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Crecimiento económico o ecodesarrollo: ¿Tiene sentido crecer de la forma en que lo hacemos? 经济增长还是生态发展:以我们现在的方式增长有意义吗?
Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.32870/eera.vi42.895
Pablo Sandoval Cabrera
What is the nature and causes of the wealth of nations? It was the question that gave rise to economic science in the eighteenth century, and that inaugurated a school of economic thought known as “the classics”, whose most well-known representative, to be considered precisely the father of the economy, was Adam Smith . The answer given by these thinkers was that the source of wealth and engine of economic growth of nations, was determined by the accumulation of resources (land, labor and capital) by nature scarce, by population growth (long term limited by the own availability of resources), as well as by the productive specialization as strategy of optimization in the use of the same ones and of the market like allocating mechanism of the resources in the economy .Under these premises, it was evident that in the long term, once the resources of society were fully utilized, what was called “the steady state” would be reached, that is, a moment in time from which it would be impossible to continue growing . Under this framework of analysis it is understandable the relevance given by the classics to international trade, because it constitutes an escape valve to the “steady state” by making available unused resources (for example land for cultivation) and markets for surpluses productive .Basically, they dominate in them the idea that growth has limits, due to the avai-lability of resources, by nature, finite . Three aspects stand out in the notion of growth elaborated by this school of economic thought:• Accepting that growth depended fundamentally on available resources, which are scarce by nature .• Consequently, they recognized that growth necessarily had limits .• The importance accorded to the accumulation of capital and the long-term eco-nomic dynamics .In a second phase, in the evolution of the notion of growth, we try to break with the idea that growth has limits, by adding, as a determinant of it, to technological pro-gress . From the work carried out by Solow (1956) since the mid-twentieth century, it is accepted that the productive application of science and technology allow breaking the “straitjacket” that means the limitation of productive factors, which lead to the stationary state . Solow concludes that economic growth is something more than the sum of the marginal contributions of productive factors to find what was later called in the economic literature, the “residue of Solow .” That is, an added value that was not explained by the quantitative contribution of the productive factors at stake and that he credited to the technological progress applied to the productive process .From this moment it was thought that technological progress would break with any barrier (natural or technical) that would obstruct the growth of the economy, ma-king this a process of unlimited expansion . The growth would be based on three fundamental elements:1 . The availability of physical capital2 . The expansion of the productive capacities of man and
国家财富的本质和原因是什么?正是这个问题在18世纪产生了经济科学,并开创了一个被称为“经典”的经济思想流派,其最著名的代表,也被认为是经济之父,是亚当·斯密。这些思想家给出的答案是,国家的财富来源和经济增长引擎是由资源(土地、劳动力和资本)的积累、自然稀缺、人口增长(长期受自身资源可用性的限制)决定的,以及生产性专业化作为优化使用相同资源的战略和经济中类似市场的资源分配机制。在这些前提下,很明显,从长远来看,一旦社会资源得到充分利用,就会达到所谓的“稳定状态”,即不可能继续增长的时刻。在这种分析框架下,经典著作与国际贸易的相关性是可以理解的,因为它构成了通往“稳定状态”的逃生阀,使未使用的资源(例如耕地)和盈余市场具有生产力。基本上,他们在其中占主导地位,认为由于资源的不稳定性,增长是有限的。这一经济学派阐述的增长概念有三个方面:•接受增长从根本上取决于可用资源,而这些资源本质上是稀缺的。•因此,他们认识到增长必然有局限性。•对资本积累和长期经济动态的重视。在第二阶段,在增长概念的演变中,我们试图打破增长有局限性的观念,将增长作为技术进步的决定因素。从索洛(1956)自20世纪中期以来所做的工作来看,人们普遍认为,科学技术的生产性应用可以打破“束缚”,即生产因素的限制,从而导致稳定状态。索洛得出结论,经济增长不仅仅是生产要素边际贡献的总和,也就是后来在经济文献中被称为“索洛的残余”,一种附加值,不能用所涉生产因素的数量贡献来解释,他将其归功于应用于生产过程的技术进步。从那时起,人们认为技术进步将打破任何阻碍经济增长的障碍(自然或技术),这是一个无限扩张的过程。增长将基于三个基本要素:1。实物资本的可用性2。人和人的生产能力的扩大。科学和技术为生产目的而发展的过程。从那时起,他在经济理论和政治中占据了主导地位,认为从长远来看,通过将所有社会努力和能力都用于追求增长,这将带来的经济扩张,将通过增加工人及其家庭的就业和实际收入来减贫。然而,现实一次又一次地驳斥了传统经济理论的这一假设。
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引用次数: 0
La inversión asiática en el sector automotor de la región del Bajío, México 亚洲对墨西哥bajio地区汽车行业的投资
Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.32870/eera.vi42.896
María Elena Peyro Beltrán, Martha Virginia González Medina, Angelina Hernández Pérez
The Asian investment has had an important presence in productive sectors considered motors of the Mexican economy, and the automotive and auto parts industry is one of them . Its economic dynamism has grown especially since the entry into force of the North American Free Trade Agreement (nafTa), in 1994 . Since the 1980s, the economic policy of Mexico had among its objectives the growth of International Trade . In addition, it is considered that foreign direct investment (fdi) is extremely important for the creation of jobs; and although there have been few advances in this aspect; the expectation of creating productive linkages with the Mexican industry persists . Although, according to macroeconomic statistics, progress has been made thanks to this public policy, the truth is that only significant impacts of its location are observed at the regional level .The automotive companies of Asian capital are an essential part of the geographical configuration of the automotive and auto parts industry around the Bajío region, which is considered a very important corridor for it . For this reason, the present work focuses on identifying its size, structure and dynamism in this region since the entry into force of nafTa . Regional economic indicators and the causes that have contributed to the growth of Asian investment in the automotive sector are analyzed .
亚洲投资在墨西哥经济中被视为发动机的生产部门发挥了重要作用,汽车和汽车零部件行业就是其中之一。自1994年《北美自由贸易协定》生效以来,其经济活力不断增强。自20世纪80年代以来,墨西哥的经济政策的目标之一是发展国际贸易。此外,人们认为,外国直接投资对创造就业极为重要;尽管在这方面几乎没有什么进展;与墨西哥工业建立生产联系的期望依然存在。尽管根据宏观经济统计,由于这项公共政策取得了进展,但事实是,只有在地区层面上观察到其地理位置的重大影响。亚洲资本的汽车公司是巴约地区汽车和汽车零部件行业地理配置的重要组成部分,这被认为是一条非常重要的走廊。因此,目前的工作重点是确定自《北美自由贸易协定》生效以来该地区的规模、结构和活力。分析了区域经济指标以及亚洲汽车行业投资增长的原因。
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引用次数: 1
Turismo deportivo: Consideraciones conceptuales y actores para fomentar el desarrollo territorial en destinos turísticos 体育旅游:促进旅游目的地领土发展的概念考虑和行为者
Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.32870/eera.vi42.894
Pedro Alfonso Ramos Sánchez, Angélica Ruth Terrazas Juárez
This work focuses on describing sports tourism from its background and relevance as a development tool . Through an exploratory study, documentary research allowed a historical description of the evolution of sports tourism and its relevance in the global and national context, concepts of sports tourism were analyzed and an own concept is proposed considering the orientation applied to development, all this using methodology of the International Organization for Standardization, iSO 10241 and recommendations for writing definitions . The actors involved were also identified, as well as their role in promoting the development in destinations . The main conclusions aim to highlight the importance of this activity to generate development
这项工作侧重于从体育旅游的背景和相关性来描述体育旅游作为一种发展工具。通过探索性研究,文献研究允许对体育旅游的演变及其在全球和国家背景下的相关性进行历史描述,分析了体育旅游的概念,并考虑到应用于发展的方向提出了自己的概念,所有这些都使用了国际标准化组织的方法,iSO 10241和编写定义的建议。还确定了相关行为者,以及他们在促进目的地发展方面的作用。主要结论旨在强调这项活动对促进发展的重要性
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引用次数: 0
Gobernanza ambiental en México y los impactos de la aplicación de los instrumentos de gestión ambiental: el caso de la cuenca alta del río Santiago 墨西哥的环境治理和环境管理工具应用的影响:以圣地亚哥河上游流域为例
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.32870/eera.vi41.898
Salvador Peniche Camps, Manuel Guzmán Arroyo
The theme of the work presented is environmental governance in Mexico . Its objective is to determine the regularities of the impacts of the application of environmental management instruments . The research question we ask is: what is the role played by environmental management in the ecological crisis that lives in the upper basin of the Santiago River?
介绍的工作主题是墨西哥的环境治理。其目的是确定环境管理工具应用的影响规律。我们要问的研究问题是:环境管理在圣地亚哥河上游流域的生态危机中扮演了什么角色?
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引用次数: 1
La industria en León, Guanajuato, en la segunda mitad del siglo xx 20世纪下半叶瓜纳华托leon的工业
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.32870/eera.vi41.900
Jorge Arturo Hurtado López
The industrial structure was one of the fundamental elements of the conditions for the development of social struggles in the city of León, Guanajuato, in the second half of the 20th century . The study of the existing industrial structure and, particularly, the predominant branch of production in this city since the forties, is the production of footwear . The developed concrete figure reached in it is the factory system, which determines the whole of Leon’s industrial production . This manufacturing system showed a qualitative division and the quantitative proportionality of the machinery system, which nevertheless presents imperfections in its development that are expressed in the peculiarities of that industrial structure .
工业结构是20世纪下半叶瓜纳华托莱昂市社会斗争发展的基本要素之一。对现有工业结构的研究,特别是对自40年代以来该市主要生产部门的研究,是鞋类生产。其中所达到的发达的具体数字是工厂系统,它决定了莱昂的整个工业生产。这一制造系统显示出机械系统的定性划分和定量比例,但其发展存在缺陷,表现在工业结构的特殊性上。
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引用次数: 0
Valoración y riesgos socioambientales en el cierre de minas 矿山关闭的评估和社会环境风险
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.32870/eera.vi41.899
Aleida Azamar Alonso, Daniel Tagle Zamora
The objective of this paper is come up with proposals that help to understand the risks that mining companies must consider in order to reduce the negative impacts that they currently cause, since apart from the effects that are not con-sidered during the operation of the project, they generally do not carry out an appropriate closure at the end of the project . As a result of the research, the proposal of some indicators that could be applied and that would help to reduce the social and environmental impact is presented; besides reducing the amount of open-pit mining projects . The normative framework of Mexico is used as an example because it has a broader scope for the purpose of this work . It is concluded that the mining activity strengthens and creates economic structural dependencies for most of the countries that practice it, for which it expresses the need to suspend this practice gradually because it harms the environmental, social and economic aspects .
本文的目的是提出建议,帮助了解矿业公司必须考虑的风险,以减少他们目前造成的负面影响,因为除了在项目运营期间未考虑的影响外,他们通常不会在项目结束时进行适当的关闭。作为研究的结果,提出了一些可以应用并有助于减少社会和环境影响的指标的建议;此外还减少了露天采矿项目的数量。墨西哥的规范性框架被用作一个例子,因为它对这项工作的目的具有更广泛的范围。报告的结论是,采矿活动加强并造成大多数实行采矿活动的国家在经济结构上的依赖,因此报告表示有必要逐步停止这种做法,因为它损害了环境、社会和经济方面。
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引用次数: 0
Evolución de la deuda total de México de 2001 a 2017: sexenios de Vicente Fox Quesada, Felipe Calderón Hinojosa y Enrique Peña Nieto
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.32870/eera.vi41.902
Jorge Aguilar Jiménez, José Tomás Vives Urbina
This paper analyzes the evolution of public debt: internal and external, it’s four accounting variants, such as gross external debt, net external debt, gross do-mestic debt and net domestic debt focusing on references: of the last year of presidents Vicente Fox Quesada (2001-2006), Felipe Calderón Hinojosa (2007-2012) and Enrique Peña Nieto (2013-2018) and aims to analyze their evolution .
本文分析了公共债务的演变:内部和外部,它有四种会计变体,如总外债、净外债、总国内债务和净国内债务,重点参考了总统Vicente Fox Quesada(2001-2006)、Felipe Calderón Hinojosa(2007-2012)和Enrique Peña Nieto(2013-2018)的最后一年,并旨在分析它们的演变。
{"title":"Evolución de la deuda total de México de 2001 a 2017: sexenios de Vicente Fox Quesada, Felipe Calderón Hinojosa y Enrique Peña Nieto","authors":"Jorge Aguilar Jiménez, José Tomás Vives Urbina","doi":"10.32870/eera.vi41.902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32870/eera.vi41.902","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the evolution of public debt: internal and external, it’s four accounting variants, such as gross external debt, net external debt, gross do-mestic debt and net domestic debt focusing on references: of the last year of presidents Vicente Fox Quesada (2001-2006), Felipe Calderón Hinojosa (2007-2012) and Enrique Peña Nieto (2013-2018) and aims to analyze their evolution .","PeriodicalId":33516,"journal":{"name":"Expresion Economica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41570944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Presencia de China y de Asia- Pacífico en el sector externo de América Latina 中国和亚太地区在拉丁美洲对外部门的存在
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.32870/eera.vi41.901
O. Salas
During the last decades, the impetuous growth and development of the Asian economies in general and particularly of the Chinese economy has led to a significant increase in the demand for raw materials . Thus, the new economic scenario has impact the performance of the gross domestic product and the export matrix of Latin America . In this line, this article analyzes the meaning and new role that the external sector acquires in Latin America as a consequence of the remarkable increase in commercial exchange . Using descriptive statistics, it is shown that due to the increase in the value of exports, both the purchasing power and the terms of trade are developed in favor of the countries of the region .
在过去的几十年里,亚洲经济的快速增长和发展,特别是中国经济的迅猛发展,导致了对原材料需求的显著增加。因此,新的经济情况影响了拉丁美洲国内生产总值和出口矩阵的表现。在这方面,本文分析了由于商业交流的显著增加,对外部门在拉丁美洲获得的意义和新作用。使用描述性统计表明,由于出口价值的增加,购买力和贸易条件的发展都有利于该地区的国家。
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引用次数: 0
La dinámica económica: la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la ciencia económica desde la perspectiva de la dinámica de sistemas 经济动力学:系统动力学视角下的经济科学教学
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.32870/eera.vi41.903
José Héctor Cortés Fregoso
The teaching of economic science must respond both to the training of pro-fessional economists and to a dynamic approach to the economic topics taught and learned . Traditionally, classical mathematical analysis has been the formal instrument to address the complexity of economic phenomena . However, the very complex nature of economic phenomena requires different and comple-mentary approaches for a better apprehension of economic events, given their non-linearities, their circular behavior, their temporal lags and their emer-ging characteristics . A superficial review of the evolution of economic thought leads us to a very relevant conclusion: economists, over time, have not been influenced by systemic thinking when addressing the study of economic events, whether in the context of microeconomics as of the macroeconomics . The ma-turity reached by systemic science, in general, has been permeating the ideas of economists to the point of observing, in recent decades, more systemic con-cerns for the analysis of economic problems .Teachers and students of economic science will teach better and learn effi-ciently when grounding the teaching-learning processes in the systemic eco-nomy . Systemic thinking, as a philosophy of learning, as well as the dynamics of systems, as an instrument that facilitates practical implementation and dynamic simulation of behaviors, can provide extremely useful elements to improve the training of economists in locks based on the systemic economy .
经济科学的教学必须既回应专业经济学家的培训,也回应对所教授和学习的经济主题的动态方法。传统上,经典数学分析一直是解决经济现象复杂性的正式工具。然而,鉴于经济现象的非线性、循环行为、时间滞后和突发特征,经济现象的复杂性需要不同的互补方法来更好地理解经济事件。对经济思想演变的肤浅回顾使我们得出了一个非常相关的结论:随着时间的推移,经济学家在研究经济事件时,无论是在微观经济学还是宏观经济学的背景下,都没有受到系统思维的影响。近几十年来,系统科学所达到的成熟已经渗透到经济学家的思想中,以至于观察到了分析经济问题的更系统的方法。经济科学的教师和学生在将教学过程建立在系统生态学的基础上时,会教得更好,学得更高效。系统思维作为一种学习哲学,以及系统的动力学,作为一种促进行为的实际实施和动态模拟的工具,可以为改善经济学家在基于系统经济的锁方面的培训提供极其有用的元素。
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引用次数: 0
Seguro popular: evidencia de los avances en asignación de recursos públicos, acceso y cobertura de servicios de salud y protección financiera Autores/as 大众保险:在公共资源分配、获得和覆盖保健服务和财政保护方面取得进展的证据
Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.32870/eera.vi40.938
Julieta Guzmán Flores
El propósito de este artículo es sintetizar la evidencia de los avances del Programa Sistema de Protección Social en Salud (sPss) o Seguro Popular desde tres ámbitos: asignación de recursos públicos, acceso y cobertura de servicios de salud y protección financiera. La revisión narrativa de la literatura abarca estudios recientes e informa- ción de bases de datos oficiales para proporcionar una visión general de la cobertura universal del programa, desde su inicio en 2003. El estudio comprendió el análisis de la evolución del gasto salud público, la escala de afiliaciones de la población no asegurada y el impacto en la disminución del riesgo catastrófico por motivos de salud.
本文的目的是综合从公共资源分配、卫生服务的获取和覆盖以及财政保护三个方面取得进展的证据。通过对文献的叙述性审查,包括最近的研究和来自官方数据库的信息,对该计划自2003年启动以来的普遍覆盖情况进行了概述。这项研究包括分析公共卫生支出的演变、未投保人口的成员规模以及对减少灾难性健康风险的影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Expresion Economica
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