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The Role of Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices in Aesthetic Valuation 左背外侧前额叶皮层在审美评价中的作用
Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197513620.003.0019
E. Munar, C. Cela-Conde
As discussed in both the original study and the current chapter, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a required neural player in the aesthetic appraisal and a basic stage of the aesthetic experience. As the distinct activation that the authors found in the neuroimaging study occurred when participants rated as beautiful natural, artistic, and decorative stimuli, we concluded that left DLPFC responded to aesthetic qualities in general and not to specific artistic qualities. More recent studies indicate that the function of the LPFC in relation to aesthetics may be to exercise cognitive control to direct attention with a proper aesthetic orientation. Other studies suggest that LPFC is part of a frontal “evaluative” network which supports an analysis of emotional response and personal relevance. Specifically, left DLPFC seems to affect the evaluation of different images, disengaging from a habitual mode of identifying objects in order to adopt an aesthetic perspective.
正如在最初的研究和本章所讨论的那样,背外侧前额叶皮层(DLPFC)是审美评价中必需的神经参与者,也是审美体验的基本阶段。作者在神经成像研究中发现,当参与者评价美丽的自然、艺术和装饰刺激时,会出现明显的激活,因此我们得出结论,左侧DLPFC对一般的审美品质做出反应,而不是对特定的艺术品质做出反应。最近的研究表明,LPFC在美学方面的功能可能是行使认知控制,以适当的审美取向引导注意力。其他研究表明,LPFC是额叶“评估”网络的一部分,该网络支持对情绪反应和个人相关性的分析。具体来说,左DLPFC似乎影响了对不同图像的评价,脱离了识别物体的习惯模式,以采用审美视角。
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引用次数: 0
Scene Preferences, Aesthetic Appeal, and Curiosity 场景偏好、审美诉求和好奇心
Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197513620.003.0013
Edward A. Vessel, Xiaomin Yue, I. Biederman
A gradient of µ-opioid receptors extends from early sensory areas of the cerebral cortex to associative cortex, with the greatest density of receptors in the most anterior associative regions. In 2006, Biederman and Vessel proposed that the hedonic value of perceptual and cognitive experience is a function of activation of this gradient. A desire for opioid activity provided by this gradient renders us infovores, always seeking novel but richly interpretable experiences. Richly interpretable experiences engage the opioid-dense anterior regions of the gradient, while novel experiences engage neural ensembles that have yet to undergo adaptation. Support for this proposal derives from the greater activity elicited in opioid-rich parahippocampal cortex for preferred over nonpreferred scenes, with neural network modeling of visual aesthetic responses suggesting that representations in later stages are more predictive of aesthetic responses, and psychopharmacological experiments that support the potential involvement of endogenous opioids.
微阿片受体的梯度从大脑皮层的早期感觉区延伸到联合皮层,在最前的联合区中受体密度最大。2006年,Biederman和Vessel提出知觉和认知经验的享乐价值是这一梯度激活的函数。这种梯度提供的对阿片活性的渴望使我们成为信息食者,总是寻求新颖但丰富的可解释体验。丰富的可解释的经验涉及到阿片密集的前梯度区域,而新颖的经验涉及到尚未经历适应的神经系统。对这一观点的支持来自于富含阿片类物质的海马体旁皮层对偏好场景比非偏好场景引发的更大活动,视觉审美反应的神经网络建模表明,后期的表征更能预测审美反应,心理药理学实验支持内源性阿片类物质的潜在参与。
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引用次数: 1
Naturalizing Aesthetics 自然化美学
Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197513620.003.0004
Steven Brown
Aesthetic processing is about what we like and dislike. It applies to all types of perceived objects, not just art works. There should be a general brain network that deals with aesthetic appraisals of like and dislike regardless of the appraised object. In order to investigate this, the authors carried out a large-scale meta-analysis of published neuroimaging studies of aesthetic processing for objects that are perceived using four different sensory pathways: vision, audition, taste, and smell. A part of the brain called the anterior insula appeared as the most concordant area of activation across the four sensory pathways. From an evolutionary standpoint, it most likely that the appreciation of human artifacts like art works piggybacked onto an existing system for the appraisal of objects of biological importance, such as food sources and potential mates.
审美处理是关于我们喜欢什么和不喜欢什么。它适用于所有类型的感知对象,而不仅仅是艺术作品。应该有一个通用的大脑网络来处理对喜欢和不喜欢的审美评价,而不管被评价的对象是什么。为了调查这一点,作者对已发表的关于物体审美处理的神经影像学研究进行了大规模的荟萃分析,这些研究使用四种不同的感官途径:视觉、听觉、味觉和嗅觉。大脑中被称为前脑岛的部分似乎是四个感觉通路中最一致的激活区域。从进化的角度来看,最有可能的是,人类对艺术品等人工制品的欣赏,是建立在对食物来源和潜在伴侣等生物重要性物品进行评估的现有系统之上的。
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引用次数: 3
Kinds of Beauty and the Prefrontal Cortex 各种各样的美和前额皮质
Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197513620.003.0014
T. Pegors
Much research has been done to show where in the brain there is similar activity for different kinds of beauty judgments. In the article under discussion, the authors set out to determine where in the brain unique information about different kinds of beauty is found. In their experiment, participants made beauty judgments of faces and landscapes while their brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). By using an analysis technique that focused on patterns of activity rather than overall activation, the authors showed that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) contained unique information about each type of beauty. Understanding more about the neuroscience of how modern people evaluate beauty may help uncover larger truths about the history of human culture and art.
很多研究都表明,大脑的哪个部位对不同类型的美丽判断有类似的活动。在这篇讨论中的文章中,作者着手确定大脑中关于不同类型美的独特信息的位置。在他们的实验中,研究人员用功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)测量了参与者对面孔和风景的美丽判断。通过使用一种专注于活动模式而非整体活动的分析技术,作者表明,腹内侧前额叶皮层(vmPFC)包含了关于每种类型的美的独特信息。更多地了解现代人如何评价美的神经科学,可能有助于揭示人类文化和艺术历史的更大真相。
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引用次数: 0
Cultural Neuroaesthetics of Delicate Sadness Induced by Noh Masks 能面具引发的微妙悲伤的文化神经美学
Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197513620.003.0025
N. Osaka
As an investigator of how culture interacts with neuroaesthetics in Japanese art, the author’s goal in the article under discussion is to explore the neural mechanisms involved in the social, affective, and cognitive processes of sadness induced by the Noh mask. Why do seemingly negative emotions, such as sadness, play a critical role in aesthetic experiences in the Noh theater? What brain activity is involved in feeling delicate sadness? Sadness induced by faces involves cortical interactions among various brain areas such as the amygdala, striatum, fusiform face area, and insula. The expectation for reward, hidden in the appreciation of the sad mask, might be a social reward. If so, it may be that appreciating sadness masks engages a common system that drives the expectation of negative rewards. The author ran a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in which participants’ brains were scanned while watching sad Noh masks. Results confirmed predictions, revealing activation of the right amygdala while viewing sad masks.
作为一名研究日本艺术中文化如何与神经美学相互作用的研究者,作者在这篇文章中所讨论的目标是探索由能面具引起的悲伤的社会、情感和认知过程中所涉及的神经机制。为什么表面上的消极情绪,如悲伤,在能剧的审美体验中起着关键作用?感受微妙的悲伤涉及到什么大脑活动?面部表情引起的悲伤涉及杏仁核、纹状体、梭状面区和脑岛等脑区之间的皮质相互作用。对奖励的期待,隐藏在对悲伤面具的欣赏中,可能是一种社会奖励。如果是这样的话,那可能是因为欣赏悲伤的面具涉及到一种共同的系统,这种系统驱动了对负面奖励的预期。作者进行了一项功能性磁共振成像研究,在该研究中,参与者在观看悲伤的能能面具时扫描大脑。结果证实了预测,显示了当看到悲伤的面具时,右侧杏仁核被激活。
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引用次数: 0
The Mark of Villainy 邪恶的印记
Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197513620.003.0011
Franziska Hartung
Why is it often so easy to identify the villain in a movie just by the way they look? Visual narratives exploit a mechanism that generates aversion towards people who look different. Being “different” by definition is in relation to a statistical norm, whether the difference concerns body size, skin color, hair styles, gender, visible physical disabilities, or facial anomalies. We often associate unattractive faces or faces with anomalies with poor character or negative personality traits. The evidence that most people harbor (implicit) biases against others who visibly differ from the norm is overwhelming, while people who approximate a statistical average within a population are regarded as beautiful and morally good. While we do not yet understand the (neuro-)biological and cognitive bases of these stereotypes, some recent neuroimaging evidence suggests that people not only pay greater attention to faces with anomalies but also simultaneously inhibit social and emotional responses.
为什么仅仅通过外表就能很容易地识别出电影中的反派?视觉叙事利用了一种机制,让人对长相不同的人产生厌恶。从定义上讲,“不同”与统计规范有关,无论这种差异涉及体型、肤色、发型、性别、可见的身体残疾还是面部异常。我们经常把没有吸引力的面孔或面孔与性格不佳或消极的人格特征联系在一起。绝大多数人对那些明显与众不同的人怀有(隐性)偏见的证据是压倒性的,而在人群中接近统计平均值的人则被认为是美丽和道德高尚的。虽然我们还不了解这些刻板印象的(神经)生物学和认知基础,但一些最近的神经影像学证据表明,人们不仅更加关注异常的面孔,同时也抑制了社会和情感反应。
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引用次数: 0
Architectural Affordances 建筑功能
Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197513620.003.0045
Z. Djebbara, K. Gramann
In the article discussed in this chapter, the authors describe a framework of neuroaesthetics for architectural experiences that considers sensory feedback stemming from movement central for the experience of the built environment. As we move through space when experiencing architecture, our sensory impressions change, rendering the body and the brain as nondissociable agents of aesthetic experience. This interaction is described by the term affordance. The authors cast the human experience of the built environment to be predicated on the functional relation between action and perception and developed a neuroscientific experiment on architectural transitions to investigate how the human brain reflects architectural affordances. They found that varying sizes of transitions, reflecting different affordances, impact early perceptual processes, suggesting that our perception is indeed colored by the action potentials afforded by the composed space. In conclusion, the shape of space resonates with our embodied predictions regarding movement.
在本章讨论的文章中,作者描述了一个建筑体验的神经美学框架,该框架考虑了建筑环境体验中心运动产生的感官反馈。当我们在空间中体验建筑时,我们的感官印象会发生变化,使身体和大脑成为审美体验的不可分离的媒介。这种相互作用用“提供性”一词来描述。作者将人类对建筑环境的体验建立在行为和感知之间的功能关系上,并开展了一项关于建筑过渡的神经科学实验,以研究人类大脑如何反映建筑的功能。他们发现,不同大小的过渡,反映了不同的启示,影响了早期的感知过程,这表明我们的感知确实受到了由组合空间提供的动作电位的影响。总之,空间的形状与我们对运动的具体预测产生了共鸣。
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引用次数: 1
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