We use the last two waves of the Italian Time Use Survey to analyse the intergenerational transmission of reading habits. This can be explained by both cultural and educational transfers from parents to children and by imitative behaviour. Imitation is of particular interest, since it suggests the direct influence parents can have on a childi?½s preference and habit formation, and opens the way for active policies promoting good parenting behaviour. We investigate the imitative behaviour of children using a household fixed-effects model, where we identify the impact of the parentsi?½ role by exploiting the different exposure of siblings to parentsi?½ example within the same household. We find robust evidence on the existence of an imitation effect: on the day of the survey children are more likely to read after seeing either the mother or the father reading.
{"title":"The Intergenerational Transmission of Reading: Is a Good Example the Best Sermon?","authors":"A. Mancini, C. Monfardini, S. Pasqua","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2464481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2464481","url":null,"abstract":"We use the last two waves of the Italian Time Use Survey to analyse the intergenerational transmission of reading habits. This can be explained by both cultural and educational transfers from parents to children and by imitative behaviour. Imitation is of particular interest, since it suggests the direct influence parents can have on a childi?½s preference and habit formation, and opens the way for active policies promoting good parenting behaviour. We investigate the imitative behaviour of children using a household fixed-effects model, where we identify the impact of the parentsi?½ role by exploiting the different exposure of siblings to parentsi?½ example within the same household. We find robust evidence on the existence of an imitation effect: on the day of the survey children are more likely to read after seeing either the mother or the father reading.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132644096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: В данном докладе на основании результатов социологического исследования, проведенного автором, рассматривается проблема гендерного неравенства в распределении домашнего труда. Подтвержден тезис об устойчивости преобладания преобладание женского участия в домашнем труде в большинстве стран мира. English Abstract: This report made by the results of the author's sociological research is devoted to the problem of a gender inequality in distribution of house work. The thesis about stability of prevalence of female participation in house work in the majority of the countries of the world is confirmed.
{"title":"Домашний Труд: Проблема Гендерного Разделения (House Work: The Problem of the Gender Differentiations)","authors":"G. Evstifeeva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2383723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2383723","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: В данном докладе на основании результатов социологического исследования, проведенного автором, рассматривается проблема гендерного неравенства в распределении домашнего труда. Подтвержден тезис об устойчивости преобладания преобладание женского участия в домашнем труде в большинстве стран мира. English Abstract: This report made by the results of the author's sociological research is devoted to the problem of a gender inequality in distribution of house work. The thesis about stability of prevalence of female participation in house work in the majority of the countries of the world is confirmed.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126186542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organizations are gendered with complex patterns of visibility and invisibility embedded in their structure and norms. This paper analyzes the patterns of gender inequality within organizations, which are reinforced by gender-blind policies. My argument is that gender-blind policies promising equality do not always translate into gender equity. I will focus on careers of women in District Management Group (DMG), a prestigious administrative civil service group in the Federal Government of Pakistan, to trace the hidden patterns of persisting gender inequalities in DMG. I use qualitative data from in-depth interviews with middle and upper management DMG officers, to tease out the invisible pattern of inequalities experienced by these women. To identify the differential effects of gender-blind policies I will use the concepts of visibility and invisibility in workplaces. Visible equal opportunity policies fail to provide a level playing field when the model of ideal manager is based on masculine assumptions. Women face systematic disadvantage and struggle to compete in a system that does not take into account their invisible constraints of work and family responsibilities, gender stereotypes, different life experiences and social roles. A model of integrated manager needs to be constructed and acknowledged, where public professional life is integrated with the private life of family, community and personal commitments.
{"title":"Now You See Them, Now You Don’t - Women and Civil Service in Pakistan","authors":"A. Salman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3461584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3461584","url":null,"abstract":"Organizations are gendered with complex patterns of visibility and invisibility embedded in their structure and norms. This paper analyzes the patterns of gender inequality within organizations, which are reinforced by gender-blind policies. My argument is that gender-blind policies promising equality do not always translate into gender equity. I will focus on careers of women in District Management Group (DMG), a prestigious administrative civil service group in the Federal Government of Pakistan, to trace the hidden patterns of persisting gender inequalities in DMG. I use qualitative data from in-depth interviews with middle and upper management DMG officers, to tease out the invisible pattern of inequalities experienced by these women. To identify the differential effects of gender-blind policies I will use the concepts of visibility and invisibility in workplaces. Visible equal opportunity policies fail to provide a level playing field when the model of ideal manager is based on masculine assumptions. Women face systematic disadvantage and struggle to compete in a system that does not take into account their invisible constraints of work and family responsibilities, gender stereotypes, different life experiences and social roles. A model of integrated manager needs to be constructed and acknowledged, where public professional life is integrated with the private life of family, community and personal commitments.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128658897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The traditional family comprising a married woman and man and their biological children has been so common across the globe and throughout history that it can reasonably be called the “natural family.” The privileged legal and social status of the natural family is under attack by a movement that favors “families we choose.” The family would be defined as any group of people that at the moment chooses to be treated as a family. Under the mandate of “equality,” government would be neutral about family structure. Blood ties would be irrelevant.Since no society has ever adopted this program, we cannot determine empirically what it would look like. However, there are many works in literature in which the natural family is dethroned or eliminated, including Plato’s Republic, Heather Has Two Mommies, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, and Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale. These works still leave gaps in our picture of a world without blood ties, so I offer several stories to fill out the portrait. The article ends with a discussion of the ramifications of “families we choose” as informed by this literature.
{"title":"Families We Choose? Visions of a World Without Blood Ties","authors":"G. Dent","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1888400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1888400","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional family comprising a married woman and man and their biological children has been so common across the globe and throughout history that it can reasonably be called the “natural family.” The privileged legal and social status of the natural family is under attack by a movement that favors “families we choose.” The family would be defined as any group of people that at the moment chooses to be treated as a family. Under the mandate of “equality,” government would be neutral about family structure. Blood ties would be irrelevant.Since no society has ever adopted this program, we cannot determine empirically what it would look like. However, there are many works in literature in which the natural family is dethroned or eliminated, including Plato’s Republic, Heather Has Two Mommies, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, and Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale. These works still leave gaps in our picture of a world without blood ties, so I offer several stories to fill out the portrait. The article ends with a discussion of the ramifications of “families we choose” as informed by this literature.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134191550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the beginning of the last century, sex ratio (male to female) in India is showing disturbing patterns with relatively fewer numbers of females compared to males. The magnitude of juvenile masculinity has increased since 1980s with no sign of reverse. The time trend of juvenile sex ratio brings out demographic transition type ‘sex ratio transition’ in Indian population. Using data from the last hundred years, the paper tries to figure out the pattern of sex ratio transition at all India as well as at the state level. Spatial pattern of juvenile sex ratio have been judged and contemporary increase in masculinity have been highlighted. Despite the common wisdom that juvenile sex ratio in India is rising since the last century, the present paper indicates that juvenile masculinity is a long-standing problem of India that gets momentum during the recent period due to demographic as well as socio-economic forces.
{"title":"Hundred Years of Juvenile Masculinity in India: Why the Contemporary Pattern Is Important?","authors":"Suddhasil Siddhanta, D. Nandy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2749554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2749554","url":null,"abstract":"Since the beginning of the last century, sex ratio (male to female) in India is showing disturbing patterns with relatively fewer numbers of females compared to males. The magnitude of juvenile masculinity has increased since 1980s with no sign of reverse. The time trend of juvenile sex ratio brings out demographic transition type ‘sex ratio transition’ in Indian population. Using data from the last hundred years, the paper tries to figure out the pattern of sex ratio transition at all India as well as at the state level. Spatial pattern of juvenile sex ratio have been judged and contemporary increase in masculinity have been highlighted. Despite the common wisdom that juvenile sex ratio in India is rising since the last century, the present paper indicates that juvenile masculinity is a long-standing problem of India that gets momentum during the recent period due to demographic as well as socio-economic forces.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130219805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper argues that processes of economic globalisation have significantly transformed labour markets in Asia during the last three decades. A central feature of this transformation is the growing importance of female labour at the core of economic processes. This feature has been extensively discussed by feminist economists and anthropologists but received relatively little attention in macro-policy debates. At best, policies towards women workers are viewed as welfare measures of primary interest to the women themselves. The paper argues that such a view is short-sighted and its limitations are becoming evident in the context of the recent economic crisis.Gender-biased or “gendered” labour markets, as we call them, are not only a problem for women workers. They also trap economies on the so-called low road of labour-intensive growth, making it difficult to garner the full fruits of growth, or to ensure its sustainabililty. Sustainable human development focused on the conditions of women’s participation in labour markets can lay a firmer grounding for sustained increased in income per capita. Sustainability in the paper is viewed along three dimensions – human development, the gains from trade and integration into the global economy, and resilience in the face of economic shocks such as the recent crisis.The paper is divided into three main sections:1) The implications of globalisation for the transformation of labout markets2) The micro and macro implications of gendered labour markets, and3) The policy implications of gendered labour markets under gloablisation
{"title":"Gendered Labour Markets and Globalisation in Asia","authors":"G. Sen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2161739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2161739","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that processes of economic globalisation have significantly transformed labour markets in Asia during the last three decades. A central feature of this transformation is the growing importance of female labour at the core of economic processes. This feature has been extensively discussed by feminist economists and anthropologists but received relatively little attention in macro-policy debates. At best, policies towards women workers are viewed as welfare measures of primary interest to the women themselves. The paper argues that such a view is short-sighted and its limitations are becoming evident in the context of the recent economic crisis.Gender-biased or “gendered” labour markets, as we call them, are not only a problem for women workers. They also trap economies on the so-called low road of labour-intensive growth, making it difficult to garner the full fruits of growth, or to ensure its sustainabililty. Sustainable human development focused on the conditions of women’s participation in labour markets can lay a firmer grounding for sustained increased in income per capita. Sustainability in the paper is viewed along three dimensions – human development, the gains from trade and integration into the global economy, and resilience in the face of economic shocks such as the recent crisis.The paper is divided into three main sections:1) The implications of globalisation for the transformation of labout markets2) The micro and macro implications of gendered labour markets, and3) The policy implications of gendered labour markets under gloablisation","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122693264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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