents regulating this sphere were analyzed. The author distinguishes three stages in the formation of the concept of ecological development: crisis economy, ‘ecologization’ of the society, and provision of a balance. The current stage is associated with a responsible attitude to natural resources and the environment, which is accompanied by a reduction in emissions into the atmosphere, modernization of production processes, elimination of accumulated damage, and restoration of ecosystems. Various formats of state–society and state–business relations are considered.Results. The conducted analysis showed that the economic situation and globalization trends have a significant impact on the implementation of environmental policy. The widely spread climate agenda has a mutually exclusive potential, both consolidating and divisive. The pooling of resources of several countries strengthens their positions, while the difference in the economic and technological development has a significant impact on their competitiveness.Conclusion. The Russian Federation and Russian companies will not be able to stay outside the sustainable development agenda. On the one hand, the level of technological development and the availability of natural resources have a significant impact on sustainability. On the other hand, the founders of many large domestic companies include foreign partners who are involved in globalization processes and international agreements. Therefore, significant adjustments to the current environmental policy may be required in the near future, as a result of the revision of strategies and alliances, obligations and relationships.","PeriodicalId":33343,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Geologiia i razvedka","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84417953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-94-98
V. Komarov, S. A. Samokhvalov
The textbook under review considers the fundamentals of the genetic analysis of terrigenous and associated sediments. A classification scheme of the genetic types, subgroups, groups, and supergroups of these deposits is provided. According to the proposed scheme, continental, transitional, marine, and mixed genetic types are sequentially described. A set of sedimentation features that allow for identification of the genetic type, its lateral and vertical transitions to other genetic types, is introduced. The form and size of modern accumulative bodies formed by genetic types of deposits and their fossil analogues are indicated.
{"title":"On the textbook “Genetic analysis of terrigenous deposits”","authors":"V. Komarov, S. A. Samokhvalov","doi":"10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-94-98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-94-98","url":null,"abstract":"The textbook under review considers the fundamentals of the genetic analysis of terrigenous and associated sediments. A classification scheme of the genetic types, subgroups, groups, and supergroups of these deposits is provided. According to the proposed scheme, continental, transitional, marine, and mixed genetic types are sequentially described. A set of sedimentation features that allow for identification of the genetic type, its lateral and vertical transitions to other genetic types, is introduced. The form and size of modern accumulative bodies formed by genetic types of deposits and their fossil analogues are indicated.","PeriodicalId":33343,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Geologiia i razvedka","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88925999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-74-84
D. Gorobtsov, I. Fomenko, M. A. Novgorodova, O. Sirotkina
Background. When developing anti-landslide measures during construction on unstable slopes, an assessment of the degree of their stability should be carried out first. When using analytical (conventional) [19] calculation methods, such an assessment is conducted by calculating the stability coefficient (Ks ), which is characterised by the ratio of forces and/or moments holding the soil massif on an inclined surface to the forces shearing this massif.Aim. Within the framework of Soviet and, further, Russian practice, anti-landslide measures are commonly developed based on determination of the magnitude of landslide pressures. However, with the introduction of foreign methodological approaches and respective software applications into the practice of slope stability calculations, the question arises whether these applications can be used for determining landslide pressures and what additional approaches exist for calculating and justifying engineering protection structures on landslide and landslide-prone slopes.Materials and methods. The main conclusion of the study is the inexpediency of using the method proposed by G.M. Shakhunyants and the inadmissibility of using limit equilibrium methods to calculate landslide pressures when designing engineering protection structures.Results. The best option for calculating such tasks is to use an extended method of marginal equilibrium. However, this approach is practically not used in Russian practice. Alternatively, we can recommend an analysis of the deficit of retaining forces based on the methods of marginal equilibrium (referred to as reverse analysis in foreign terminology).
{"title":"Estimation of landslide pressures in slope stability calculations","authors":"D. Gorobtsov, I. Fomenko, M. A. Novgorodova, O. Sirotkina","doi":"10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-74-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-74-84","url":null,"abstract":"Background. When developing anti-landslide measures during construction on unstable slopes, an assessment of the degree of their stability should be carried out first. When using analytical (conventional) [19] calculation methods, such an assessment is conducted by calculating the stability coefficient (Ks ), which is characterised by the ratio of forces and/or moments holding the soil massif on an inclined surface to the forces shearing this massif.Aim. Within the framework of Soviet and, further, Russian practice, anti-landslide measures are commonly developed based on determination of the magnitude of landslide pressures. However, with the introduction of foreign methodological approaches and respective software applications into the practice of slope stability calculations, the question arises whether these applications can be used for determining landslide pressures and what additional approaches exist for calculating and justifying engineering protection structures on landslide and landslide-prone slopes.Materials and methods. The main conclusion of the study is the inexpediency of using the method proposed by G.M. Shakhunyants and the inadmissibility of using limit equilibrium methods to calculate landslide pressures when designing engineering protection structures.Results. The best option for calculating such tasks is to use an extended method of marginal equilibrium. However, this approach is practically not used in Russian practice. Alternatively, we can recommend an analysis of the deficit of retaining forces based on the methods of marginal equilibrium (referred to as reverse analysis in foreign terminology).","PeriodicalId":33343,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Geologiia i razvedka","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78944762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-59-73
T. Ryashchenko
Introduction. The paper considers the results of a study associated with the mineral composition of terrigenous components in loess and clay deposits of Western Mongolia. The study was performed by the method of quantitative immersion analysis using samples obtained in the framework of geological studies during the seismic microzoning of certain cities.Aim. Determination and analysis of variations in the mineral composition of terrigenous components of loess quaternary alluvial, eolian, diluvial-eolian and diluvial-proluvial complexes, as well as Neogene-lower Quaternary lake-alluvial and Cretaceous-Paleogene lake “brick” clays.Materials and methods. The database is represented by quantitative data on the content of light and heavy minerals (0.01—0.25 mm fraction) in various geological and genetic deposit complexes, sampled from outcrops with the thickness of 6–8 m and test wells with the depth of 20–30 m (72 samples in total). During the compositional characterisation of light and heavy fractions, mineral associations were established, as well as maturity (Кz) and stability coefficients (KU) were calculated. Four territorial zones, including northern (territory of Sükhbaatar and Mörön), central (Zuunmod), western (Uliastai) and southern (Dalanzadgad), were isolated. A Q-type cluster analysis program was applied to process mineralogical data.Results. Variations in mineral associations of the studied objects were established related both to their belonging to the selected geological and genetic complexes and the possibility of eolian process effects. The factors of influence include climatic conditions during the formation of complexes, the composition of rocks in geological formations abundant in these territories and contemporary climatic zoning.Conclusion. Representative data were obtained for the central and southern zones, where the mineral composition of terrigenous components was determined using samples from test wells having clearly observed variations in the mineral composition of deposits during the change of a geological and genetic complex. Since the immersion method is still essential for studies of sedimentary rocks, the information on a new object, represented by the territory of West Mongolia, obtained for the first time, appears to be of a particular interest both from scientific and practical points of view.
{"title":"Mineral composition of terrigenous components in loess and clay deposits of Western Mongolia","authors":"T. Ryashchenko","doi":"10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-59-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-59-73","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The paper considers the results of a study associated with the mineral composition of terrigenous components in loess and clay deposits of Western Mongolia. The study was performed by the method of quantitative immersion analysis using samples obtained in the framework of geological studies during the seismic microzoning of certain cities.Aim. Determination and analysis of variations in the mineral composition of terrigenous components of loess quaternary alluvial, eolian, diluvial-eolian and diluvial-proluvial complexes, as well as Neogene-lower Quaternary lake-alluvial and Cretaceous-Paleogene lake “brick” clays.Materials and methods. The database is represented by quantitative data on the content of light and heavy minerals (0.01—0.25 mm fraction) in various geological and genetic deposit complexes, sampled from outcrops with the thickness of 6–8 m and test wells with the depth of 20–30 m (72 samples in total). During the compositional characterisation of light and heavy fractions, mineral associations were established, as well as maturity (Кz) and stability coefficients (KU) were calculated. Four territorial zones, including northern (territory of Sükhbaatar and Mörön), central (Zuunmod), western (Uliastai) and southern (Dalanzadgad), were isolated. A Q-type cluster analysis program was applied to process mineralogical data.Results. Variations in mineral associations of the studied objects were established related both to their belonging to the selected geological and genetic complexes and the possibility of eolian process effects. The factors of influence include climatic conditions during the formation of complexes, the composition of rocks in geological formations abundant in these territories and contemporary climatic zoning.Conclusion. Representative data were obtained for the central and southern zones, where the mineral composition of terrigenous components was determined using samples from test wells having clearly observed variations in the mineral composition of deposits during the change of a geological and genetic complex. Since the immersion method is still essential for studies of sedimentary rocks, the information on a new object, represented by the territory of West Mongolia, obtained for the first time, appears to be of a particular interest both from scientific and practical points of view.","PeriodicalId":33343,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Geologiia i razvedka","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81683390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-47-58
U. S. Serikova, M. Allanazarova, E. S. Nyrenberg
Introduction. The study of the conditions for the development of discontinuous disturbances makes it possible to draw conclusions that in the formation and destruction of various deposits, they are connected by discontinuities different in the mechanism of their formation. The lithological composition of the rocks in contact with it has a certain significance for assessing these gaps in relation to the formation or disbandment of deposits. The main role here is played mainly by clay sections, the material of which fills the cracks, preventing the destruction of hydrocarbon deposits in individual suites (Middle Pliocene deposits).Aim. Identification of conditions for the formation of traps and deposits of oil and gas within western Turkmenistan.Materials and methods. Analysis of published literature and factual data.Results. Thus, discontinuous disturbances are the most important factor in the formation of deposits and play an exclusively creative role, forming oil deposits of a tectonically shielded type.
{"title":"Conditions for the formation of traps and oil and gas deposits in Western Turkmenistan","authors":"U. S. Serikova, M. Allanazarova, E. S. Nyrenberg","doi":"10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-47-58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-47-58","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The study of the conditions for the development of discontinuous disturbances makes it possible to draw conclusions that in the formation and destruction of various deposits, they are connected by discontinuities different in the mechanism of their formation. The lithological composition of the rocks in contact with it has a certain significance for assessing these gaps in relation to the formation or disbandment of deposits. The main role here is played mainly by clay sections, the material of which fills the cracks, preventing the destruction of hydrocarbon deposits in individual suites (Middle Pliocene deposits).Aim. Identification of conditions for the formation of traps and deposits of oil and gas within western Turkmenistan.Materials and methods. Analysis of published literature and factual data.Results. Thus, discontinuous disturbances are the most important factor in the formation of deposits and play an exclusively creative role, forming oil deposits of a tectonically shielded type.","PeriodicalId":33343,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Geologiia i razvedka","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84670772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-85-93
N. Orlova
Introduction. As a result of the conducted route reconnaissance and geological engineering surveys, data about the development pattern of exogenous processes at a site adjoining the city of Ufa were obtained. This region is well studied due to the extensively developed karst. Although landslides are less prevalent here, their development is frequently connected with the karst intensification. Landslides, formed in sites of sinkholes and topographic lowering, are well represented in other regions of the Russian Federation. Aim. To study the characteristics of landslide formation. In addition, the mechanism of forming landslides, confined to rock massif decompaction zones, is analysed.Materials and methods. A mechanism of landslide formation in the sites of karst development is proposed. The work is based on the analysis of the results obtained in previous researchers of 1997, 2013 and 2017, interpretation of satellite images, digital terrain model and topographic, geomorphological and engineering-geological maps, as well as reconnaissance surveys. The peculiarity of engineering-geological conditions makes it possible to study the formation and development of two exogenous processes simultaneously (karst and landslides) in the selected area. The area under study included the exit section of Ufa city along the slopes of the Solotchi and Ufa rivers. According to the law established by Bondarik, Pendin and Yarg in 2007, “...some geological processes prepare others, which, in turn prepare the next ones, etc. and, as a result, so-called cascade processes develop...”. Exogenous geological processes of karst and landslides, developing in one section of the geological massif, are considered.Results. The formation of cavities is confined to the tectonic fracturing, along whose surface underground waters flow into the depths of the rock massif. The hydrodynamic zonation varies in time with the substraction of a filler and a release of previously formed cracks, cavities and voids. As long as the vertical pressure in soils and layer bearing capacity remain stable, no deformation of the massif above the cavity is observed. As a result of the study, the process sequence was presented for consideration, as well as the assumption was made about the lateral repulse crack deforming the slope surface after the formation of a block at the depth.Conclusion. The formation of karst sinkholes was demonstrated to intensify landslide processes on the slope surface.
{"title":"Landslides and sinkholes of the karst environment in the vicinity of the Ufa river","authors":"N. Orlova","doi":"10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-85-93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-85-93","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. As a result of the conducted route reconnaissance and geological engineering surveys, data about the development pattern of exogenous processes at a site adjoining the city of Ufa were obtained. This region is well studied due to the extensively developed karst. Although landslides are less prevalent here, their development is frequently connected with the karst intensification. Landslides, formed in sites of sinkholes and topographic lowering, are well represented in other regions of the Russian Federation. Aim. To study the characteristics of landslide formation. In addition, the mechanism of forming landslides, confined to rock massif decompaction zones, is analysed.Materials and methods. A mechanism of landslide formation in the sites of karst development is proposed. The work is based on the analysis of the results obtained in previous researchers of 1997, 2013 and 2017, interpretation of satellite images, digital terrain model and topographic, geomorphological and engineering-geological maps, as well as reconnaissance surveys. The peculiarity of engineering-geological conditions makes it possible to study the formation and development of two exogenous processes simultaneously (karst and landslides) in the selected area. The area under study included the exit section of Ufa city along the slopes of the Solotchi and Ufa rivers. According to the law established by Bondarik, Pendin and Yarg in 2007, “...some geological processes prepare others, which, in turn prepare the next ones, etc. and, as a result, so-called cascade processes develop...”. Exogenous geological processes of karst and landslides, developing in one section of the geological massif, are considered.Results. The formation of cavities is confined to the tectonic fracturing, along whose surface underground waters flow into the depths of the rock massif. The hydrodynamic zonation varies in time with the substraction of a filler and a release of previously formed cracks, cavities and voids. As long as the vertical pressure in soils and layer bearing capacity remain stable, no deformation of the massif above the cavity is observed. As a result of the study, the process sequence was presented for consideration, as well as the assumption was made about the lateral repulse crack deforming the slope surface after the formation of a block at the depth.Conclusion. The formation of karst sinkholes was demonstrated to intensify landslide processes on the slope surface.","PeriodicalId":33343,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Geologiia i razvedka","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82930195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-8-18
V. Kuznetsov, L. Zhuravleva
Introduction. Concepts describing bacterial effects on mineral formation and, first of all, on the formation of carbonate deposits, started to appear late in the 19th century both in Russia and globally. The precipitation of materials was demonstrated to take place directly at the sedimentation stage and continue in the formed precipitate during diagenetic processes. Research in this direction has recently intensified. Rocks and their constituent parts formed as a result of bacterial activity have been referred to as “biosedimentary structures” or “microbiolites”.Aim. The paper presents the results of generalization and systematization of accumulated research data on the abovementioned forms.Materials and methods. In addition to literature materials, carbonate rocks of various ages – from the Vendian and Lower Cambrian of the Siberian platform to the Crimea Neogene and sediments of contemporary oceans – were examined using macro- and microscopic (mainly) methods of studying and describing specific objects. Article 1 considers the main morphological types of such carbonate formations, both in the form of individual structural components of sedimentary rocks and rocks themselves with peculiar structural characteristics.Results. Two main morphological groups of carbonate microbiolites were identified and characterized. The first group represents individual and independent forms of carbonate material, both of calcite, highly magnesian-dolomite and even pure magnesite composition. This type includes mineralized precipitates of bacterial forms represented by coccolites, tubules, filaments, as well as by plate and sheet structures – mineralized glycocalyx traces. In addition, this group features isolated carbonate objects, familiar to lithologists, including oolites, oncolites, microclusters of pelitomorphic carbonate materials, thrombolites and, apparently, such specific formations as tubiphytes, etc. The second group includes laminated forms of stromatolites with their specific internal structure, as well as mineralized microbial films and mats with a complex structure, etc.Conclusions. In the overwhelming majority of cases, microbiolites are formed at the sedimentation stage, and their morphology and type are determined by specific paleogeographic and paleoclimatic conditions.
{"title":"Microbial carbonate rocks: composition, structures, textures, mechanisms and environments of formation. Emergence of the doctrine of microbial formations and their forms. Article 1","authors":"V. Kuznetsov, L. Zhuravleva","doi":"10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-8-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-8-18","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Concepts describing bacterial effects on mineral formation and, first of all, on the formation of carbonate deposits, started to appear late in the 19th century both in Russia and globally. The precipitation of materials was demonstrated to take place directly at the sedimentation stage and continue in the formed precipitate during diagenetic processes. Research in this direction has recently intensified. Rocks and their constituent parts formed as a result of bacterial activity have been referred to as “biosedimentary structures” or “microbiolites”.Aim. The paper presents the results of generalization and systematization of accumulated research data on the abovementioned forms.Materials and methods. In addition to literature materials, carbonate rocks of various ages – from the Vendian and Lower Cambrian of the Siberian platform to the Crimea Neogene and sediments of contemporary oceans – were examined using macro- and microscopic (mainly) methods of studying and describing specific objects. Article 1 considers the main morphological types of such carbonate formations, both in the form of individual structural components of sedimentary rocks and rocks themselves with peculiar structural characteristics.Results. Two main morphological groups of carbonate microbiolites were identified and characterized. The first group represents individual and independent forms of carbonate material, both of calcite, highly magnesian-dolomite and even pure magnesite composition. This type includes mineralized precipitates of bacterial forms represented by coccolites, tubules, filaments, as well as by plate and sheet structures – mineralized glycocalyx traces. In addition, this group features isolated carbonate objects, familiar to lithologists, including oolites, oncolites, microclusters of pelitomorphic carbonate materials, thrombolites and, apparently, such specific formations as tubiphytes, etc. The second group includes laminated forms of stromatolites with their specific internal structure, as well as mineralized microbial films and mats with a complex structure, etc.Conclusions. In the overwhelming majority of cases, microbiolites are formed at the sedimentation stage, and their morphology and type are determined by specific paleogeographic and paleoclimatic conditions.","PeriodicalId":33343,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Geologiia i razvedka","volume":"164 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86205706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-19-34
V. B. Svalova
Introduction. The tasks of territorial planning are closely related to the problems of locating new high-risk facilities without increasing the environmental load. Thus, the task of locating high environmental risk facilities for recycling and deep processing of wastes appears to an essential economic and scientific problem that requires an immediate solution. The long-term consequences of such decisions should be forecasted and analysed.Aim. To identify “hot spots” according to their risk degree in order to exclude the most dangerous areas from further planning and use.Materials and methods. The stated problem is solved on the basis of environmental risk management, which includes the following concepts: 1) hazard identification; 2) vulnerability assessment; 3) risk analysis; 4) acceptable risk concept; 5) risk assessment; 6) risk mapping; 7) risk reduction measures, including a) legislative; b) organisational and administrative; c) economic, including insurance; d) engineering; e) modelling; f) monitoring; g) informational. Data and maps of hazardous natural and technogenic processes and potential damage to the territories of the Moscow Oblast were used.Results. When carrying out territorial planning and location of additional hazard facilities, representing an increased ecological load, such as incineration plants and landfills for recycling and deep processing of wastes, high ecological risk regions should be excluded from the potential location list. In the Moscow Oblast, these are primarily Lyuberetsky and Ramensky districts (east-southeast of Moscow). Lyubertsky district can be considered as a “hot spot” of the first class in terms of ecological risk due to the high natural hazard and potential damage. The findings obtained when determining “hot spots” based on geological, geodynamic, tectonic and socio-economic parameters, were confirmed by the areas of geochemical pollution and environmental stress zones.Conclusion. The developed method of identifying the risk “hot spots” represents a basis for solving the problems of territorial planning for the purpose of excluding the most ecologically stressed sites and selecting suitable sites for locating hazard facilities, in particular, recycling and waste processing plants.
{"title":"“Hot spots” of geoecological risk and problems of territorial planning","authors":"V. B. Svalova ","doi":"10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-19-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-19-34","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The tasks of territorial planning are closely related to the problems of locating new high-risk facilities without increasing the environmental load. Thus, the task of locating high environmental risk facilities for recycling and deep processing of wastes appears to an essential economic and scientific problem that requires an immediate solution. The long-term consequences of such decisions should be forecasted and analysed.Aim. To identify “hot spots” according to their risk degree in order to exclude the most dangerous areas from further planning and use.Materials and methods. The stated problem is solved on the basis of environmental risk management, which includes the following concepts: 1) hazard identification; 2) vulnerability assessment; 3) risk analysis; 4) acceptable risk concept; 5) risk assessment; 6) risk mapping; 7) risk reduction measures, including a) legislative; b) organisational and administrative; c) economic, including insurance; d) engineering; e) modelling; f) monitoring; g) informational. Data and maps of hazardous natural and technogenic processes and potential damage to the territories of the Moscow Oblast were used.Results. When carrying out territorial planning and location of additional hazard facilities, representing an increased ecological load, such as incineration plants and landfills for recycling and deep processing of wastes, high ecological risk regions should be excluded from the potential location list. In the Moscow Oblast, these are primarily Lyuberetsky and Ramensky districts (east-southeast of Moscow). Lyubertsky district can be considered as a “hot spot” of the first class in terms of ecological risk due to the high natural hazard and potential damage. The findings obtained when determining “hot spots” based on geological, geodynamic, tectonic and socio-economic parameters, were confirmed by the areas of geochemical pollution and environmental stress zones.Conclusion. The developed method of identifying the risk “hot spots” represents a basis for solving the problems of territorial planning for the purpose of excluding the most ecologically stressed sites and selecting suitable sites for locating hazard facilities, in particular, recycling and waste processing plants.","PeriodicalId":33343,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Geologiia i razvedka","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83137369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-35-46
E. S. Noskova, G. V. Agafonova
Introduction. New data on the structure of sections of the Middle Riphean Alad’inskaya Formation at the Kamenskaya subzone of the Yenisei Range (r. Irkineeva) were obtained. These sections indicate the tectonic nature of brecciated and banded dolomite varieties with the associated areas of cavern development, representing promising objects of oil and gas exploration works.Aim. To substantiate the tectonic nature and structural confinement of cavern development areas in dolomites of the Alad’inskaya Formation.Materials and methods. The sections of Alad’inskaya Formation carbonates, located along the Irkineeva river, were studied, including determination of the sample phase composition by the X-ray diffraction method (ARL X’TRA) and examination of samples in sections (Leica DMLR) and by a scanning electron microscope (TESCAN VEGA 3 LMH). Kinematic indicators were studied and classified; a model of structural formation in carbonate rocks was substantiated.Results. A detailed layer-wise description of the studied section, illustrated by various-scale images, was carried out. The kinematic indicators of specified rocks with a reference to a particular section were revealed, described and systematized. A conclusion is made about the genetic association of dolomite breccia, banded dolomites, and cavern development areas with a local thrust, observed at the base of the studied section.Conclusion. The tectonic nature of brecciated and banded dolomites of the Alad’inskaya Formation and the structural control of cavern development areas are substantiated. As a result, the model of structural formation in lamellar carbonates under longitudinal compression is verified.
介绍。获得了叶尼塞山脉(r. Irkineeva) Kamenskaya亚带中Riphean Alad’inskaya组剖面结构的新资料。这些剖面显示了角砾岩和带状白云岩的构造性质及其伴生的溶洞发育区域，是油气勘探的有利对象。证实阿拉德英斯卡亚组白云岩溶洞发育区的构造性质和构造限制。材料和方法。研究了沿Irkineeva河的Alad 'inskaya组碳酸盐岩剖面，包括用X射线衍射法(ARL X 'TRA)测定样品的相组成，用徕卡DMLR和扫描电子显微镜(TESCAN VEGA 3 LMH)对剖面样品进行了检查。对运动学指标进行了研究和分类;证实了碳酸盐岩构造形成模式。对所研究的部分进行了详细的分层描述，并用各种尺度的图像进行了说明。以某一特定剖面为参照，揭示、描述和系统化了特定岩石的运动学指标。对研究剖面底部观察到的白云岩角砾岩、带状白云岩和溶洞发育区域的成因联系进行了总结。证实了Alad’inskaya组角砾岩和带状白云岩的构造性质以及溶洞发育区的构造控制。验证了纵向压缩作用下片层碳酸盐构造形成模型。
{"title":"Kinematic indicators in Riphean carbonate rocks of the Siberian Platform Western framing (on the example of the Alad’inskaya Formation)","authors":"E. S. Noskova, G. V. Agafonova","doi":"10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-35-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-3-35-46","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. New data on the structure of sections of the Middle Riphean Alad’inskaya Formation at the Kamenskaya subzone of the Yenisei Range (r. Irkineeva) were obtained. These sections indicate the tectonic nature of brecciated and banded dolomite varieties with the associated areas of cavern development, representing promising objects of oil and gas exploration works.Aim. To substantiate the tectonic nature and structural confinement of cavern development areas in dolomites of the Alad’inskaya Formation.Materials and methods. The sections of Alad’inskaya Formation carbonates, located along the Irkineeva river, were studied, including determination of the sample phase composition by the X-ray diffraction method (ARL X’TRA) and examination of samples in sections (Leica DMLR) and by a scanning electron microscope (TESCAN VEGA 3 LMH). Kinematic indicators were studied and classified; a model of structural formation in carbonate rocks was substantiated.Results. A detailed layer-wise description of the studied section, illustrated by various-scale images, was carried out. The kinematic indicators of specified rocks with a reference to a particular section were revealed, described and systematized. A conclusion is made about the genetic association of dolomite breccia, banded dolomites, and cavern development areas with a local thrust, observed at the base of the studied section.Conclusion. The tectonic nature of brecciated and banded dolomites of the Alad’inskaya Formation and the structural control of cavern development areas are substantiated. As a result, the model of structural formation in lamellar carbonates under longitudinal compression is verified.","PeriodicalId":33343,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Geologiia i razvedka","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89060588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-4-10-21
V. Kuznetsov, L. Zhuravleva
Introduction. Until relatively recently, all carbonate rocks have been divided into organogenic and chemogenic rocks. The former group includes those half-composed of skeletal remains, thus representing a biological problem. The group of chemogenic carbonate rocks initially included all carbonate rocks with a crystalline structure. Later, the “chemogenicity” of formation was attributed only to pelitomorphic and microgranular varieties, while pure crystalline structures were recognised as the result of secondary recrystallization. However, the purely chemical precipitation of carbonate material from ocean waters by exceeding the solubility limit appears to be impossible. It occurs either biogenously during the formation of carbonate skeletons or biochemically as a result of changes in the acidity or alkalinity of the medium. The latter is typically implemented due to a carbonate disequilibrium between, on the one hand, the dissolved bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium and, on the other, water-dissolved carbon dioxide. The removal of the latter by photosynthetic organisms disturbs the dynamic balance and leads to an increased alkalinity and precipitation of carbonates, firstly calcium and then magnesium ones at higher pH values. Along with plants, microbial communities perform a similar function.Aim. The paper presents the results of generalization and systematization of accumulated research data on the abovementioned forms.Materials and methods. In addition to literature materials, carbonate rocks of various ages — from the Vendian and Lower Cambrian of the Siberian platform to the Crimea Neogene and sediments of contemporary oceans — were examined using macro- and microscopic (mainly) methods of studying and describing specific objects.Results. Сoccoid, tubular and fibrous formations, i.e. particular bacterial “skeletons”, represent one precipitation form. At the same time, bacterial communities produce glycocalyx, representing an extracellular polymer substance, which forms a basis for submicroscopic precipitates of carbonate minerals. In this case, specific sheet- and plate-like carbonate material precipitates can be formed. The environments for implementing such mechanisms are highly diverse. Microbiolites can be formed in water bodies, including from fresh to substantially and even abnormally saline waters, in suspended matter and at the bottom of basins, both at the stage of sedimentation and during further diagenetic processes. The most famous example of the latter are various nodules.Conclusions. The processes of sediment formation and material deposition are somewhat different. The formation of a solid phase is determined by the biochemical activity of microbiota and, first of all, the creation of geochemical conditions that contribute to the appearance of a solid carbonate material. However, the fixation of this material in a sediment is implemented either in “skeletal” ball-shaped (coccolites) and tubular (tubiphytes) forms, or by pre
{"title":"Microbial carbonate rocks: composition, structures, textures, mechanisms and environments of formation. Microbiolite formation processes and environments. Article 2","authors":"V. Kuznetsov, L. Zhuravleva","doi":"10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-4-10-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-4-10-21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Until relatively recently, all carbonate rocks have been divided into organogenic and chemogenic rocks. The former group includes those half-composed of skeletal remains, thus representing a biological problem. The group of chemogenic carbonate rocks initially included all carbonate rocks with a crystalline structure. Later, the “chemogenicity” of formation was attributed only to pelitomorphic and microgranular varieties, while pure crystalline structures were recognised as the result of secondary recrystallization. However, the purely chemical precipitation of carbonate material from ocean waters by exceeding the solubility limit appears to be impossible. It occurs either biogenously during the formation of carbonate skeletons or biochemically as a result of changes in the acidity or alkalinity of the medium. The latter is typically implemented due to a carbonate disequilibrium between, on the one hand, the dissolved bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium and, on the other, water-dissolved carbon dioxide. The removal of the latter by photosynthetic organisms disturbs the dynamic balance and leads to an increased alkalinity and precipitation of carbonates, firstly calcium and then magnesium ones at higher pH values. Along with plants, microbial communities perform a similar function.Aim. The paper presents the results of generalization and systematization of accumulated research data on the abovementioned forms.Materials and methods. In addition to literature materials, carbonate rocks of various ages — from the Vendian and Lower Cambrian of the Siberian platform to the Crimea Neogene and sediments of contemporary oceans — were examined using macro- and microscopic (mainly) methods of studying and describing specific objects.Results. Сoccoid, tubular and fibrous formations, i.e. particular bacterial “skeletons”, represent one precipitation form. At the same time, bacterial communities produce glycocalyx, representing an extracellular polymer substance, which forms a basis for submicroscopic precipitates of carbonate minerals. In this case, specific sheet- and plate-like carbonate material precipitates can be formed. The environments for implementing such mechanisms are highly diverse. Microbiolites can be formed in water bodies, including from fresh to substantially and even abnormally saline waters, in suspended matter and at the bottom of basins, both at the stage of sedimentation and during further diagenetic processes. The most famous example of the latter are various nodules.Conclusions. The processes of sediment formation and material deposition are somewhat different. The formation of a solid phase is determined by the biochemical activity of microbiota and, first of all, the creation of geochemical conditions that contribute to the appearance of a solid carbonate material. However, the fixation of this material in a sediment is implemented either in “skeletal” ball-shaped (coccolites) and tubular (tubiphytes) forms, or by pre","PeriodicalId":33343,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Geologiia i razvedka","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86436529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：