Austin D. Sendek, Evan R. Antoniuk, E. D. Cubuk, Brian E. Francisco, Josh Buettner-Garrett, Yi Cui, E. Reed
We report a solid-state Li-ion electrolyte predicted to exhibit simultaneously fast ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical stability, low cost, and low mass density. We discover four phases within the crystalline lithium-boron-sulfur (LBS) system, Li5B7S13, Li2B2S5, Li3BS3, and Li9B19S33, with exceptional DFT based single crystal ionic conductivity values at room temperature of approximately 74 mS cm–1, 10 mS cm–1, 2 mS cm–1, and 28 mS cm–1 respectively. To our knowledge, our prediction gives Li5B7S13 the second-highest reported DFT-computed single crystal ionic conductivity of any crystalline material. We compute the thermodynamic electrochemical stability window widths of these materials to be 0.50, 0.16, 0.45, and 0.60 V. Individually, these materials exhibit similar or better ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability than the best known sulfide-based solid-state Li-ion electrolyte materials, including Li10GeP2S12. However, we predict that electrolyte materials synthesized from a range of compositions in LBS system may exhibit even wider thermodynamic electrochemical stability windows of 0.63 V and possibly as high as 3 V or greater. The LBS system also has low elemental cost of approximately 0.05 USD/m2 per 10 μm thickness, significantly lower than that of germanium-containing LGPS, and a comparable mass density below 2 g/cc. These fast conducting phases were initially discovered by a machine learning-based approach to screen over 12,000 solid electrolyte candidates, and the evidence provided here represents an inspiring success for this model.
我们报道了一种固态锂离子电解质，预计它同时具有快速离子电导率、广泛的电化学稳定性、低成本和低质量密度。我们发现在晶体锂硼硫(LBS)体系中，Li5B7S13、Li2B2S5、Li3BS3和Li9B19S33四个相在室温下具有优异的基于DFT的单晶离子电导率值，分别约为74 mS cm-1、10 mS cm-1、2 mS cm-1和28 mS cm-1。据我们所知，我们的预测为Li5B7S13提供了所有晶体材料中第二高的dft计算单晶离子电导率。我们计算出这些材料的热力学电化学稳定性窗口宽度分别为0.50、0.16、0.45和0.60 V。单独而言，这些材料表现出类似或更好的离子电导率和电化学稳定性比最著名的硫化物基固态锂离子电解质材料，包括Li10GeP2S12。然而，我们预测，在LBS系统中由一系列成分合成的电解质材料可能会表现出更宽的热力学电化学稳定窗口，为0.63 V，可能高达3v或更高。LBS系统的元素成本也很低，每10 μm厚度约为0.05美元/平方米，显著低于含锗LGPS，质量密度低于2g /cc。这些快速导电相最初是通过基于机器学习的方法发现的，用于筛选超过12,000种固体电解质候选物，这里提供的证据代表了该模型的鼓舞人心的成功。
{"title":"A New Solid Li-ion Electrolyte from the Crystalline Lithium-Boron-Sulfur System","authors":"Austin D. Sendek, Evan R. Antoniuk, E. D. Cubuk, Brian E. Francisco, Josh Buettner-Garrett, Yi Cui, E. Reed","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3404263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3404263","url":null,"abstract":"We report a solid-state Li-ion electrolyte predicted to exhibit simultaneously fast ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical stability, low cost, and low mass density. We discover four phases within the crystalline lithium-boron-sulfur (LBS) system, Li5B7S13, Li2B2S5, Li3BS3, and Li9B19S33, with exceptional DFT based single crystal ionic conductivity values at room temperature of approximately 74 mS cm–1, 10 mS cm–1, 2 mS cm–1, and 28 mS cm–1 respectively. To our knowledge, our prediction gives Li5B7S13 the second-highest reported DFT-computed single crystal ionic conductivity of any crystalline material. We compute the thermodynamic electrochemical stability window widths of these materials to be 0.50, 0.16, 0.45, and 0.60 V. Individually, these materials exhibit similar or better ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability than the best known sulfide-based solid-state Li-ion electrolyte materials, including Li10GeP2S12. However, we predict that electrolyte materials synthesized from a range of compositions in LBS system may exhibit even wider thermodynamic electrochemical stability windows of 0.63 V and possibly as high as 3 V or greater. The LBS system also has low elemental cost of approximately 0.05 USD/m2 per 10 μm thickness, significantly lower than that of germanium-containing LGPS, and a comparable mass density below 2 g/cc. These fast conducting phases were initially discovered by a machine learning-based approach to screen over 12,000 solid electrolyte candidates, and the evidence provided here represents an inspiring success for this model.","PeriodicalId":337638,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Materials in Energy (Topic)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124498028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, preservation of natural resources on earth is one of the most important concerns of humanity. In this regard, increasing the consumption of energy is one of the most critical challenges that humans are facing. Because, on the one hand, the untapped use of different sources of energy from fossil fuels can destroy this natural resource and, on the other hand, pollution from the use of these resources is a serious threat to the environment. Recent research suggests that affordable, sustainable and environmentally friendly fuels, which can be a good alternative to fossil fuels, have become more important. Therefore, biodiesel has made it possible to release less greenhouse gas emission and low toxicity emissions, which can partly meet fuel requirements and is the best alternative for petroleum diesel. In addition, the waste cooking oils are a major source of biodiesel for their essential compounds, such as glycerol. The use of waste cooking oils can reduce biodiesel production cost by 60 to 90 percent. Therefore, the main objective of this review is to study the production of biodiesel using transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil as an alternative fuel to petroleum diesel that can be used easily in diesel engines.
{"title":"مروری بر تولید بیودیزل از روغن های باقیمانده پخت و پز (A Review on Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oils)","authors":"Muzhda Azizi, Sweeta Akbari","doi":"10.53894/ijirss.v1i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v1i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, preservation of natural resources on earth is one of the most important concerns of humanity. In this regard, increasing the consumption of energy is one of the most critical challenges that humans are facing. Because, on the one hand, the untapped use of different sources of energy from fossil fuels can destroy this natural resource and, on the other hand, pollution from the use of these resources is a serious threat to the environment. Recent research suggests that affordable, sustainable and environmentally friendly fuels, which can be a good alternative to fossil fuels, have become more important. Therefore, biodiesel has made it possible to release less greenhouse gas emission and low toxicity emissions, which can partly meet fuel requirements and is the best alternative for petroleum diesel. In addition, the waste cooking oils are a major source of biodiesel for their essential compounds, such as glycerol. The use of waste cooking oils can reduce biodiesel production cost by 60 to 90 percent. Therefore, the main objective of this review is to study the production of biodiesel using transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil as an alternative fuel to petroleum diesel that can be used easily in diesel engines.","PeriodicalId":337638,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Materials in Energy (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133096431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chelsea Schelly, Edward P. Louie, Joshua M. Pearce
Following requirements of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, most U.S. states require utility companies to adopt interconnection and net metering policies, allowing customers to become prosumers who both consume and produce electricity, generating electricity using distributed renewable energy technologies, connecting to the existing electric utility grid and receiving compensation for excess electricity generation. This paper reviews existing interconnection and net metering policies instituted by investor owned utilities (IOUs) across the U.S., specifically focused on policies regulating installations of small scale, residential or Tier 1 (a term used to indicate policies applicable to smaller scale rather than larger scale, although the size at which DG systems are classified as either Tier 1 or higher tiers varies by utility). Publicly available data from each IOU reveal inconsistencies in interconnection and net metering policies, within states and even within individual companies. In addition, accurate information is often unavailable to consumers. Perhaps most importantly, results suggest that compensation for excess distributed generation often lacks transparent articulation in utility policy. The results of this study provide important insight into interconnection and net metering policies for distributed renewable energy generation, as states and utilities continue to modify interconnection and net metering policies in response to increased adoption of distributed renewable energy systems.
{"title":"Examining Interconnection and Net Metering Policy for Distributed Generation in the United States","authors":"Chelsea Schelly, Edward P. Louie, Joshua M. Pearce","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3332435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3332435","url":null,"abstract":"Following requirements of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, most U.S. states require utility companies to adopt interconnection and net metering policies, allowing customers to become prosumers who both consume and produce electricity, generating electricity using distributed renewable energy technologies, connecting to the existing electric utility grid and receiving compensation for excess electricity generation. This paper reviews existing interconnection and net metering policies instituted by investor owned utilities (IOUs) across the U.S., specifically focused on policies regulating installations of small scale, residential or Tier 1 (a term used to indicate policies applicable to smaller scale rather than larger scale, although the size at which DG systems are classified as either Tier 1 or higher tiers varies by utility). Publicly available data from each IOU reveal inconsistencies in interconnection and net metering policies, within states and even within individual companies. In addition, accurate information is often unavailable to consumers. Perhaps most importantly, results suggest that compensation for excess distributed generation often lacks transparent articulation in utility policy. The results of this study provide important insight into interconnection and net metering policies for distributed renewable energy generation, as states and utilities continue to modify interconnection and net metering policies in response to increased adoption of distributed renewable energy systems.","PeriodicalId":337638,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Materials in Energy (Topic)","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124080816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When compared to conventional liquid fuels, bio-oil has several undesired properties such as high viscosity, high acidity, high molecular weight, instability, and phase separation upon aging. Therefore, bio-oil needs further stabilization and upgrading before it can be used as a fuel in engines. Phase separation is considered as one of the major issues because it is detrimental to any fuel application and creates problems in storage, transportation and upgrading of bio-oils. This thesis investigates the phase separation of hardwood derived bio-oil under accelerated aging conditions. Different alcohols are used as stabilizing agents and the minimum required amount of alcohol for preventing phase separation for a given period of time is determined. The evolution in chemical composition of bio-oil during aging is studied using model compounds. Finally, this thesis explores the use of fractional condensation during bio-oil production to obtain a more stable bio-oil.
{"title":"Aging and Stabilization of Pyrolitic Bio-Oils and Model Compounds","authors":"A. Siriwardhana","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3624564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3624564","url":null,"abstract":"When compared to conventional liquid fuels, bio-oil has several undesired properties such as high viscosity, high acidity, high molecular weight, instability, and phase separation upon aging. Therefore, bio-oil needs further stabilization and upgrading before it can be used as a fuel in engines. Phase separation is considered as one of the major issues because it is detrimental to any fuel application and creates problems in storage, transportation and upgrading of bio-oils. This thesis investigates the phase separation of hardwood derived bio-oil under accelerated aging conditions. Different alcohols are used as stabilizing agents and the minimum required amount of alcohol for preventing phase separation for a given period of time is determined. The evolution in chemical composition of bio-oil during aging is studied using model compounds. Finally, this thesis explores the use of fractional condensation during bio-oil production to obtain a more stable bio-oil.","PeriodicalId":337638,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Materials in Energy (Topic)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127056597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An inhomogeneous elastocaloric effect (eCE) has been found and investigated in the present Cu-Al-Mn shape memory microwires by using combined technique of infrared thermography and electron backscatter diffraction. Upon unloading, a reversible temperature change of ~5 K has been detected within the 5 mm gauge length. Inhomogeneous temperature distribution can be directly observed on the surface of microwires through infrared thermography measurement. Different regions of the microwires, involving bi-crystalline, oligo-crystalline, single-crystalline and poly-crystalline grain architectures, display different eCE cyclic stability, which can be ascribed to the heterogeneous grain architectures, the discrepancy of grain orientation and the varied neighboring grain constraints.
{"title":"Grain Structure Related Inhomogeneous Elastocaloric Effects in Cu-Al-Mn Shape Memory Microwires","authors":"Bo Yuan, M. Qian, Xuexi Zhang, L. Geng","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3467765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3467765","url":null,"abstract":"An inhomogeneous elastocaloric effect (eCE) has been found and investigated in the present Cu-Al-Mn shape memory microwires by using combined technique of infrared thermography and electron backscatter diffraction. Upon unloading, a reversible temperature change of ~5 K has been detected within the 5 mm gauge length. Inhomogeneous temperature distribution can be directly observed on the surface of microwires through infrared thermography measurement. Different regions of the microwires, involving bi-crystalline, oligo-crystalline, single-crystalline and poly-crystalline grain architectures, display different eCE cyclic stability, which can be ascribed to the heterogeneous grain architectures, the discrepancy of grain orientation and the varied neighboring grain constraints.","PeriodicalId":337638,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Materials in Energy (Topic)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128007531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) is a competitive ultra-high-temperature structural material. However, it suffered from a fatal low-temperature oxidation, which extremely limited its application. To solve this problem, a novel high entropy refractory metallic silicide with composition of Mo0.2W0.2Cr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2)Si2 was synthesized by in-situ spark plasma reaction sintering in this work. The interrupted oxidation testings at 500 °C for 300 h have been performed, and shown that this material has an excellent oxidation resistance at low temperatures without pest phenomenon. The mechanism for eliminating pest oxidation is that the high entropy of this material would suppress generation of bulk metallic oxides with formation of only an intact SiO2 film during oxidation testing.
{"title":"Complete Elimination of Pest Oxidation by High Entropy Refractory Metallic Silicide (Mo 0.2W 0.2Cr 0.2Ta 0.2Nb 0.2)Si 2","authors":"Le Liu, Laiqi Zhang, Da Liu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3659825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3659825","url":null,"abstract":"Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi<sub>2</sub>) is a competitive ultra-high-temperature structural material. However, it suffered from a fatal low-temperature oxidation, which extremely limited its application. To solve this problem, a novel high entropy refractory metallic silicide with composition of Mo<sub>0.2</sub>W<sub>0.2</sub>Cr<sub>0.2</sub>Ta<sub>0.2</sub>Nb<sub>0.2</sub>)Si<sub>2</sub> was synthesized by in-situ spark plasma reaction sintering in this work. The interrupted oxidation testings at 500 °C for 300 h have been performed, and shown that this material has an excellent oxidation resistance at low temperatures without pest phenomenon. The mechanism for eliminating pest oxidation is that the high entropy of this material would suppress generation of bulk metallic oxides with formation of only an intact SiO2 film during oxidation testing.","PeriodicalId":337638,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Materials in Energy (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129684043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Flexible Operation of Co2 Capture Processes at Different Plant Scales","authors":"Niall Mac Dowell, M. Bui","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3365596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3365596","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract not provided to SSRN.","PeriodicalId":337638,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Materials in Energy (Topic)","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124537106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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