This paper analyses the effect of migration of men from rural areas in Pakistan on children in households “left behind” by the migrants. Left-behind households’ expenditure on children’s education and the gendered distribution of these expenditures are two outcomes of main interest. First, it is tested if left-behind households have higher overall expenditures on children’s education. Second, it is tested if migration of men from households reduces gender inequality in households’ expenditures on children’s education. This gendered distribution is analyzed by estimating the effect of migration on the share of households’ education expenditures spent on girls. Migration can affect these expenditures and its gendered distribution through various channels. Men’s migration may lead to women taking over household decisions regarding education expenditures. Migration may also transfer norms and alter peoples’ preferences such as those regarding children’s schooling. To differentiate between the channels two types of migration, permanent migration of men for employment creating “left-behind” households and temporary migration whereby male members migrate for employment for short periods during the year, have been considered. Transfer of norms is expected to operate through temporary migration episodes as well as via permanent migration, while the changes in women’s decision making is expected to operate via permanent migration when the men are absent. The effect of remittances has been further separated from the effect of migration. The paper uses longitudinal data from rural households in Pakistan with additional data collected from a sub-sample of the panel by the author. Fixed effects fixed effects model (FEM) is used to estimate these relationships, reducing endogeneity of migration. The results suggest that migrant and non-migrant households in the sample do not have significantly different expenditures on children’s schooling and education. This is true for both types of migration. Households that receive remittances have higher expenditures on children’s education. A noteworthy result is that left-behind households have girls’ shares that are higher as much as 18 percent than the average. This is not the case for households with temporary migrants, suggesting that women’s decision participation decreases gender inequality in households’ education expenditures. Heckman Selection Model has additionally been estimated to estimate the effect of the migration on households’ expenditure on girls’ education, considering the selection of households into sending girls to school. Heckman Selection model also suggests that left-behind households have higher per girl expenditures. The results of the selection model suggest that being a left-behind household is significantly positively associated with households’ expenditures on girls’ education.
{"title":"Children in Left-behind Migrant Households: Education and Gender Equality","authors":"Sundus Saleemi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3856989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3856989","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the effect of migration of men from rural areas in Pakistan on children in households “left behind” by the migrants. Left-behind households’ expenditure on children’s education and the gendered distribution of these expenditures are two outcomes of main interest. First, it is tested if left-behind households have higher overall expenditures on children’s education. Second, it is tested if migration of men from households reduces gender inequality in households’ expenditures on children’s education. This gendered distribution is analyzed by estimating the effect of migration on the share of households’ education expenditures spent on girls. Migration can affect these expenditures and its gendered distribution through various channels. Men’s migration may lead to women taking over household decisions regarding education expenditures. Migration may also transfer norms and alter peoples’ preferences such as those regarding children’s schooling. To differentiate between the channels two types of migration, permanent migration of men for employment creating “left-behind” households and temporary migration whereby male members migrate for employment for short periods during the year, have been considered. Transfer of norms is expected to operate through temporary migration episodes as well as via permanent migration, while the changes in women’s decision making is expected to operate via permanent migration when the men are absent. The effect of remittances has been further separated from the effect of migration. The paper uses longitudinal data from rural households in Pakistan with additional data collected from a sub-sample of the panel by the author. Fixed effects fixed effects model (FEM) is used to estimate these relationships, reducing endogeneity of migration. The results suggest that migrant and non-migrant households in the sample do not have significantly different expenditures on children’s schooling and education. This is true for both types of migration. Households that receive remittances have higher expenditures on children’s education. A noteworthy result is that left-behind households have girls’ shares that are higher as much as 18 percent than the average. This is not the case for households with temporary migrants, suggesting that women’s decision participation decreases gender inequality in households’ education expenditures. Heckman Selection Model has additionally been estimated to estimate the effect of the migration on households’ expenditure on girls’ education, considering the selection of households into sending girls to school. Heckman Selection model also suggests that left-behind households have higher per girl expenditures. The results of the selection model suggest that being a left-behind household is significantly positively associated with households’ expenditures on girls’ education.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121258002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research addresses the importance of gender in prices in the sports betting industry. Specifically, we investigate the impact of gender bias in the prices that bookmakers offer for tennis matches. Despite widespread evidence of gender bias both in the practice of the sport and its media coverage, tennis is one of the sports that has done most to achieve equality. The analysis of 51,881 tennis matches reveals that betting firms quote higher prices for women’s matches than for men’s, and that this finding still holds even when considering uncertainty due to the surprise factor and the media attention. The separate analysis of two bookmakers strengthens the evidence for the role of media attention as a source of gender-related information asymmetry.
{"title":"Does The Betting Industry Price Gender?","authors":"Joxe Maria Barrutiabengoa, P. Corredor, L. Muga","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3760527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3760527","url":null,"abstract":"This research addresses the importance of gender in prices in the sports betting industry. Specifically, we investigate the impact of gender bias in the prices that bookmakers offer for tennis matches. Despite widespread evidence of gender bias both in the practice of the sport and its media coverage, tennis is one of the sports that has done most to achieve equality. The analysis of 51,881 tennis matches reveals that betting firms quote higher prices for women’s matches than for men’s, and that this finding still holds even when considering uncertainty due to the surprise factor and the media attention. The separate analysis of two bookmakers strengthens the evidence for the role of media attention as a source of gender-related information asymmetry.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134460794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Does failure in a marriage foretell failure to repay credit? Analyzing the loan portfolio of a representative bank, we find no significant differences in the probability of default between divorcees and others, but we do find evidence for taste-based discrimination against divorcees. Compared to their peers, divorcees pay 8.7 basis points more in interest. This discrimination against divorcees is mainly effectuated in localities where traditional culture is more dominant and banking competition is limited, and by loan officers who are male, are older, and have been longer on the job. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to reduce discrimination.
{"title":"Divorce and Credit","authors":"Shusen Qi, Shu Chen, S. Ongena, Jiaxing You","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3752423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3752423","url":null,"abstract":"Does failure in a marriage foretell failure to repay credit? Analyzing the loan portfolio of a representative bank, we find no significant differences in the probability of default between divorcees and others, but we do find evidence for taste-based discrimination against divorcees. Compared to their peers, divorcees pay 8.7 basis points more in interest. This discrimination against divorcees is mainly effectuated in localities where traditional culture is more dominant and banking competition is limited, and by loan officers who are male, are older, and have been longer on the job. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to reduce discrimination.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129704619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the effect of board gender diversity on a firm’s investment inefficiency and finds that a firm with at least one female director on its board has significantly less investment inefficiency than firms without one. The fraction of female directors on the board has a significantly negative association with investment inefficiency. An instrumental variable approach shows that this relation is robust after addressing endogeneity concerns. Furthermore, the effect of board gender diversity on investment inefficiency is more pronounced for over-investment than under-investment. Consistently, the effect is stronger for firms that have a propensity to over-invest ex-ante. It is also found that board independence is a channel for board gender diversity to reduce investment inefficiency.
{"title":"Board Gender Diversity and Investment Inefficiency","authors":"Chan Yu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3817114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3817114","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the effect of board gender diversity on a firm’s investment inefficiency and finds that a firm with at least one female director on its board has significantly less investment inefficiency than firms without one. The fraction of female directors on the board has a significantly negative association with investment inefficiency. An instrumental variable approach shows that this relation is robust after addressing endogeneity concerns. Furthermore, the effect of board gender diversity on investment inefficiency is more pronounced for over-investment than under-investment. Consistently, the effect is stronger for firms that have a propensity to over-invest ex-ante. It is also found that board independence is a channel for board gender diversity to reduce investment inefficiency.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"255 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123896494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The MeToo movement was first reported in the media worldwide in October 2017 and has received enormous press coverage since then. The exogenous and unanticipated nature of the scandal provides a natural experiment that we can use to quantify how wider external information affects ‘ordinary’ women’s perceptions of safety and their willingness to report feelings of dissatisfaction with safety. To do so, we use a case study of women’s perception of safety in 25 metro systems across the world, for which we have large-scale unique customer satisfaction data over the years 2014 to 2018. We use interview dates to determine perceptions pre and post scandal, and we take the MeToo scandal as a ‘treatment’ affecting women in the sense that they were the primary target of the informational shock. Using pre and post treatment data, for our defined treated (women) and control (men) units we apply a difference-in-differences estimator to identify the impact of the scandal on perceptions of safety. Our results show a 2.5% increase in the probability of women being dissatisfied with security in stations and in metro carriages post-scandal. These results support the conclusion that revealed preferences are only revealed up to a certain extent. A change in the context (e.g., an informational shock), can alter perceptions and in turn, can encourage individuals to disclose lower (or higher) satisfaction levels as perceptions of the norm change.
{"title":"The Impact of the MeToo Scandal on Women’s Perceptions of Safety","authors":"Laila Ait Bihi Ouali, D. Graham","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3520019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3520019","url":null,"abstract":"The MeToo movement was first reported in the media worldwide in October 2017 and has received enormous press coverage since then. The exogenous and unanticipated nature of the scandal provides a natural experiment that we can use to quantify how wider external information affects ‘ordinary’ women’s perceptions of safety and their willingness to report feelings of dissatisfaction with safety. To do so, we use a case study of women’s perception of safety in 25 metro systems across the world, for which we have large-scale unique customer satisfaction data over the years 2014 to 2018. We use interview dates to determine perceptions pre and post scandal, and we take the MeToo scandal as a ‘treatment’ affecting women in the sense that they were the primary target of the informational shock. Using pre and post treatment data, for our defined treated (women) and control (men) units we apply a difference-in-differences estimator to identify the impact of the scandal on perceptions of safety. Our results show a 2.5% increase in the probability of women being dissatisfied with security in stations and in metro carriages post-scandal. These results support the conclusion that revealed preferences are only revealed up to a certain extent. A change in the context (e.g., an informational shock), can alter perceptions and in turn, can encourage individuals to disclose lower (or higher) satisfaction levels as perceptions of the norm change.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124191572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parenting makes bullies. We show that children who were raised by parents who used harsh parenting during early childhood are more likely to bully others during early adolescence. Evidence is based on a randomized intervention where the parents receive training programs aimed at improving their disciplinary strategies. 10 years after the intervention, children whose parents received the intervention were less likely to bully their peers. Victimization was unaffected. The results support the interpretation of bullying as a type of social interaction skill with large negative externalities that are shaped by early-childhood parenting.
{"title":"What Makes Bullies: Evidence from Randomized Intervention","authors":"Jun Hyung Kim, K. Hahlweg, W. Schulz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3516146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3516146","url":null,"abstract":"Parenting makes bullies. We show that children who were raised by parents who used harsh parenting during early childhood are more likely to bully others during early adolescence. Evidence is based on a randomized intervention where the parents receive training programs aimed at improving their disciplinary strategies. 10 years after the intervention, children whose parents received the intervention were less likely to bully their peers. Victimization was unaffected. The results support the interpretation of bullying as a type of social interaction skill with large negative externalities that are shaped by early-childhood parenting.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133216199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family mementos document events shaping family life, telling a story within and between family members. The elderly collected some mementos for children, but never recorded stories related to those objects. In this paper, in order to understand the status quo of memento storytelling and sharing of elderly people, contextual inquiry was conducted, which further helped us to identify design opportunities and requirements. Resulting design was defined after brainstorm and user consultation, which was Slots- Memento, a system consisting a slot machine-like device used by the elderly and a flash drive used by the young. The Slots machine-like device utilizes with the metaphor of slots machine, which integrates functions of memento photo displaying, story recording, and preservation. In the flash disk, the young could copy memento photos to it. The system aims to facilitate memento story sharing and preservation within family members. Preliminary evaluation and user test were conducted in evaluation section, the results showed that Slots-Memento was understood and accepted by the elderly users. Photos of mementos were easy to recall memories. It enabled the elderly people to be aware of the stories of the family mementos, as well as aroused their desire to share them with family members. Related research methodology includes contextual inquiry, brainstorming, prototyping, scenario creation, and user test.
{"title":"Slots-Memento: A System Facilitating Intergenerational Story Sharing and Preservation of Family Mementos","authors":"Cun Li, Jun Hu, B. Hengeveld, Caroline Hummels","doi":"10.5121/IJMA.2018.10306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5121/IJMA.2018.10306","url":null,"abstract":"Family mementos document events shaping family life, telling a story within and between family members. The elderly collected some mementos for children, but never recorded stories related to those objects. In this paper, in order to understand the status quo of memento storytelling and sharing of elderly people, contextual inquiry was conducted, which further helped us to identify design opportunities and requirements. Resulting design was defined after brainstorm and user consultation, which was Slots- Memento, a system consisting a slot machine-like device used by the elderly and a flash drive used by the young. The Slots machine-like device utilizes with the metaphor of slots machine, which integrates functions of memento photo displaying, story recording, and preservation. In the flash disk, the young could copy memento photos to it. The system aims to facilitate memento story sharing and preservation within family members. Preliminary evaluation and user test were conducted in evaluation section, the results showed that Slots-Memento was understood and accepted by the elderly users. Photos of mementos were easy to recall memories. It enabled the elderly people to be aware of the stories of the family mementos, as well as aroused their desire to share them with family members. Related research methodology includes contextual inquiry, brainstorming, prototyping, scenario creation, and user test.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132532610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article builds on the developments carried out by advocacy groups globally and highlights the tension between state sovereignty and international human rights law when it comes to individual complaints mechanisms. This inquiry is essential to provide a clearer understanding of the issues and limitations surrounding the normative understanding of violence against women in international human rights law and state responsibility for failure to prevent, protect, redress etc in an effective way. It explores the jurisprudence of the international and regional institutions on the concepts of due diligence and positive obligation to understand if they are of any significance in addressing the issue of VADW. This inquiry is essential given India’s failure of in effectively addressing the discrimination faced by lower castes, especially women, domestically.
{"title":"Understanding Intersectional Violence Faced by Dalit Women in India: Are Due Diligence and Positive Obligation an Answer to the Problem?","authors":"Asang Wankhede","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3899951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3899951","url":null,"abstract":"This article builds on the developments carried out by advocacy groups globally and highlights the tension between state sovereignty and international human rights law when it comes to individual complaints mechanisms. This inquiry is essential to provide a clearer understanding of the issues and limitations surrounding the normative understanding of violence against women in international human rights law and state responsibility for failure to prevent, protect, redress etc in an effective way. It explores the jurisprudence of the international and regional institutions on the concepts of due diligence and positive obligation to understand if they are of any significance in addressing the issue of VADW. This inquiry is essential given India’s failure of in effectively addressing the discrimination faced by lower castes, especially women, domestically.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123606618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Languages differ in the degree to which they employ gender distinctions for nouns and pronouns. Speaking a gendered language may highlight gender roles. We find that speaking a gendered language is associated with a greater gender gap in educational attainment.
{"title":"Gendered Language and the Educational Gender Gap","authors":"Lewis S. Davis, Megan Reynolds","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2782540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2782540","url":null,"abstract":"Languages differ in the degree to which they employ gender distinctions for nouns and pronouns. Speaking a gendered language may highlight gender roles. We find that speaking a gendered language is associated with a greater gender gap in educational attainment.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"16 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120900240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intergenerational transmission of human capital from parents to offspring has been widely documented. However, whether there are also upward spillovers from children to parents remains understudied. This paper uses data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study to estimate the causal impact of educational attainments of the highest educated adult child on various health and cognition outcomes of older adults. Identification is achieved by using the exposure of adult children to the compulsory education reform around 1986 in China and its interaction with enforcement intensity as instruments for children’s years of schooling. IV estimation results using the baseline survey data demonstrate that increasing years of education of adult children lead to higher level of cognitive functions of older adults. Parents with better educated children also have higher subjective survival expectations, improved lung function and greater body weight. Dynamic model results for the follow-up sample indicate positive and significant incremental effects of children’s education on cognitive abilities of older adults when baseline cognition is controlled for. Further evidence suggests that adult children’s education might shape parental health in old age by providing social support, affecting parental access to resources as well as influencing parental labor supply and psychological well-being.
{"title":"Does Children's Education Matter for Parents’ Health and Cognition in Old Age? Evidence from China","authors":"Mingming Ma","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3118461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3118461","url":null,"abstract":"Intergenerational transmission of human capital from parents to offspring has been widely documented. However, whether there are also upward spillovers from children to parents remains understudied. This paper uses data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study to estimate the causal impact of educational attainments of the highest educated adult child on various health and cognition outcomes of older adults. Identification is achieved by using the exposure of adult children to the compulsory education reform around 1986 in China and its interaction with enforcement intensity as instruments for children’s years of schooling. IV estimation results using the baseline survey data demonstrate that increasing years of education of adult children lead to higher level of cognitive functions of older adults. Parents with better educated children also have higher subjective survival expectations, improved lung function and greater body weight. Dynamic model results for the follow-up sample indicate positive and significant incremental effects of children’s education on cognitive abilities of older adults when baseline cognition is controlled for. Further evidence suggests that adult children’s education might shape parental health in old age by providing social support, affecting parental access to resources as well as influencing parental labor supply and psychological well-being.","PeriodicalId":335395,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Kinship & Gender (Sub-Topic)","volume":"760 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122991842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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