{"title":"Red Birds by Muhammad Hanif","authors":"A. Durrani","doi":"10.37540/njips.v2i2.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v2i2.33","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Red Birds by Muhammad Hanif \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Author : Azka Durran \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":337937,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability","volume":"253 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121345594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Historically, there was a traditional North-South paradigm of technology transfer under which the developed part of the world had the capability and authority of technology transfer to the relatively less developed and developing states. However, this was challenged by China which rose as an economic power and reversed the technology transfer paradigm (South-North technology cooperation). Chinese innovative policies have made it a world power and the source of technology transfer to the developing part of the world thus forming the South-South technology transfer network. China has earned the status of world lender and project financier through its One Belt One Road project and through CPEC Pakistan has become the recipient of more than $46 billion of Chinese FDI. This provides Pakistan with ample of opportunities of technology transfer and boosting its economy. However, only the implementation of balanced economic and technological policies can lead to fruitful results for the donor as well as recipient state.
{"title":"Exploring 'South-South' Technology Transfer Perspective for Regional Development and Stability: The Case of China Pakistan Economic Corridor","authors":"M. Jafri","doi":"10.37540/njips.v2i2.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v2i2.34","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Historically, there was a traditional North-South paradigm of technology transfer under which the developed part of the world had the capability and authority of technology transfer to the relatively less developed and developing states. However, this was challenged by China which rose as an economic power and reversed the technology transfer paradigm (South-North technology cooperation). Chinese innovative policies have made it a world power and the source of technology transfer to the developing part of the world thus forming the South-South technology transfer network. China has earned the status of world lender and project financier through its One Belt One Road project and through CPEC Pakistan has become the recipient of more than $46 billion of Chinese FDI. This provides Pakistan with ample of opportunities of technology transfer and boosting its economy. However, only the implementation of balanced economic and technological policies can lead to fruitful results for the donor as well as recipient state. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":337937,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127226577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Book Review: UN Peacekeeping Operations in Somalia, 1992-1995: The Pakistani Perspective by Tughral Yamin NUST Journal of International Peace & Stability 2019, Vol. II (2) Author : Farhan Hanif Siddiqui
Since 1957, the progression in space-based technology has opened more avenues for the peaceful application of space. Non-traditional threats originate from multiple sources of natural causes and affect a State’s population and its relevant institutions. In this realm, satellites play a vital role in dealing with such threats. The South Asian region is also victim to traditional as well as non-traditional security threats. Similarly, Pakistan is facing numerous non-traditional threats which primarily threaten its socio- economic security. Such challenges are diverse including their spiral nature from one state to another specially with environmental hazards, water and food security and aggravating population growth with increasing social disparity over distribution of resources. Pakistan has signed many agreements in the field of peaceful uses of space technology. Pakistan’s space program highlights the use of space technology in different domains including agriculture, health, education, disaster management, environment, climate change, land planning, coastal and marine resources, geology and mineral prospection. With the peaceful application of space technology, Pakistan is determined to enhance its national infrastructure and is ready to meet and curb the emerging non-traditional threats to its national security. With regards to the peaceful use of space and threat management, this paper discusses the areas wherein Pakistan is using space technology to deal with these threats and analysis the issue of space militarization.
{"title":"Managing Non-Traditional Threats by Using Space Technology: A Case of Pakistan","authors":"Mahvish Malik, M. Arif","doi":"10.37540/njips.v2i2.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v2i2.30","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Since 1957, the progression in space-based technology has opened more avenues for the peaceful application of space. Non-traditional threats originate from multiple sources of natural causes and affect a State’s population and its relevant institutions. In this realm, satellites play a vital role in dealing with such threats. The South Asian region is also victim to traditional as well as non-traditional security threats. Similarly, Pakistan is facing numerous non-traditional threats which primarily threaten its socio- economic security. Such challenges are diverse including their spiral nature from one state to another specially with environmental hazards, water and food security and aggravating population growth with increasing social disparity over distribution of resources. Pakistan has signed many agreements in the field of peaceful uses of space technology. Pakistan’s space program highlights the use of space technology in different domains including agriculture, health, education, disaster management, environment, climate change, land planning, coastal and marine resources, geology and mineral prospection. With the peaceful application of space technology, Pakistan is determined to enhance its national infrastructure and is ready to meet and curb the emerging non-traditional threats to its national security. With regards to the peaceful use of space and threat management, this paper discusses the areas wherein Pakistan is using space technology to deal with these threats and analysis the issue of space militarization. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":337937,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123146030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a breakthrough technology which is astonishingly impressive. Major world powers are rapidly integrating AI in their military doctrines. This trend of militarization of AI can be seen in the South Asian region as well. Following the theoretical approach of offensive realism, China and India are in full swing to revolutionize their militaries with this emerging trend in order to accumulate maximum power and to satisfy their various interests. Consequently, Indian military modernization has the potential to provoke Pakistan to take counter measures. Pakistan is already encountering a number of challenges in economic sector and will face the strenuous task of accommodating a handsome financial share for the development of its AI capabilities. South Asia is a very turbulent region characterized by arch rivals who are also nuclear powers and have repeatedly indulged in various crises over the years. Introduction of AI in South Asia will have significant repercussions as it will trigger an arms race and at the same time disturb the strategic balance in the region.
{"title":"Emerging Trends of Artificial Intelligence in South Asia and its Implications for Pakistan","authors":"Shaza Arif","doi":"10.37540/njips.v2i2.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v2i2.31","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a breakthrough technology which is astonishingly impressive. Major world powers are rapidly integrating AI in their military doctrines. This trend of militarization of AI can be seen in the South Asian region as well. Following the theoretical approach of offensive realism, China and India are in full swing to revolutionize their militaries with this emerging trend in order to accumulate maximum power and to satisfy their various interests. Consequently, Indian military modernization has the potential to provoke Pakistan to take counter measures. Pakistan is already encountering a number of challenges in economic sector and will face the strenuous task of accommodating a handsome financial share for the development of its AI capabilities. South Asia is a very turbulent region characterized by arch rivals who are also nuclear powers and have repeatedly indulged in various crises over the years. Introduction of AI in South Asia will have significant repercussions as it will trigger an arms race and at the same time disturb the strategic balance in the region. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":337937,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126679140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The importance of civil military relations assumes seminal importance in ensuring the success of all phases of a counter insurgency campaign. In the true tradition of the Clausewitzian dictum that war is the continuation of policy and vice versa; Pakistan Army has been employed as a matter of policy in counter insurgency operations in the erstwhile tribal areas. They have also been used in the stabilization operations to bring about normality in the insurgency ridden areas. In fact the employment of Pakistan Army in the stabilization process defies any previous example in any other country. In all phases of the conflict cycle, the military has worked hand in glove with its civilian counterparts. The civil-military coordination (CIMIC) in the insurgency ridden areas has taken place within the framework of the established ground rules of an organized counter insurgency campaign. It would not be unfair to say that the return to normality in the erstwhile FATA has only been possible because of a well-knit CIMIC architecture. This paper briefly explicates the salient points of the CIMIC aspect of the counter and post-insurgency part of the operations in the conflict zones and highlights the importance of this aspect of dealing with insurgencies.
{"title":"Civil Military Relation and Stabilization in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), Pakistan","authors":"Tughral Yamin","doi":"10.37540/njips.v2i2.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v2i2.35","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The importance of civil military relations assumes seminal importance in ensuring the success of all phases of a counter insurgency campaign. In the true tradition of the Clausewitzian dictum that war is the continuation of policy and vice versa; Pakistan Army has been employed as a matter of policy in counter insurgency operations in the erstwhile tribal areas. They have also been used in the stabilization operations to bring about normality in the insurgency ridden areas. In fact the employment of Pakistan Army in the stabilization process defies any previous example in any other country. In all phases of the conflict cycle, the military has worked hand in glove with its civilian counterparts. The civil-military coordination (CIMIC) in the insurgency ridden areas has taken place within the framework of the established ground rules of an organized counter insurgency campaign. It would not be unfair to say that the return to normality in the erstwhile FATA has only been possible because of a well-knit CIMIC architecture. This paper briefly explicates the salient points of the CIMIC aspect of the counter and post-insurgency part of the operations in the conflict zones and highlights the importance of this aspect of dealing with insurgencies. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":337937,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131220201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the emergence of cyberspace as the fifth domain of warfare, the prospects of cyber conflicts have increased significantly. Around 300 state-sponsored cyber operations have been conducted since 2005. The future uncertainty of cyber-warfare has prompted calls for necessary measures to regulate the actions of states in cyberspace. In this regard, cyber-peacekeeping has also emerged as a significant research area to distinctively deal with the cyber component of future conflicts. Although, a number of challenges exist regarding materialization of full fledge cyber-peacekeeping force, it can be easily integrated into the current United Nations (UN) peacekeeping organizational structure. In legal terms, operationalization of cyber-peacekeeping force will depend on the mandate of peace operations approved by the UN Security Council (UNSC). This paper discusses the challenges confronting the creation of a cyber- peacekeeping force and also offers recommendations by presenting a general framework regarding how such a force can be operationalized. Despite the fact that a dedicated cyber-peacekeeping force seems a far sighted idea in present times, a distinct cyber unit can certainly be formed and integrated into UN peace operations in near future.
{"title":"Establishment of UN Cyber Peacekeeping Force: Prospects and Challenges","authors":"Fahad Nabeel","doi":"10.37540/njips.v2i2.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v2i2.29","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000With the emergence of cyberspace as the fifth domain of warfare, the prospects of cyber conflicts have increased significantly. Around 300 state-sponsored cyber operations have been conducted since 2005. The future uncertainty of cyber-warfare has prompted calls for necessary measures to regulate the actions of states in cyberspace. In this regard, cyber-peacekeeping has also emerged as a significant research area to distinctively deal with the cyber component of future conflicts. Although, a number of challenges exist regarding materialization of full fledge cyber-peacekeeping force, it can be easily integrated into the current United Nations (UN) peacekeeping organizational structure. In legal terms, operationalization of cyber-peacekeeping force will depend on the mandate of peace operations approved by the UN Security Council (UNSC). This paper discusses the challenges confronting the creation of a cyber- peacekeeping force and also offers recommendations by presenting a general framework regarding how such a force can be operationalized. Despite the fact that a dedicated cyber-peacekeeping force seems a far sighted idea in present times, a distinct cyber unit can certainly be formed and integrated into UN peace operations in near future. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":337937,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability","volume":"3 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123646409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The United Nations (UN) finds itself involved in varied circumstances in present times. This necessitates increased emphasis on evolution of employment doctrine, instructions and training methodology. Drawing on lessons of history has always been considered a wise course of action while preparing for future, and in the same vein, UN Integrated Training Service (UNITS) also opted to tap into past experiences. In order to improve performance as well as to keep their contingents out of harm’s way the member states started to clamor for sharing of lessons learnt from previous missions within the community of peacekeepers, and to learn from an easily accessible repository of best practices which produced the best results. This article aims to analyze the whole process of revamping at UN headquarters level with a view to coming up with workable solutions to make it even better. It argues that pre-induction training institutions have been kept largely out of the loop, while relying entirely on post-induction training. A section on Lessons Learnt and Best Practices is also markedly absent from latest Core Pre-Induction Training Material (CPTM) / Specialized Training Material (STM) issued by UNITS. With lack of prior training and pre-occupation with their primary functions in the mission area, dedicated implementation of the policy at best becomes questionable. The article further identifies that the UNITS has mostly remained limited to available analytical reviews of its past operations which in turn have remained limited in scope to strategic level. Despite identifying this peculiarity, no attempt has been made to constitute special committees to review past mission experiences broken into individual, tactical and operational lessons and best practices. This reflects on the need to carry thorough review of the latest policy, following which the UN would be able to quickly remedy the shortfalls and thus be in a position to take on new challenges in a befitting manner. In this vein, the paper aims to establish and emphasize the potential to learn from the available best practices in terms of UN missions.
{"title":"Efficacy of Lessons Learnt and Best Practices in United Nations Training","authors":"Azam Agha","doi":"10.37540/njips.v2i2.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v2i2.28","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The United Nations (UN) finds itself involved in varied circumstances in present times. This necessitates increased emphasis on evolution of employment doctrine, instructions and training methodology. Drawing on lessons of history has always been considered a wise course of action while preparing for future, and in the same vein, UN Integrated Training Service (UNITS) also opted to tap into past experiences. In order to improve performance as well as to keep their contingents out of harm’s way the member states started to clamor for sharing of lessons learnt from previous missions within the community of peacekeepers, and to learn from an easily accessible repository of best practices which produced the best results. This article aims to analyze the whole process of revamping at UN headquarters level with a view to coming up with workable solutions to make it even better. It argues that pre-induction training institutions have been kept largely out of the loop, while relying entirely on post-induction training. A section on Lessons Learnt and Best Practices is also markedly absent from latest Core Pre-Induction Training Material (CPTM) / Specialized Training Material (STM) issued by UNITS. With lack of prior training and pre-occupation with their primary functions in the mission area, dedicated implementation of the policy at best becomes questionable. The article further identifies that the UNITS has mostly remained limited to available analytical reviews of its past operations which in turn have remained limited in scope to strategic level. Despite identifying this peculiarity, no attempt has been made to constitute special committees to review past mission experiences broken into individual, tactical and operational lessons and best practices. This reflects on the need to carry thorough review of the latest policy, following which the UN would be able to quickly remedy the shortfalls and thus be in a position to take on new challenges in a befitting manner. In this vein, the paper aims to establish and emphasize the potential to learn from the available best practices in terms of UN missions. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":337937,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116362183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Theory of e-governance postulates the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for delivering information, government services and transactions. It enhances efficiency and effectiveness in the government system through three main elements; improving government processes (e-administration); connecting citizens (e- citizens and e-services) and building external relations (e-society). The global political arena is witnessing an increasing number of leaders expressing their ideas, policies, and sentiments through social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp etc. In this vein, the US President Donald Trump stands out among most world leaders because of his excessive use of Twitter for the domestic as well as international relations,. Ever since taking over the office, President has handled thousands of tweets, with many of these influencing the US relations with foreign governments. To this end, this paper is an analysis of Trump‟s one year (June 2017 to June 2018) tweets, relating to Pakistan, and how they have affected the already deteriorating US-Pakistan relations and broader peace-building process within Pakistan
{"title":"The Perils of E-Governance: Impact of Trump’s Tweets within US-Pakistan Relations","authors":"H. Javed","doi":"10.37540/NJIPS.V2I1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37540/NJIPS.V2I1.22","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Theory of e-governance postulates the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for delivering information, government services and transactions. It enhances efficiency and effectiveness in the government system through three main elements; improving government processes (e-administration); connecting citizens (e- citizens and e-services) and building external relations (e-society). The global political arena is witnessing an increasing number of leaders expressing their ideas, policies, and sentiments through social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp etc. In this vein, the US President Donald Trump stands out among most world leaders because of his excessive use of Twitter for the domestic as well as international relations,. Ever since taking over the office, President has handled thousands of tweets, with many of these influencing the US relations with foreign governments. To this end, this paper is an analysis of Trump‟s one year (June 2017 to June 2018) tweets, relating to Pakistan, and how they have affected the already deteriorating US-Pakistan relations and broader peace-building process within Pakistan \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":337937,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126901676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research surrounding the effectiveness of UN Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKOs) has been an on-going process ever since the inception of these operations. The available literature discusses the successes and failures of the missions depending on variables such as the host country‘s dynamics, mission mandate, and end result etc. However, the experience of the peacekeepers is rarely, if ever, a consideration in understanding the success/failure. Pakistan is one of the largest troops contributing countries to UNPKOs; therefore, it has a huge reservoir of returning and actively serving peacekeepers. The field area challenges and host country‘s environment experienced by the troops play a significant role in discerning the outcome of a UN mission. This research focuses on assessing the challenges and perceptions of Pakistani-UN Peacekeeping Troops in achieving the underlying objectives of United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in Central African Republic (MINUSCA). The assessment is based on the primary data collected through interviews from Pakistani UN peacekeepers discussing their in-field challenges, motivations, perceptions, experiences and training. The study endeavours to highlight the contribution of Pakistani Troops to achieve global peace in today‘s complex peacekeeping environment.
{"title":"Assessing UN Peacekeeping Missions in Central African Republic (CAR) through the Lens of Returning Pakistani Peacekeeping Troops: Perceptions and Challenges","authors":"Ayesha Ishfaq","doi":"10.37540/njips.v2i1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v2i1.19","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The research surrounding the effectiveness of UN Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKOs) has been an on-going process ever since the inception of these operations. The available literature discusses the successes and failures of the missions depending on variables such as the host country‘s dynamics, mission mandate, and end result etc. However, the experience of the peacekeepers is rarely, if ever, a consideration in understanding the success/failure. Pakistan is one of the largest troops contributing countries to UNPKOs; therefore, it has a huge reservoir of returning and actively serving peacekeepers. The field area challenges and host country‘s environment experienced by the troops play a significant role in discerning the outcome of a UN mission. This research focuses on assessing the challenges and perceptions of Pakistani-UN Peacekeeping Troops in achieving the underlying objectives of United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in Central African Republic (MINUSCA). The assessment is based on the primary data collected through interviews from Pakistani UN peacekeepers discussing their in-field challenges, motivations, perceptions, experiences and training. The study endeavours to highlight the contribution of Pakistani Troops to achieve global peace in today‘s complex peacekeeping environment. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":337937,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130796309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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