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Post-Genocide Bosnian Muslim Female Identity: Visualizing Motherhood, Violence and Victimhood 种族灭绝后的波斯尼亚穆斯林女性身份:可视化的母性、暴力和受害者
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-05-31 DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2019.12
Jasmina Gavrankapetanović-Redžić
As Yugoslavia fell apart in the 1990s, the Serbs used violence strategically, to achieve permanent divisions between ethnic categories and to thwart future attempts to rebuild trust and normalize interethnic relations. The goal of the violence was to intensify national and religious differences within socialist Yugoslavia’s highly multicultural society. The violence of the war, and the sexual violence in particular, influenced the identity of Bosnian Muslims. It heightened their sense of endangerment and consequently, their feeling of belonging to a persecuted group. This paper analyzes the visual representations of motherhood, violence and victimhood in four films directed by Jasmila Žbanic. It finds inspiration in Žarana Papic’s critical approach to patriarchy and nationalism and Inger Skjelsbaek’s field work among the survivors of sexual violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper’s main goals are to trace the link between patriarchy, nationalism and the memory of gender-directed violence, and to highlight the transformation of Bosnian Muslim identity within the context of history. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina; genocide; war crimes; sexual violence; patriarchy; victimhood; motherhood DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2019.12 © 2019 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License , which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
随着南斯拉夫在20世纪90年代分崩离析,塞尔维亚人战略性地使用暴力,以实现种族类别之间的永久分裂,并挫败未来重建信任和种族间关系正常化的努力。暴力的目的是加剧社会主义南斯拉夫高度多元文化社会中的民族和宗教差异。战争中的暴力,特别是性暴力,影响了波斯尼亚穆斯林的身份。这增强了他们的危险感,从而增强了他们属于受迫害群体的感觉。本文分析了雅斯米拉日巴尼奇执导的四部电影中对母性、暴力和受害者的视觉表现。它的灵感来自于扎拉娜·帕皮奇对父权制和民族主义的批判态度,以及英格·斯克尔斯巴克在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那性暴力幸存者中的实地工作。该论文的主要目标是追踪父权制、民族主义和对性别暴力的记忆之间的联系,并强调波斯尼亚穆斯林身份在历史背景下的转变。关键词:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那;种族灭绝战争罪;性暴力;父权制;受害者身份;母性DOI:10.14712/223363231.2019.12©2019作者。这是一篇根据知识共享署名非商业性非衍生产品许可证条款分发的开放获取文章,该许可证允许在任何媒体上使用、分发和复制,前提是原始作者和来源可信,使用是非商业性的,并且不进行任何修改或改编。
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引用次数: 0
On the Necessity for and the Limits of Political Apologies in Post-1989 Eastern Germany 论1989年后东德政治道歉的必要性及其限度
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-05-31 DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2019.11
Maria Palme
Since the 1990s, the making of an apology has become an instrument for promoting international and national reconciliation, replacing the exaction of vengeance upon the officials of former non-democratic regimes. This article explains when and under what circumstances an explicit apology for political wrongs has contributed to overcoming divisions in post-socialist German society. It specifically focuses on politicians and political parties that have direct links and continuity with the former oppressive regime in East Germany. What role and what impact have political apologies had on the victims to whom they are addressed and on public discourse generally? Are they part of a broader acknowledgment of past injustices under the German Democratic Republic (GDR) dictatorship? Adopting a discourse analysis approach, this paper outlines the historical and political conditions, the intentions and the outcomes of speeches of political apology in eastern Germany. It focuses on the narratives of GDR officials, Stasi informants, and members of Die Linke (The Left), a successor party to the GDR’s ruling communist Socialist Unity Party (SED), and on the responses to those narratives from the new elites, former dissidents in the GDR, and groups representing the victims of communism. The article concludes that political apologies expressed by state officials who were formerly linked with the oppressor state stimulate a dialectical process with regard to past injustices, even if they fail to achieve the desired reconciliation. Keywords: political apology; reconciliation; collective memory; Germany; communism DOI : 10.14712/23363231.2019.11 © 2019 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License , which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
自1990年代以来,道歉已成为促进国际和民族和解的工具,取代了对前非民主政权官员的报复。这篇文章解释了在什么时候以及在什么情况下,对政治错误的明确道歉有助于克服后社会主义德国社会的分裂。它特别关注与东德前压迫政权有直接联系和连续性的政治家和政党。政治道歉对受害者和公众话语有什么作用和影响?它们是对德意志民主共和国独裁统治下过去不公正现象的更广泛承认的一部分吗?本文采用话语分析的方法,概述了德国东部政治道歉的历史政治条件、意图和结果。它关注的是民主德国官员、斯塔西线人和民主德国执政的共产主义社会主义统一党(SED)的继任者Die Linke(左翼)成员的叙述,以及民主德国的新精英、前异见人士和代表共产主义受害者的团体对这些叙述的回应。文章的结论是,以前与压迫国家有联系的国家官员表达的政治道歉,激发了对过去不公正现象的辩证过程,即使他们未能实现预期的和解。关键词:政治道歉;调解集体记忆;德国共产主义DOI:10.14712/223363231.2019.11©2019作者。这是一篇根据知识共享署名非商业性非衍生产品许可证条款分发的开放获取文章,该许可证允许在任何媒体上使用、分发和复制,前提是原始作者和来源可信,使用是非商业性的,并且不进行任何修改或改编。
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引用次数: 0
The Glory of Death? German Memorials of the Great War in the North-Western Czech Borderlands after 1945 死亡的荣耀?1945年后捷克西北边境的德国一战纪念馆
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-05-31 DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2019.10
Karolina Ćwiek-Rogalska
War memorials (in German, Kriegerdenkmaler) were built after World War I in almost every village and town in Czechoslovakia that had a German population, to commemorate those who had been killed in the war. After 1945, these memorials were either destroyed or recycled. The author shows how the new Czech inhabitants who replaced the traditional population of the borderlands coped with these memorials. Focusing her research on the Cheb and Marianske Lazně regions, she considers the destruction of the monuments to be an example of managing a “dissonant heritage.” Some of the monuments were demolished altogether; others were re-used for new purposes as parts of new objects. Applying Reinhart Koselleck’s theory that war memorials serve the living more than they do the dead, by creating communal attitudes toward common social issues, the author analyzes patterns in the erection of German memorials of the Great War in the Czech lands. She also refers to Bernhard Bottcher’s analysis of German war memorials in Czechoslovakia, which regards them as monuments commemorating a country which had ceased to exist. Her main thesis is that the “new life” given to war memorials after 1945 is connected to a new and different perspective among Czechs on World War I, to their hostile attitude towards the German heritage of Czechoslovakia, and to a different perception of memorials inherited from the past. Keywords: World War I; war memorials; dissonant heritage; Czechoslovakia; German minority DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2019.10 © 2019 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License , which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
战争纪念馆(德语:Kriegerdenkmaler)是在第一次世界大战后在捷克斯洛伐克几乎每个有德国人的村庄和城镇建造的,以纪念在战争中丧生的人。1945年后,这些纪念馆要么被销毁,要么被回收。作者展示了取代边境地区传统人口的新捷克居民是如何应对这些纪念馆的。她将研究重点放在切布和马里亚斯克·拉兹涅地区,认为对纪念碑的破坏是管理“不和谐遗产”的一个例子;另一些则作为新对象的一部分被重新用于新的目的。作者运用Reinhart Koselleck的理论,即战争纪念馆为生者服务多于为死者服务,通过创造对共同社会问题的共同态度,分析了德国在捷克土地上建立二战纪念馆的模式。她还提到了伯恩哈德·博彻对德国在捷克斯洛伐克的战争纪念碑的分析,认为这些纪念碑是纪念一个已经不复存在的国家的纪念碑。她的主要论点是,1945年后赋予战争纪念馆的“新生命”与捷克人对第一次世界大战的新的、不同的看法有关,与他们对捷克斯洛伐克德国遗产的敌对态度有关,也与他们对从过去继承的纪念馆的不同看法有关。关键词:第一次世界大战;战争纪念馆;不和谐遗产;捷克斯洛伐克;德国少数民族DOI:10.14712/223363231.2019.10©2019作者。这是一篇根据知识共享署名非商业性非衍生产品许可证条款分发的开放获取文章,该许可证允许在任何媒体上使用、分发和复制,前提是原始作者和来源可信,使用是非商业性的,并且不进行任何修改或改编。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 编辑
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-02-20 DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2019.1
J. Sir, Lucie Filipová
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引用次数: 0
KSČ a řízení centrálně plánované ekonomiky: mezi mocenským imperativem a ekonomickou racionalitou KSČ与中央计划经济管理:在权力强制性与经济合理性之间
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-02-20 DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2019.2
Vladimír Handl
The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and Central Planning: Between the Imperative of Power and Economic Rationality The article deals with the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia’s role in the country’s centrally planned economy during the late 1980s. It looks into the mechanisms of implementation of the party’s constitutional “leading role” in steering the economy. Furthermore, it examines how the party’s role was perceived among members of the nomenclature in the party’s Central Committee as well as its regional organizations and by the management of economic enterprises. For these purposes, the text analyzes archival documents of the Politburo and other Central Committee institutions. In addition, semi-structured interviews with former party members on the regional level and with former economic players on the level of enterprises were conducted. One of the findings is that the party’s role in steering the economy was divisive towards both the society and the party itself. The paper also demonstrates that the Central Committee was divided into ideological hardliners and members dealing with the real economy. The article concludes by identifying four real roles the party played in steering the economy, and points to the considerable level of voluntarism in the individual
捷克斯洛伐克共产党与中央计划:在权力的必要性和经济合理性之间本文论述了捷克斯洛伐克共产党在20世纪80年代末国家中央计划经济中的作用。它探讨了党在指导经济方面发挥宪法“领导作用”的机制。此外,它还考察了党的作用在党的中央委员会及其地区组织的命名成员中以及在经济企业管理层中的看法。为此,本文分析了中央政治局和其他中央机构的档案文件。此外,还对地区一级的原党员和企业一级的前经济参与者进行了半结构化访谈。调查结果之一是,该党在引导经济方面的作用对社会和政党本身都产生了分歧。该文件还表明,中央委员会分为意识形态强硬派和处理实体经济的成员。文章最后指出了党在指导经济方面发挥的四个真正作用,并指出了个人的自愿程度
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引用次数: 0
Mark Galeotti, Spetsnaz: Russia’s Special Forces 马克·加莱奥蒂,特种部队:俄罗斯特种部队
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-02-20 DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2019.5
M. Falta
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引用次数: 0
Michail Zygar, Všichni muži Kremlu: stručná historie současného Ruska 米哈伊尔·齐加,《所有克里姆林宫人:当代俄罗斯简史》
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-02-20 DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2019.8
Lenka Šatavová
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引用次数: 0
Henry Kissinger, Uspořádání světa: Státní zájmy, konflikty a mocenská rovnováha 亨利·基辛格:《世界秩序:国家利益、冲突与权力平衡》
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-02-20 DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2019.6
Patrik Urban
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引用次数: 1
David Satter, Čím méně víte, tím lépe spíte: Ruská cesta k teroru a diktatuře za Jelcina a Putina
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-02-20 DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2019.7
Johana Černochová
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引用次数: 0
Ke stavu péče o německé kulturní dědictví v českém pohraničí na příkladu Chomutovska 捷克边境的德国文化遗产保护状况——以乔穆托夫地区为例
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-02-06 DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2019.3
Stanislav Děd
On the State of Protection of German Cultural Heritage in the Czech Borderlands: The View from  Chomutov This discussion highlights the unsatisfactory state of care for local German cemeteries in the Czech borderlands, a topic that deserves attention not only in the context of the Czech-German relations, but also in the context of the celebration of 2018 as the European Year of Cultural Heritage. The author served as a director of the Regional Museum in Chomutov (Komotau), a town in north-western Bohemia. Against this background, he reflects on the causes of this dire state, pointing to the insufficient performance of the relevant Czech authorities in the protection of cultural heritage. Furthermore, he presents positive examples of civic engagement towards Czech-German reconciliation. Keywords: Czech Republic; cultural heritage; cemeteries; Sudeten Germans; Czech-German relations; reconciliation DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2019.3
关于捷克边境地区德国文化遗产的保护状况:来自乔莫托夫的观点这一讨论凸显了捷克边境地区德国当地墓地的保护状况令人不满意,这一话题不仅在捷德关系的背景下值得关注,而且在2018年庆祝欧洲文化遗产年的背景下也值得关注。作者曾担任波希米亚西北部城镇Chomutov (Komotau)地区博物馆馆长。在此背景下,他反思了造成这种可怕状况的原因,指出捷克有关当局在保护文化遗产方面的表现不足。此外,他还提出了公民参与捷克-德国和解的积极例子。关键词:捷克;文化遗产;墓地;苏台德德国人;Czech-German关系;和解DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2019.3
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Acta Universitatis Carolinae Studia Territorialia
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