regulation of mitochondria morphology and function may be crucial for finding treatments for infertility, neu-rodegenerative diseases, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. This review focuses on both the canonical and noncanonical role of the Jak-STAT pathway in mitochondrial morphology and metabolism. ABSTRACT Jak-STAT pathway is required for embryogenesis, female gametogenesis, cytokine-mediated neuroprotection, diabetes, obesity, cancer, stem cell, and various tissues. The noncanonical role of Jak-STAT in mitochondria function was supported by the detection of STAT protein in mitochondria, however, several studies show that STAT protein is detected in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and not in mitochondria. STAT protein may alter mitochondria function without entering mitochondria, this involves regulation of fission and fusion proteins to change mitochondria morphology. However, how changes in mitochondria morphology lead to changes in mitochondria metabolism needs further investigation.
{"title":"Regulation of mitochondrial morphology and metabolism by Jak-STAT pathway","authors":"K. Rhee","doi":"10.12750/jarb.36.4.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12750/jarb.36.4.189","url":null,"abstract":"regulation of mitochondria morphology and function may be crucial for finding treatments for infertility, neu-rodegenerative diseases, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. This review focuses on both the canonical and noncanonical role of the Jak-STAT pathway in mitochondrial morphology and metabolism. ABSTRACT Jak-STAT pathway is required for embryogenesis, female gametogenesis, cytokine-mediated neuroprotection, diabetes, obesity, cancer, stem cell, and various tissues. The noncanonical role of Jak-STAT in mitochondria function was supported by the detection of STAT protein in mitochondria, however, several studies show that STAT protein is detected in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and not in mitochondria. STAT protein may alter mitochondria function without entering mitochondria, this involves regulation of fission and fusion proteins to change mitochondria morphology. However, how changes in mitochondria morphology lead to changes in mitochondria metabolism needs further investigation.","PeriodicalId":33755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79902575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Histology and lectin histochemistry in the vomeronasal organ of Korean native cattle, Bos taurus coreanae","authors":"Sungwoong Jang, Bohye Kim, J. Kim, C. Moon","doi":"10.12750/jarb.36.4.270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12750/jarb.36.4.270","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81212564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Establishment of optimal decellularization conditions using porcine placenta","authors":"Ji Hyung Son, Dae-Jung Kim, Dong-Mok Lee, B. Seo","doi":"10.12750/jarb.36.4.253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12750/jarb.36.4.253","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86961380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes is the procedure where the immature oocytes are cultivated in a laboratory until they are mature. Since IVM oocytes generally have low developmental competence as compared to those matured in vivo, development of an optimal IVM culture system by fine-tuning culture conditions is crucial to maintain high quality. In-depth knowledge and a deep understanding of the in vivo physiology of oocyte maturation are pre-requisites to accomplish this. Within ovarian follicles, various signaling pathways that drive oocyte development and maturation regulate interaction between oocytes and surrounding somatic cells. This review discusses the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway, which has been demonstrated to be intimately involved in folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation. Advances in elucidating the role of the SHH signaling pathway in oocyte maturation will aid attempts to improve the current inferior in vitro oocyte maturation system.
{"title":"The role of sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in in vitro oocyte maturation","authors":"Sanghoon Lee, J. Cho","doi":"10.12750/jarb.36.4.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12750/jarb.36.4.183","url":null,"abstract":"In vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes is the procedure where the immature oocytes are cultivated in a laboratory until they are mature. Since IVM oocytes generally have low developmental competence as compared to those matured in vivo, development of an optimal IVM culture system by fine-tuning culture conditions is crucial to maintain high quality. In-depth knowledge and a deep understanding of the in vivo physiology of oocyte maturation are pre-requisites to accomplish this. Within ovarian follicles, various signaling pathways that drive oocyte development and maturation regulate interaction between oocytes and surrounding somatic cells. This review discusses the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway, which has been demonstrated to be intimately involved in folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation. Advances in elucidating the role of the SHH signaling pathway in oocyte maturation will aid attempts to improve the current inferior in vitro oocyte maturation system.","PeriodicalId":33755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90141566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pluripotent stem cells could self-renew and differentiate into various cells. In particular, porcine pluripotent stem cells are useful for preclinical therapy, transgenic animals, and agricultural usage. These stem cells have naïve and primed pluripotent states. Naïve pluripotent stem cells represented by mouse embryonic stem cells form chimeras after blastocyst injection. Primed pluripotent stem cells represented by mouse epiblast stem cells and human embryonic stem cells. They could not produce chimeras after blastocyst injection. Populations of embryonic stem cells are not homogenous; therefore, reporter systems are used to clarify the status of stem cells and to isolate the cells. For this reason, studies of the OCT4 reporter system have been conducted for decades. This review will discuss the naïve and primed pluripotent states and recent progress in the development of porcine OCT4 reporter systems.
{"title":"Porcine OCT4 reporter system as a tool for monitoring pluripotency states","authors":"Seung-Hun Kim, Chang-Kyu Lee","doi":"10.12750/jarb.36.4.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12750/jarb.36.4.175","url":null,"abstract":"Pluripotent stem cells could self-renew and differentiate into various cells. In particular, porcine pluripotent stem cells are useful for preclinical therapy, transgenic animals, and agricultural usage. These stem cells have naïve and primed pluripotent states. Naïve pluripotent stem cells represented by mouse embryonic stem cells form chimeras after blastocyst injection. Primed pluripotent stem cells represented by mouse epiblast stem cells and human embryonic stem cells. They could not produce chimeras after blastocyst injection. Populations of embryonic stem cells are not homogenous; therefore, reporter systems are used to clarify the status of stem cells and to isolate the cells. For this reason, studies of the OCT4 reporter system have been conducted for decades. This review will discuss the naïve and primed pluripotent states and recent progress in the development of porcine OCT4 reporter systems.","PeriodicalId":33755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85744387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sarker, Begum Fatema Zohara, Azizunnesa, M. Islam, F. Bari
The aims of this study were to measure the ultrasonographic biometry of genitalia of the indigenous rams and observe the relationship of biometry on semen parameters. The epididymal volume was significantly reduced (p < 0.01) after semen collection compared with before collection for both left and right part in all rams. The cumulative results showed that although there was no significant difference in length, width and volume of epididymis between before and after semen collection, however the values were lower after collection. The epididymal length was significantly correlated with epididymal volume (p < 0.01), semen motility (p < 0.05) and semen morphology (p < 0.01). Epididymal width was only significantly correlated with epididymal volume (p < 0.01) not with the semen parameters. Epididymal volume had a significant correlation only with semen morphology (p < 0.01).The scrotal circumference had the significant correlation with semen density, mass activity, concentration and motility (p < 0.01). The epididymis had the similar or slightly increased echogenicity as compared to the normal testis. During whole study, some white spots were found on testis which did not affect the semen quantity and quality. Significant variation was observed only for semen concentration and motility among the rams (p < 0.05). The overall normal morphology was 90.5 ± 4.6% with highest percentage of coiled tail abnormalities.
{"title":"Testicular and epididymal ultrasonography for the assessment of semen quality in the indigenous ram","authors":"S. Sarker, Begum Fatema Zohara, Azizunnesa, M. Islam, F. Bari","doi":"10.12750/jarb.36.4.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12750/jarb.36.4.212","url":null,"abstract":"The aims of this study were to measure the ultrasonographic biometry of genitalia of the indigenous rams and observe the relationship of biometry on semen parameters. The epididymal volume was significantly reduced (p < 0.01) after semen collection compared with before collection for both left and right part in all rams. The cumulative results showed that although there was no significant difference in length, width and volume of epididymis between before and after semen collection, however the values were lower after collection. The epididymal length was significantly correlated with epididymal volume (p < 0.01), semen motility (p < 0.05) and semen morphology (p < 0.01). Epididymal width was only significantly correlated with epididymal volume (p < 0.01) not with the semen parameters. Epididymal volume had a significant correlation only with semen morphology (p < 0.01).The scrotal circumference had the significant correlation with semen density, mass activity, concentration and motility (p < 0.01). The epididymis had the similar or slightly increased echogenicity as compared to the normal testis. During whole study, some white spots were found on testis which did not affect the semen quantity and quality. Significant variation was observed only for semen concentration and motility among the rams (p < 0.05). The overall normal morphology was 90.5 ± 4.6% with highest percentage of coiled tail abnormalities.","PeriodicalId":33755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76078061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Case report of amniotic membrane derived-stem cells treatment for feline chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","authors":"Taeho Kim, S. Noh, J. Ju","doi":"10.12750/jarb.36.4.323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12750/jarb.36.4.323","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83152870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Mito-TEMPO on the survival of vitrified bovine blastocysts in vitro","authors":"Jae-Hoon Jeong, S. Yang, Hyo-Jin Park, D. Koo","doi":"10.12750/jarb.36.4.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12750/jarb.36.4.299","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74869890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past few decades, the increasing number of infertility factors in young men worldwide and the gradual deterioration of sperm quality have led to lower sperm parameters proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Cohen et al., 2015). There is growing evidence that human sperm quality is declining. Decreased sperm quality is caused by exposure to negative lifestyle habits such as obesity, cell phone use, smoking, and alcohol consumption (Dissanayake et al., 2019). Among them, the most direct cause is genital heat stress due to high testicular heat, which is a real risk factor for male infertility. The testes are the male reproductive organs responsible for sperm production. In mammals, the temperature of the testes to form normal sperm must be 2-8°C below body temperature. Heat stress is applied to the testicles in daily living environments such as prolonged sitting or exposure to radiant heat, varicose veins, latent orchiopathy, over-the-lap use of laptops, sauna, and warm baths (Durairajanayagam et al., 2015; Hamilton et al., 2016). In elevated testicular temperature, sperm stem cells are damaged, affecting the differentiation and proliferation of sperm (Ahn et al., 2020). In addition, heat stress and Antioxidant effect of Lonicera Caerulea on heat stress-treated male mice
在过去的几十年里，世界范围内的年轻男性不育因素越来越多，精子质量逐渐恶化，导致世界卫生组织(WHO)提出了更低的精子参数(Cohen et al.， 2015)。越来越多的证据表明，人类精子的质量正在下降。精子质量下降是由于暴露于消极的生活习惯，如肥胖、使用手机、吸烟和饮酒造成的(Dissanayake等人，2019)。其中，最直接的原因是睾丸热过高导致的生殖器热应激，这是男性不育的真正危险因素。睾丸是男性的生殖器官，负责产生精子。在哺乳动物中，形成正常精子的睾丸温度必须比体温低2-8°C。在日常生活环境中，如长时间坐着或暴露于辐射热、静脉曲张、潜伏性睾丸病、膝上使用笔记本电脑、桑拿和温水浴(Durairajanayagam et al.， 2015;Hamilton et al.， 2016)。在睾丸温度升高时，精子干细胞受损，影响精子的分化和增殖(Ahn et al.， 2020)。此外，还研究了金银花对热应激雄性小鼠的热应激及抗氧化作用
{"title":"Antioxidant effect of Lonicera Caerulea on heat stress-treated male mice","authors":"Donghun Kang, Daeyoung Kim","doi":"10.12750/jarb.36.4.220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12750/jarb.36.4.220","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past few decades, the increasing number of infertility factors in young men worldwide and the gradual deterioration of sperm quality have led to lower sperm parameters proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Cohen et al., 2015). There is growing evidence that human sperm quality is declining. Decreased sperm quality is caused by exposure to negative lifestyle habits such as obesity, cell phone use, smoking, and alcohol consumption (Dissanayake et al., 2019). Among them, the most direct cause is genital heat stress due to high testicular heat, which is a real risk factor for male infertility. The testes are the male reproductive organs responsible for sperm production. In mammals, the temperature of the testes to form normal sperm must be 2-8°C below body temperature. Heat stress is applied to the testicles in daily living environments such as prolonged sitting or exposure to radiant heat, varicose veins, latent orchiopathy, over-the-lap use of laptops, sauna, and warm baths (Durairajanayagam et al., 2015; Hamilton et al., 2016). In elevated testicular temperature, sperm stem cells are damaged, affecting the differentiation and proliferation of sperm (Ahn et al., 2020). In addition, heat stress and Antioxidant effect of Lonicera Caerulea on heat stress-treated male mice","PeriodicalId":33755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology","volume":"248 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76988535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Author’s Position and Orcid no. Yun SB, MS student, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0068-0694 Kim DY, Professor, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1608-8441 ABSTRACT Diabetic mellitus (DM) is a carbohydrate metabolic disorder that involves high blood sugar because insulin works abnormally. Type 2 diabetes accounts for most of them. However, diabetes treatments such as GLP-1 and DPP-4 inhibitors commonly caused side effects including gastrointestinal disorders. Grifola frondosa (G. frondosa) revealed various pharmacological effects in recent studies. It has a variety of anti-cancer polysaccharides through host-mediated mechanisms. D-fraction in G. frondosa has apoptotic effects, promoting myeloid cell proliferation and differentiation into granulocytes-macrophages. It has also been shown to reduce the survival rate of breast cancer cells. Though, no further study has been conducted on the specific effects of G. frondosa in the db/db mouse. Therefore, we would like to research the blood glucose improving effect of G. frondosa, a natural material, in type 2 diabetes model mouse, in this study. G. frondosa was administered to the disease model mouse (BKS.Cg-+Lepr/+Lepr/OlaHsd) for 8 weeks to monitor weight and blood glucose changes every week. And we evaluated anti-diabetes effects by checking biomarker changes shown through blood. Experiment did not show statistically significant weight differences, but control groups showed significantly higher weight gain than G. frondosa administered groups. We collected blood from the tail veins of the db/db mouse each week. As a result, the lowest blood sugar level was shown in the 500 mg/ kg group of G. frondosa. Glucose in the blood was examined with HBA1c, and 7.8% was shown in the 500 mg/kg administration group, lower than in other groups. These results suggest the potential improvements of diabetes in G. frondosa.
作者职位及编号:摘要糖尿病(diabetes mellitus, DM)是一种碳水化合物代谢紊乱，由于胰岛素工作异常导致高血糖。其中2型糖尿病占大多数。然而，糖尿病治疗如GLP-1和DPP-4抑制剂通常会引起包括胃肠道疾病在内的副作用。灰树花(Grifola frondosa, G. frondosa)在最近的研究中显示出多种药理作用。它通过宿主介导的机制具有多种抗癌多糖。灰树花d -组分具有凋亡作用，促进髓细胞增殖和向粒细胞-巨噬细胞分化。它也被证明可以降低乳腺癌细胞的存活率。然而，尚无进一步的研究对金针菇在db/db小鼠中的具体作用进行研究。因此，我们想在本研究中研究天然材料灰树花对2型糖尿病模型小鼠的血糖改善作用。给疾病模型小鼠(BKS.Cg-+Lepr/+Lepr/OlaHsd)连续8周，每周监测体重和血糖变化。我们通过检查血液中显示的生物标志物变化来评估抗糖尿病效果。试验中体重差异无统计学意义，但对照组的增重明显高于给药组。我们每周从db/db小鼠的尾静脉中采集血液。结果表明，500 mg/ kg组血糖水平最低。用HBA1c检测血糖，500 mg/kg给药组血糖为7.8%，低于其他各组。这些结果提示了灰树花对糖尿病的潜在改善作用。
{"title":"Oral administration of Grifola frondosa affect lipid metabolism and insulin signaling pathway on BKS. Cg-+Leprdb/+Leprdb/OlaHsd mouse","authors":"Seong-Bo Yun, Dae-Young Kim","doi":"10.12750/jarb.36.4.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12750/jarb.36.4.203","url":null,"abstract":"Author’s Position and Orcid no. Yun SB, MS student, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0068-0694 Kim DY, Professor, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1608-8441 ABSTRACT Diabetic mellitus (DM) is a carbohydrate metabolic disorder that involves high blood sugar because insulin works abnormally. Type 2 diabetes accounts for most of them. However, diabetes treatments such as GLP-1 and DPP-4 inhibitors commonly caused side effects including gastrointestinal disorders. Grifola frondosa (G. frondosa) revealed various pharmacological effects in recent studies. It has a variety of anti-cancer polysaccharides through host-mediated mechanisms. D-fraction in G. frondosa has apoptotic effects, promoting myeloid cell proliferation and differentiation into granulocytes-macrophages. It has also been shown to reduce the survival rate of breast cancer cells. Though, no further study has been conducted on the specific effects of G. frondosa in the db/db mouse. Therefore, we would like to research the blood glucose improving effect of G. frondosa, a natural material, in type 2 diabetes model mouse, in this study. G. frondosa was administered to the disease model mouse (BKS.Cg-+Lepr/+Lepr/OlaHsd) for 8 weeks to monitor weight and blood glucose changes every week. And we evaluated anti-diabetes effects by checking biomarker changes shown through blood. Experiment did not show statistically significant weight differences, but control groups showed significantly higher weight gain than G. frondosa administered groups. We collected blood from the tail veins of the db/db mouse each week. As a result, the lowest blood sugar level was shown in the 500 mg/ kg group of G. frondosa. Glucose in the blood was examined with HBA1c, and 7.8% was shown in the 500 mg/kg administration group, lower than in other groups. These results suggest the potential improvements of diabetes in G. frondosa.","PeriodicalId":33755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74322617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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