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Functional Security and Trust in Ultra-Connected 6G Ecosystem 超连接6G生态系统的功能安全与信任
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.4108/eetinis.v9i4.2846
Vishal Sharma
Security and trust are the entangled role players in the future generation of wireless networks. Security in 5G networks is currently supported using several functions. Given the advantages of such a system, this article explores the functional security and trust for the 6G ecosystem with ultra-connectivity. Several associated challenges, application-specific domains, and consumer issues related to 6G security are discussed. The article highlights the network security-by-design and trust-by-design principles and performance expectations from the security protocols in supporting handover in an ultra-connected scenario. Finally, potential research directions are presented for a road towards the 6G ecosystem.
安全和信任是未来一代无线网络中纠缠在一起的角色扮演者。5G网络的安全性目前通过几个功能来支持。鉴于该系统的优势,本文探讨了具有超连接的6G生态系统的功能安全和信任。讨论了与6G安全性相关的几个相关挑战、特定于应用程序的领域和消费者问题。本文重点介绍了网络设计安全原则和设计信任原则,以及支持超连接场景中切换的安全协议的性能期望。最后,提出了通往6G生态系统之路的潜在研究方向。
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引用次数: 1
Human Activity Recognition System For Moderate Performance Microcontroller Using Accelerometer Data And Random Forest Algorithm 基于加速度计数据和随机森林算法的中等性能单片机人体活动识别系统
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-11-09 DOI: 10.4108/eetinis.v9i4.2571
T. Dao, Hai-Yen Hoang, Van-Nhat Hoang, Duc-Tan Tran, D. Tran
There has been increasing interest in the application of artificial intelligence technologies to improve the quality of support services in healthcare. Some constraints, such as space, infrastructure, and environmental conditions, present challenges with assistive devices for humans. This paper proposed a wearable-based real-time human activity recognition system to monitor daily activities. The classification was done directly on the device, and the results could be checked over the internet. The accelerometer data collection application was developed on the device with a sampling frequency of 20Hz, and the random forest algorithm was embedded in the hardware. To improve the accuracy of the recognition system, a feature vector of 31 dimensions was calculated and used as an input per time window. Besides, the dynamic window method applied by the proposed model allowed us to change the data sampling time (1-3 seconds) and increase the performance of activity classification. The experiment results showed that the proposed system could classify 13 activities with a high accuracy of 99.4%. The rate of correctly classified activities was 96.1%. This work is promising for healthcare because of the convenience and simplicity of wearables.
人们对应用人工智能技术提高医疗保健支持服务质量的兴趣日益浓厚。一些限制,如空间、基础设施和环境条件,对人类辅助设备提出了挑战。本文提出了一种基于可穿戴的实时人体活动识别系统,用于监控日常活动。分类是直接在设备上完成的,结果可以在互联网上查看。在该设备上开发了加速度计数据采集应用程序,采样频率为20Hz,并在硬件中嵌入随机森林算法。为了提高识别系统的准确率,计算了31维的特征向量,并将其作为每个时间窗的输入。此外,该模型采用的动态窗口方法可以改变数据采样时间(1-3秒),提高活动分类的性能。实验结果表明,该系统可以对13个活动进行分类,准确率高达99.4%。活动分类正确率为96.1%。由于可穿戴设备的便利性和简单性,这项工作对医疗保健很有希望。
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引用次数: 4
An Accurate Viewport Estimation Method for 360 Video Streaming using Deep Learning 基于深度学习的360度视频流准确视口估计方法
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.4108/eetinis.v9i4.2218
Hung-Cuong Nguyen, Thu Ngan Dao, Ngoc Son Pham, Tran Long Dang, Trung Dung Nguyen, T. Truong
Nowadays, Virtual Reality is becoming more and more popular, and 360 video is a very important part of the system. 360 video transmission over the Internet faces many difficulties due to its large size. Therefore, to reduce the network bandwidth requirement of 360-degree video, Viewport Adaptive Streaming (VAS) was proposed. An important issue in VAS is how to estimate future user viewing direction. In this paper, we propose an algorithm called GLVP (GRU-LSTM-based-Viewport-Prediction) to estimate the typical view for the VAS system. The results show that our method can improve viewport estimation from 9.5% to near 20%compared with other methods.
在虚拟现实技术日益普及的今天,360度视频是虚拟现实系统的重要组成部分。互联网上360度视频传输由于其庞大的规模而面临许多困难。因此,为了降低360度视频对网络带宽的要求,提出了视口自适应流(Viewport Adaptive Streaming, VAS)。VAS的一个重要问题是如何估计未来用户的观看方向。在本文中,我们提出了一种称为GLVP (GRU-LSTM-based-Viewport-Prediction)的算法来估计VAS系统的典型视图。结果表明,与其他方法相比,我们的方法可以将视口估计从9.5%提高到接近20%。
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引用次数: 3
Internet Traffic Prediction Using Recurrent Neural Networks 利用递归神经网络预测互联网流量
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.4108/eetinis.v9i4.1415
Mircea Eugen Dodan, Quoc-Tuan Vien, Tuan T. Nguyen
Network traffic prediction (NTP) represents an essential component in planning large-scale networks which are in general unpredictable and must adapt to unforeseen circumstances. In small to medium-size networks, the administrator can anticipate the fluctuations in traffic without the need of using forecasting tools, but in the scenario of large-scale networks where hundreds of new users can be added in a matter of weeks, more efficient forecasting tools are required to avoid congestion and over provisioning. Network and hardware resources are however limited; and hence resource allocation is critical for the NTP with scalable solutions. To this end, in this paper, we propose an efficient NTP by optimizing recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to analyse the traffic patterns that occur inside flow time series, and predict future samples based on the history of the traffic that was used for training. The predicted traffic with the proposed RNNs is compared with the real values that are stored in the database in terms of mean squared error, mean absolute error and categorical cross entropy. Furthermore, the real traffic samples for NTP training are compared with those from other techniques such as auto-regressive moving average (ARIMA) and AdaBoost regressor to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. It is shown that the proposed RNN achieves a better performance than both the ARIMA and AdaBoost regressor when more samples are employed.
网络流量预测(NTP)是规划大型网络的一个重要组成部分,这些网络通常是不可预测的,必须适应不可预见的情况。在中小型网络中,管理员不需要使用预测工具就可以预测流量的波动,但在几周内就可以添加数百个新用户的大型网络场景中,需要更有效的预测工具来避免拥塞和过度供应。然而,网络和硬件资源是有限的;因此,资源分配对于具有可扩展解决方案的NTP至关重要。为此,在本文中,我们通过优化递归神经网络(rnn)提出了一个有效的NTP,以分析流量时间序列中发生的流量模式,并根据用于训练的流量历史预测未来的样本。在均方误差、平均绝对误差和分类交叉熵方面,将所提出的rnn预测的流量与存储在数据库中的实际值进行比较。此外,将NTP训练的真实流量样本与其他技术(如自回归移动平均(ARIMA)和AdaBoost回归)进行了比较,以验证所提出方法的有效性。结果表明,当使用更多的样本时,所提出的RNN的性能优于ARIMA和AdaBoost回归器。
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引用次数: 1
Intelligent Reflecting Surface assisted RF Energy Harvesting Mobile Edge Computing NOMA Networks: Performance Analysis and Optimization 智能反射面辅助射频能量收集移动边缘计算NOMA网络:性能分析和优化
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.4108/eetinis.v9i32.1376
Dac-Binh Ha, Van-Truong Truong, Yoonill Lee
In this paper, we focus on the performance analysis and optimization of an RF energy harvesting (EH) mobile edge computing (MEC) network by the assistance of the intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) schemes. Specifically, a pair of users harvest RF energy from a hybrid access point (HAP) and offloads their tasks to the MEC server at HAP through wireless links by employing an IRS-aided and uplink NOMA scheme. To evaluate the performance of this proposed system, the closed-form expressions of successful computation and energy transfer efficiency probabilities are derived. We further formulate a multi-objective optimization problem and propose an algorithm to find the optimal energy harvesting time switching ratio value to achieve the best performance, namely SENSGA-II. Moreover, the impacts of the network parameters are provided to draw helpful insight into the system performance. Finally, the Monte-Carlo simulation results are shown to confirm the correctness of our analysis. The results have shown that the deployment of IRS can improve the performance of this considered RF EH NOMA system by increasing the number of reflecting elements.
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引用次数: 2
Intelligent Bi-directional Relaying Communication for Edge Intelligence based Industrial IoT Networks 基于边缘智能的工业物联网智能双向中继通信
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-08-10 DOI: 10.4108/eetinis.v9i32.1909
J. Liu, Yuwei Zhang, Jing Wang, Tao Cui, Lin Zhang, C. Li, Kai Chen, Huan-guang Huang, Xuan-Yue Zhou, Wei Zhou, Zhao Wang, Sun Li, Suili Feng, D. Xie, Dahua Fan, Jianghong Ou, Jiangtao Ou, Yun Li, Haige Xiang, Kaimeno Dube, Abbarbas Muazu, Nakilavai Rono, Yajuan Tang
Within this specific record, our group study the two-way interact body (TWRN) that has a number of amplify-and-forward (AF) relays. In that, the best one is actually really got to help the info communication among sources. A interact option is actually really according to the obsolete channel problem information (CSI) in addition to our group analyze its own very personal effect on the system effectiveness in the Rayleigh fading atmospheres. Especially, we extremely preliminary acquire a restricted decreased connected for the outage opportunity and afterward current an asymptotic assessment for greater signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Our group extra acquire a restricted decreased connected along with an asymptotic result on the authorize error cost (SER). Originating got via these results, our group easily quickly obtain that body system range order remain at unity offered that the CSI is actually really obsolete. Relative results reveal the rigidness on the effectiveness bounds along with the effects of obsolete interact option on the body system effectiveness. Simulation outcomes are likewise offered to corroborate the scholastic evaluation.
在这个特定的记录中,我们的小组研究了双向相互作用体(TWRN),它有许多放大和转发(AF)继电器。在这一点上,最好的方法实际上是帮助信息源之间的信息交流。一个交互选项实际上是真正根据过时的信道问题信息(CSI)除了我们组分析自己非常个人在瑞利衰落气氛下对系统有效性的影响。特别是,我们非常初步地获得了中断机会的受限减少连接,然后对更大的信噪比(SNR)进行了渐近评估。我们还获得了授权错误代价(SER)的一个渐近结果,并得到了一个有限制的减少连接。通过这些结果,我们小组很容易很快得出结论,身体系统范围秩序保持一致,CSI实际上已经过时了。相关结果揭示了有效性边界的刚性以及过时的交互选项对体系统有效性的影响。模拟结果也提供了证实学术评价。
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引用次数: 7
A Framework of Deploying Blockchain in Wireless Sensor Networks 在无线传感器网络中部署区块链的框架
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-08-04 DOI: 10.4108/eetinis.v9i32.1125
Minh Le Nguyen, Cuong Nguyen, Hoa T. K. Tran
The most critical needs for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are security, privacy, dependability, and autonomy. The networks might be vulnerable to hostile users and harmful usage if these problems are not ensured. Attacks and hazards are higher with centralized WSNs, particularly when data is shared with other businesses and sent between devices. In this paper, a WSN model with integrated blockchain security technology is proposed. Blockchains store the identity of each node. The validation is done by public blockchains and private blockchains. For sensor nodes, the authentication is implemented on the private blockchain. The public blockchain is used to authenticate cluster heads. Performing network attacks can easily be performed by unregistered nodes to access resources in the network. Broadcasting false information on the path of malicious nodes can increase packet latency and reduce packet delivery rate. In this paper, the model recommends the most secure nodes in the network to be used for secure routing. The main purpose is to reduce the attack of hackers from outside the network, improve the efficiency of detecting malicious nodes.
无线传感器网络(wsn)最关键的需求是安全性、隐私性、可靠性和自主性。如果不确保这些问题,网络可能容易受到恶意用户和有害使用的攻击。集中式无线传感器网络的攻击和危害更高,特别是当数据与其他企业共享并在设备之间发送时。本文提出了一种集成区块链安全技术的WSN模型。区块链存储每个节点的身份。验证由公有区块链和私有区块链完成。对于传感器节点,身份验证在私有区块链上实现。公有区块链用于验证簇头。未注册节点很容易通过访问网络资源的方式进行网络攻击。在恶意节点的路径上广播虚假信息会增加报文的延迟,降低报文的投递率。在本文中,该模型推荐了网络中最安全的节点用于安全路由。主要目的是减少网络外部黑客的攻击,提高检测恶意节点的效率。
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引用次数: 0
Retina-based quality assessment of tile-coded 360-degree videos 基于视网膜的瓷砖编码360度视频质量评估
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-06-21 DOI: 10.4108/eetinis.v9i32.1058
Viet Hung Nguyen, Ngoc Nam Pham, T. Thang, Duy Tien Bui, Huu-Thanh Nguyen, T. Truong
Nowadays, omnidirectional content, which delivers 360-degree views of scenes, is a significant aspect of Virtual Reality systems. While 360 video requires a lot of bandwidth, users only see visible tiles, therefore a large amount of bitrate can be saved without affecting the user’s experience on the service. The fact leads to current video adaptation solutions to filter out superfluous parts and extraneous bandwidth. To form a good basis for these adaptations, it is necessary to understand human’s video quality perception. In our research, we contribute to building an effective omnidirectional video database that can be applied to study the effects of the five zones of the human retina. We also design a new video quality assessment method to analyze the impacts of those zones of a 360 video according to the human retina. The proposed scheme is found to outperform 22 current objective quality measures by 11 to 31% in terms of the PCC parameter.
如今,提供360度场景视图的全方位内容是虚拟现实系统的一个重要方面。而360视频需要大量的带宽,用户只能看到可见的瓷砖,因此可以节省大量的比特率,而不会影响用户对服务的体验。这一事实导致当前的视频自适应解决方案过滤掉多余的部分和多余的带宽。为了形成一个良好的基础,这些适应,有必要了解人类的视频质量感知。在我们的研究中,我们致力于建立一个有效的全方位视频数据库,可以应用于研究人类视网膜的五个区域的影响。我们还设计了一种新的视频质量评估方法来分析360视频中这些区域对人眼视网膜的影响。研究发现,就PCC参数而言,所提出的方案优于目前22项客观质量措施,其性能为11%至31%。
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引用次数: 1
Big Data and Knowledge Graph Based Fault Diagnosis for Electric Power Systems 基于大数据和知识图谱的电力系统故障诊断
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-06-14 DOI: 10.4108/eetinis.v9i32.1268
Yuzhong Zhou, Zhèng-Hóng Lin, Liang Tu, Yufei Song, Zhengrong Wu
Fault detection plays an important role in the daily maintenance of power electric system. Big data and knowledge graph (KG) have been proposed by researchers to solve many problems in industrial Internet of Things, which also give lots of potentials in improving the performance of fault detection for electric power systems. In particular, this paper analyzes a distributed knowledge graph framework for fault detection in the electric power systems, where multiple devices train their local detection models used for fault detection assisted with a central server. Each device owns its local data set composed of historical fault information and current device state, which can be used to train a local model for fault detection. To enhance the detection performance, the distributed devices interact with each other in the KG framework, where the devices ought to achieve the regional computation in addition to the model aggregation within a specified latency threshold. Through searching for the vibrant qualities together with determined ability at the devices, we enhance the knowledge graph framework by the optimum variety of energetic devices together with the restriction of latency as well as data transmission. Particularly, two data transmission bandwidth allocation (BA) schemes are developed for the distributed knowledge graph framework, through which scheme I is actually bared after the instantaneous device state information (DSI), and scheme II utilizes particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique along with the statistical DSI. The results of simulation on the examination as well as convergence are lastly demonstrated to show the advantages of the proposed distributed KG framework in the fault detection for the electric power systems.
故障检测在电力系统的日常维护中起着重要的作用。研究人员提出了大数据和知识图谱(KG)来解决工业物联网中的许多问题,这也为提高电力系统的故障检测性能提供了很大的潜力。特别地,本文分析了一种用于电力系统故障检测的分布式知识图谱框架,其中多个设备在中央服务器的辅助下训练其本地检测模型用于故障检测。每个设备都拥有由历史故障信息和当前设备状态组成的局部数据集,这些数据集可以用来训练局部模型进行故障检测。为了提高检测性能,分布式设备在KG框架中相互交互,其中设备除了在指定的延迟阈值内进行模型聚合外,还应该实现区域计算。通过在设备上搜索具有活力的特性和确定的能力,在限制延迟和数据传输的条件下,利用最优的能量设备种类来增强知识图谱框架。具体而言,针对分布式知识图谱框架,提出了两种数据传输带宽分配方案,其中方案一是在瞬时设备状态信息(DSI)之后进行数据传输,方案二是在统计DSI的基础上利用粒子群优化(PSO)技术。仿真结果表明,本文提出的分布式KG框架在电力系统故障检测中的优越性。
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引用次数: 2
Outage Probability Analysis for UAV-Aided Mobile Edge Computing Networks 无人机辅助移动边缘计算网络的中断概率分析
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.4108/eetinis.v9i31.960
Jun Liu, Yuwei Zhang, Jing Wang, Tao Cui, Lin Zhang, C. Li, Kai Chen, Sun Li, Sunli Feng, Dongqing Xie, Dahua Fan, Jianghong Ou, Yun Li, Haige Xiang, Kaimeno Dube, Abbarbas Muazu, Nakilavai Rono, Fusheng Zhu, Liming Chen, Wenvong Zhou, Zhusong Liu
This paper studies one typical mobile edge computing (MEC) system, where a single user has some intensively calculating tasks to be computed by M edge nodes (ENs) with much more powerful calculating capability. In particular, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can act as the ENs due to its flexibility and high mobility in the deployment. For this system, we propose several EN selection criteria to improve the system whole performance of computation and communication. Specifically, criterion I selects the best EN based on maximizing the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the EN, criterion II performs the selection according to the most powerful calculating capability, while criterion III chooses one EN randomly. For each EN selection criterion, we perform the system performance evaluation by analyzing outage probability (OP) through deriving some analytical expressions. From these expressions, we can obtain some meaningful insights regarding how to design the MEC system. We finally perform some simulation results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MEC network. In particular, criterion I can exploit the full diversity order equal to M.
本文研究了一个典型的移动边缘计算(MEC)系统,其中单个用户有一些密集的计算任务需要由M个具有更强大计算能力的边缘节点(ENs)来计算。特别是无人机(UAV)在部署过程中具有灵活性和高机动性,可以充当网络。针对该系统,我们提出了若干EN选择标准,以提高系统的整体计算性能和通信性能。其中,准则1根据最大接收信噪比(SNR)选择最佳标准,准则2根据最强大的计算能力进行选择,准则3随机选择一个标准。对于每个EN选择标准,我们通过推导出一些解析表达式来分析停机概率(OP),从而进行系统性能评估。从这些表达式中,我们可以对如何设计MEC系统得到一些有意义的启示。最后通过仿真结果验证了所提出的MEC网络的有效性。特别地,判据I可以利用整个分集阶等于M。
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引用次数: 10
期刊
EAI Endorsed Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems
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