It was widely anticipated that the end of Cold War will herald the general state of positive peace and that the world will yield the benefits of ‘peace dividends’. However, such manifestations were not witnessed. In evidence, between 1989 and 2000, more than 4 million people died in violent conflicts around the world. To this end, Gupta and colleagues (2002) noted that international terrorist attacks increased from a yearly count of 342 (during 1995-1999), to 387 per year (during 2000-2001). Underdeveloped and developing countries bore the major brunt of the violence. Conflicts that were ideological and had their roots in power management were largely resolved through the diplomatic statecraft or through use of military force. However, the conflicts that were unconventional in nature grew and gave rise to more complex and multidimensional intrastate conflicts. The new dimension in these conflicts can be identified through common features that generally include the use and spread of violence on the civilians, causing great loss of life and serious breaches in the International Humanitarian Law (IHL). The history of IHL can be traced to the work of Henry Dunant and Guillaume-Henri Dufour in 1860s (ICRC, 2017). This law has a deep rooted connection with the discourse of the Protection of Civilians (PoC). The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is playing a key role in its implementation along with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The term ‘protection’ encompasses the fragments of International Refugee Convention (IRC) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL). The institutional implementation of this ‘protection’ by the UNHCR and ICRC is clear in their mandate regarding operational strategies. They have developed themselves as the ‘lawfully oriented and diplomatic channels of influential engagement with state and non-state actors. This essay will focus on the importance of PoC by the armed forces in connection with the aforementioned international institutions. It also highlights the role of civil society and different sections of the civilians and how they are affected during the war. This will be followed with the recommendations and conclusion.
{"title":"Essay: Protection of Civilians (POC) During War","authors":"S. Afzal, Imran Rashid","doi":"10.37540/NJIPS.V1I2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37540/NJIPS.V1I2.16","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000It was widely anticipated that the end of Cold War will herald the general state of positive peace and that the world will yield the benefits of ‘peace dividends’. However, such manifestations were not witnessed. In evidence, between 1989 and 2000, more than 4 million people died in violent conflicts around the world. To this end, Gupta and colleagues (2002) noted that international terrorist attacks increased from a yearly count of 342 (during 1995-1999), to 387 per year (during 2000-2001). Underdeveloped and developing countries bore the major brunt of the violence. Conflicts that were ideological and had their roots in power management were largely resolved through the diplomatic statecraft or through use of military force. However, the conflicts that were unconventional in nature grew and gave rise to more complex and multidimensional intrastate conflicts. The new dimension in these conflicts can be identified through common features that generally include the use and spread of violence on the civilians, causing great loss of life and serious breaches in the International Humanitarian Law (IHL). The history of IHL can be traced to the work of Henry Dunant and Guillaume-Henri Dufour in 1860s (ICRC, 2017). This law has a deep rooted connection with the discourse of the Protection of Civilians (PoC). The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is playing a key role in its implementation along with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The term ‘protection’ encompasses the fragments of International Refugee Convention (IRC) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL). The institutional implementation of this ‘protection’ by the UNHCR and ICRC is clear in their mandate regarding operational strategies. They have developed themselves as the ‘lawfully oriented and diplomatic channels of influential engagement with state and non-state actors. \u0000This essay will focus on the importance of PoC by the armed forces in connection with the aforementioned international institutions. It also highlights the role of civil society and different sections of the civilians and how they are affected during the war. This will be followed with the recommendations and conclusion. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":337937,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133037490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper addresses the different aspects of the politics of immigration, the underlying factors that motivate, force or pressurize people to move from their country of origin to new abodes in foreign nations. In the introduction the paper discusses different theories playing their due role in the immigration process, namely Realism and Constructivism. The paper examines the history of immigration and post-World War II resettlement followed by an analysis of how immigration policies are now centered towards securitization as opposed to humanitarianism after 9/11, within the scenario of globalization. Muslim migrant issues and more stringent immigration policies are also weighed in on, followed by a look at immigration in regions which are not hotspot settlement destinations. Lastly an analysis is presented about the selection of a host country a person opts for when contemplating relocation; a new concept is also discussed and determined whereby an individual can opt for “citizenship by investment” and if such a plan is an accepted means of taking on a new nationality.
{"title":"Dynamics of Immigration: From Humanitarianism to Securitization","authors":"R. Suhail","doi":"10.37540/NJIPS.V1I2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37540/NJIPS.V1I2.14","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The paper addresses the different aspects of the politics of immigration, the underlying factors that motivate, force or pressurize people to move from their country of origin to new abodes in foreign nations. In the introduction the paper discusses different theories playing their due role in the immigration process, namely Realism and Constructivism. The paper examines the history of immigration and post-World War II resettlement followed by an analysis of how immigration policies are now centered towards securitization as opposed to humanitarianism after 9/11, within the scenario of globalization. Muslim migrant issues and more stringent immigration policies are also weighed in on, followed by a look at immigration in regions which are not hotspot settlement destinations. Lastly an analysis is presented about the selection of a host country a person opts for when contemplating relocation; a new concept is also discussed and determined whereby an individual can opt for “citizenship by investment” and if such a plan is an accepted means of taking on a new nationality. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":337937,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116812885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The power of attraction and admiration is soft power. Generally, it is perceived that hard power cannot generate soft power, but the protective role of military in humanitarian crises and conflicts negates this prevailing misperception by specifying their contexts and effective utilizations; hard power assets can be transformed into soft power resources. This paper argues that the United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions are the source of soft power and Pakistan, being an active participant in this field, can utilize this asset for shaping the preferences of others. Overall, it did earn admiration from international community and managed to build its soft image abroad through peacekeeping missions. Pakistani blue helmets not only earned the admiration and appreciation of the people of the conflict-zones and earned praises, but from international community also. However, to what extent has the country utilized this asset of soft power to exercise its influence in the global arena remains debatable. Although Pakistan’s UN Peacekeeping missions have been an instrument of building the country’s soft image, it is publicized in a far less productive manner. Peacekeeping can be used as a means to enhance the country’s presence and the level of participation in both international and regional organizations. By effective application of soft power strategy in tandem with public diplomacy, Pakistan’s UN peacekeeping can provide the country with the platform where its narratives can be projected effectively and its influence can be exercised adroitly.
{"title":"An Analysis of UN Peacekeeping as Pakistan’s Soft Power Asset","authors":"Ume Farwa, Ghazanfar Ali Garewal","doi":"10.37540/NJIPS.V1I2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37540/NJIPS.V1I2.7","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The power of attraction and admiration is soft power. Generally, it is perceived that hard power cannot generate soft power, but the protective role of military in humanitarian crises and conflicts negates this prevailing misperception by specifying their contexts and effective utilizations; hard power assets can be transformed into soft power resources. This paper argues that the United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions are the source of soft power and Pakistan, being an active participant in this field, can utilize this asset for shaping the preferences of others. Overall, it did earn admiration from international community and managed to build its soft image abroad through peacekeeping missions. Pakistani blue helmets not only earned the admiration and appreciation of the people of the conflict-zones and earned praises, but from international community also. However, to what extent has the country utilized this asset of soft power to exercise its influence in the global arena remains debatable. Although Pakistan’s UN Peacekeeping missions have been an instrument of building the country’s soft image, it is publicized in a far less productive manner. Peacekeeping can be used as a means to enhance the country’s presence and the level of participation in both international and regional organizations. By effective application of soft power strategy in tandem with public diplomacy, Pakistan’s UN peacekeeping can provide the country with the platform where its narratives can be projected effectively and its influence can be exercised adroitly. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":337937,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127896181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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