Pub Date : 2021-12-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.7
Heith Copes, Lynne M. Vieraitis
This chapter provides an overview of the team ethnography approach and how scholars have used it to study crime, drug use, and deviance. Studies employing ethnographic methods of inquiry help us to understand crime from the perspective of those who engage in it. Generally, an ethnographer is a solitary investigator who goes out into the field alone, collects data alone, and returns home to write about it alone. There is no denying the insights gained about culture, structure, and human agency offered by such approaches. However, there are serious limitations to the solitary approach to ethnographic research, including quality control. To combat a number of issues associated with solitary ethnographies, some advocate working in teams (from pairs to larger groups) when working in the field. After providing overviews of several key team ethnographies of crime and drug use, we discuss some of the promises and pitfalls of the methodology. Specifically, we elaborate on how both researchers and participants may benefit from such an approach as well as point out some of the pitfalls to avoid. We supplement this section with examples from team ethnographies and our own personal experiences working with others in the field. We conclude by pointing to the larger benefits of team ethnographies and call for scholars to embrace the method.
{"title":"Team Ethnographies in Studying Crime and Criminal Justice","authors":"Heith Copes, Lynne M. Vieraitis","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.7","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview of the team ethnography approach and how scholars have used it to study crime, drug use, and deviance. Studies employing ethnographic methods of inquiry help us to understand crime from the perspective of those who engage in it. Generally, an ethnographer is a solitary investigator who goes out into the field alone, collects data alone, and returns home to write about it alone. There is no denying the insights gained about culture, structure, and human agency offered by such approaches. However, there are serious limitations to the solitary approach to ethnographic research, including quality control. To combat a number of issues associated with solitary ethnographies, some advocate working in teams (from pairs to larger groups) when working in the field. After providing overviews of several key team ethnographies of crime and drug use, we discuss some of the promises and pitfalls of the methodology. Specifically, we elaborate on how both researchers and participants may benefit from such an approach as well as point out some of the pitfalls to avoid. We supplement this section with examples from team ethnographies and our own personal experiences working with others in the field. We conclude by pointing to the larger benefits of team ethnographies and call for scholars to embrace the method.","PeriodicalId":337631,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethnographies of Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132969915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.27
M. L. Walker
This chapter marshals ethnographic data from county jails in southern California to examine how a penal environment shapes the ways prisoners experience time, track time, and orient themselves to the past, present, or future. Building from research that conceptualizes the ordering of social behavior according to “event” or “clock” time, it is argued that incoming prisoners experience a disorienting incongruity between clock time in free society and event time in jail. Temporal congruity is conceptualized as another kind of social need like identity verification, group inclusivity, and other basic social needs identified by social psychologists. Additionally, and in part because penal time was organized around events, prisoners use somewhat idiosyncratic quality-of-life events to create timetables and thereby break indefinite time into manageable segments. Finally, a relationship between self-efficacy and temporal orientation (past, present, or future) is shown with the argument that as self-efficacy increases, so does the likelihood of prisoners being oriented to the future. On the other hand, the lower the self-efficacy, the greater the likelihood of an orientation to the present. Given the findings, it is recommended that jails operate on more conventional time schedules with regular access to natural light. This work has implications for the sociology of time as well as future studies of punishment.
{"title":"Ethnographic Reflections on Event-Time in Jail","authors":"M. L. Walker","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter marshals ethnographic data from county jails in southern California to examine how a penal environment shapes the ways prisoners experience time, track time, and orient themselves to the past, present, or future. Building from research that conceptualizes the ordering of social behavior according to “event” or “clock” time, it is argued that incoming prisoners experience a disorienting incongruity between clock time in free society and event time in jail. Temporal congruity is conceptualized as another kind of social need like identity verification, group inclusivity, and other basic social needs identified by social psychologists. Additionally, and in part because penal time was organized around events, prisoners use somewhat idiosyncratic quality-of-life events to create timetables and thereby break indefinite time into manageable segments. Finally, a relationship between self-efficacy and temporal orientation (past, present, or future) is shown with the argument that as self-efficacy increases, so does the likelihood of prisoners being oriented to the future. On the other hand, the lower the self-efficacy, the greater the likelihood of an orientation to the present. Given the findings, it is recommended that jails operate on more conventional time schedules with regular access to natural light. This work has implications for the sociology of time as well as future studies of punishment.","PeriodicalId":337631,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethnographies of Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132993341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.26
J. McCorkel
This chapter traces the emergence, maturation, and subsequent decline of ethnographic studies of prisons and jails in the United States. It provides a summary and overview of classic and contemporary prison ethnographies and identifies key issues and themes that animate qualitative research on prisons and carceral facilities. These include questions about the forms that punishment, surveillance, and control take, the ways that incarcerated men and women experience, resist, and make sense of the conditions of confinement, and the impact incarceration has for their relationships with families, communities, and one another. The chapter considers the dramatic reduction in the number of ethnographic studies of prisons and jails at century’s end and identifies how punitive policies associated with mass incarceration made it all but impossible for ethnographers to gain entry to carceral institutions. Contemporary ethnographers have reinvented the form by documenting practices and ideologies of control in alternate carceral spaces including visiting rooms, drug treatment programs, and group homes. A summary of recent work is included, along with a review of the ways that contemporary ethnographers foreground issues related to race and gender inequality. The chapter concludes with a discussion of prison ethnography in Europe where ethnographers enjoy greater access to carceral facilities and have considerable influence over public policy. For comparative purposes, I include a summary of ethnographic research from Ireland, the United Kingdom, and France.
{"title":"The Rise, the Fall, and the Reinvention of the Prison Ethnography","authors":"J. McCorkel","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces the emergence, maturation, and subsequent decline of ethnographic studies of prisons and jails in the United States. It provides a summary and overview of classic and contemporary prison ethnographies and identifies key issues and themes that animate qualitative research on prisons and carceral facilities. These include questions about the forms that punishment, surveillance, and control take, the ways that incarcerated men and women experience, resist, and make sense of the conditions of confinement, and the impact incarceration has for their relationships with families, communities, and one another. The chapter considers the dramatic reduction in the number of ethnographic studies of prisons and jails at century’s end and identifies how punitive policies associated with mass incarceration made it all but impossible for ethnographers to gain entry to carceral institutions. Contemporary ethnographers have reinvented the form by documenting practices and ideologies of control in alternate carceral spaces including visiting rooms, drug treatment programs, and group homes. A summary of recent work is included, along with a review of the ways that contemporary ethnographers foreground issues related to race and gender inequality. The chapter concludes with a discussion of prison ethnography in Europe where ethnographers enjoy greater access to carceral facilities and have considerable influence over public policy. For comparative purposes, I include a summary of ethnographic research from Ireland, the United Kingdom, and France.","PeriodicalId":337631,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethnographies of Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127102404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.8
Henrik Vigh, David Sausdal
This chapter proposes a novel ethnographic approach to global crime/criminology—an approach centered on the following four main points: (1) an attentiveness to how global dynamics afford criminal flows and transnational figurations; (2) a theoretical and methodological sensibility that moves beyond methodological nationalism; (3) a research design that follows criminal flows, rather than merely investigating their starting, middle, or endpoints; and (4) an approach that takes flows to constitute the spatial criminal(ized) phenomena being research, rather than being epiphenomenal to such crime. In criminology, looking at a growlingly globalized world of crime and criminalization, there have been increasing calls for a globalization of criminological methods and theories—or for a “criminology that travels.” With such calls in mind, following the four points may be what is needed to make criminology sufficiently itinerant in a global day and age.
{"title":"Global Crime Ethnographies: Three Suggestions for a Criminology That Truly Travels","authors":"Henrik Vigh, David Sausdal","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter proposes a novel ethnographic approach to global crime/criminology—an approach centered on the following four main points: (1) an attentiveness to how global dynamics afford criminal flows and transnational figurations; (2) a theoretical and methodological sensibility that moves beyond methodological nationalism; (3) a research design that follows criminal flows, rather than merely investigating their starting, middle, or endpoints; and (4) an approach that takes flows to constitute the spatial criminal(ized) phenomena being research, rather than being epiphenomenal to such crime. In criminology, looking at a growlingly globalized world of crime and criminalization, there have been increasing calls for a globalization of criminological methods and theories—or for a “criminology that travels.” With such calls in mind, following the four points may be what is needed to make criminology sufficiently itinerant in a global day and age.","PeriodicalId":337631,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethnographies of Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127495916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.13
Vanessa R. Panfil
This chapter outlines what is entailed by queer criminological ethnographies. It first discusses the methodologies and findings of notable ethnographic works about LGBTQ populations, including those not originally designed as ethnographies, and also briefly reviews relevant interview-based or participatory action studies. It next explores discussions of queer epistemology in queer criminological work and the social science enterprise to evaluate to what extent there is a “queer method” and what its organizing principles are (or should be). It then evaluates several debates relevant to conducting ethnography in queer criminology, including methodological and political considerations such as how to situate the work and whether traditional ethnographic approaches are appropriate. The chapter presents detailed descriptions of priority areas for future research, including international projects. The chapter closes with a discussion of policy implications that may emerge from queer criminology ethnographies, which are relevant not only for criminal justice settings but for criminology as a field.
{"title":"Queer Criminology and Ethnography","authors":"Vanessa R. Panfil","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.13","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines what is entailed by queer criminological ethnographies. It first discusses the methodologies and findings of notable ethnographic works about LGBTQ populations, including those not originally designed as ethnographies, and also briefly reviews relevant interview-based or participatory action studies. It next explores discussions of queer epistemology in queer criminological work and the social science enterprise to evaluate to what extent there is a “queer method” and what its organizing principles are (or should be). It then evaluates several debates relevant to conducting ethnography in queer criminology, including methodological and political considerations such as how to situate the work and whether traditional ethnographic approaches are appropriate. The chapter presents detailed descriptions of priority areas for future research, including international projects. The chapter closes with a discussion of policy implications that may emerge from queer criminology ethnographies, which are relevant not only for criminal justice settings but for criminology as a field.","PeriodicalId":337631,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethnographies of Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131062869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.17
Federico Varese
This chapter discusses how the ethnographic method has been used to study organized crime (OC). The first part defines OC, the mafia, and ethnography. The second section reviews early field studies, and the third focuses on the seminal contribution by W.F. Whyte, Street Corner Society (1943/1993). Whyte has set the model for subsequent ethnographies of OC and the mafia as involving (1) extensive periods in the field, (2) a project that is independent of authorities, (3) developing an intimate knowledge of the place or an organization, (4) the observation of interactions, and (5) a concern for the validity and the reliability of the data collected, including the impact of the ethnographer’s position on the information gathered. The fourth section offers a selective review of subsequent ethnographies of OC which are compared and contrasted with Street Corner Society. The final section discusses risk, the use of official data, the issue of anonymity, “rapid ethnographies,” and the limitations of fieldwork.
{"title":"Ethnographies of Organized Crime","authors":"Federico Varese","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.17","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses how the ethnographic method has been used to study organized crime (OC). The first part defines OC, the mafia, and ethnography. The second section reviews early field studies, and the third focuses on the seminal contribution by W.F. Whyte, Street Corner Society (1943/1993). Whyte has set the model for subsequent ethnographies of OC and the mafia as involving (1) extensive periods in the field, (2) a project that is independent of authorities, (3) developing an intimate knowledge of the place or an organization, (4) the observation of interactions, and (5) a concern for the validity and the reliability of the data collected, including the impact of the ethnographer’s position on the information gathered. The fourth section offers a selective review of subsequent ethnographies of OC which are compared and contrasted with Street Corner Society. The final section discusses risk, the use of official data, the issue of anonymity, “rapid ethnographies,” and the limitations of fieldwork.","PeriodicalId":337631,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethnographies of Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122921955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.24
B. Jauregui
This chapter analyzes data collected over more than two years of ethnographic fieldwork with police in north India. It argues that subordinate police personnel in this decolonizing world region often experience exploitation as laborers, even as they routinely deploy excessive force and sometimes misuse their authority to intervene in everyday life. The analysis reveals an imbrication of official police rank hierarchies with broader forms of social inequality (especially socioeconomic class, religion, and caste) through observations of interactions among police personnel of various ranks and interviews with current and former officers in Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state. It also develops methodological concepts of “strategic complicity” and “critical empathy,” and suggests directions for future ethnographic research on policing that may help us discern the complexities of both local and global social justice movements and power relations.
{"title":"Police Labor and Exploitation: Case Study of North India","authors":"B. Jauregui","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.24","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes data collected over more than two years of ethnographic fieldwork with police in north India. It argues that subordinate police personnel in this decolonizing world region often experience exploitation as laborers, even as they routinely deploy excessive force and sometimes misuse their authority to intervene in everyday life. The analysis reveals an imbrication of official police rank hierarchies with broader forms of social inequality (especially socioeconomic class, religion, and caste) through observations of interactions among police personnel of various ranks and interviews with current and former officers in Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state. It also develops methodological concepts of “strategic complicity” and “critical empathy,” and suggests directions for future ethnographic research on policing that may help us discern the complexities of both local and global social justice movements and power relations.","PeriodicalId":337631,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethnographies of Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127242542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.22
Natasha B. Khade, Scott H. Decker
This chapter discusses the importance of conducting ethnographic work to study terrorism. It summarizes ethnographic studies conducted in conflict zones across the globe including Ireland, India, Philippines, and Spain. It then follows with a discussion about the lessons learned from these studies. While clearly highlighting the advantages associated with conducting research in conflict zones, the difficulties that may arise with such work are acknowledged. Innovative methods for studying terrorism are also discussed. Specifically, the chapter highlights the usefulness of prison ethnographies to learn more about terrorism and terrorists. This is followed by a review of our own experiences of doing fieldwork with ex-inmates in order to understand the radicalization process in prisons. Finally, the policy implications of ethnographies and directions for future research are provided.
{"title":"Ethnographies of Terrorism and Terrorists","authors":"Natasha B. Khade, Scott H. Decker","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.22","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the importance of conducting ethnographic work to study terrorism. It summarizes ethnographic studies conducted in conflict zones across the globe including Ireland, India, Philippines, and Spain. It then follows with a discussion about the lessons learned from these studies. While clearly highlighting the advantages associated with conducting research in conflict zones, the difficulties that may arise with such work are acknowledged. Innovative methods for studying terrorism are also discussed. Specifically, the chapter highlights the usefulness of prison ethnographies to learn more about terrorism and terrorists. This is followed by a review of our own experiences of doing fieldwork with ex-inmates in order to understand the radicalization process in prisons. Finally, the policy implications of ethnographies and directions for future research are provided.","PeriodicalId":337631,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ethnographies of Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116801613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：