Pub Date : 2012-11-08DOI: 10.5399/UO/OURJ.3.1.2426
M. Rau, J. Stewart, Zacharaiah Kezer, Rebecca A. Martin, B. Miller, Sean Silverstein, Olga Slivka, D. Swanson, Valarie Truelove, Thomas Van Hevelingen, Tyler Woods, Krystal Young
In the spring of 2012, we, the Stream Stewardship Team from the University of Oregon’s Environmental Leadership Program (ELP), conducted post-monitoring surveys at a side channel of the Middle McKenzie River (side channel 4) to compare with baseline monitoring data collected by the 2011 ELP Restoration Stewardship Team. The goal of this restoration project was to enhance juvenile spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) rearing habitat within the channel. In 2011 the U.S. Forest Service placed large woody debris (LWD) in five sections of the channel after baseline monitoring to increase the complexity of the streambed within the channel and to create a distribution of sediment optimal for salmon spawning habitat. We conducted pebble counts, cross-channel surveys, and a longitudinal profile of the stream to observe changes since the addition of LWD. Median pebble size decreased downstream of the LWD placements at gravel count 1 and increased upstream at gravel count 2. The percent of embedded sediment decreased at both gravel count sites. We also detected noticeable changes in the stream morphology at four of the five cross-sectional surveys as well as along the longitudinal profile. Sediment size distribution and the formation of pools at the downstream end of the channel showed an initial change in stream morphology since 2011, but further monitoring is warranted in order to fully assess the effects of LWD on streambed complexity and salmon spawning habitat.
{"title":"Restoration Monitoring on the McKenzie River, Oregon","authors":"M. Rau, J. Stewart, Zacharaiah Kezer, Rebecca A. Martin, B. Miller, Sean Silverstein, Olga Slivka, D. Swanson, Valarie Truelove, Thomas Van Hevelingen, Tyler Woods, Krystal Young","doi":"10.5399/UO/OURJ.3.1.2426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5399/UO/OURJ.3.1.2426","url":null,"abstract":"In the spring of 2012, we, the Stream Stewardship Team from the University of Oregon’s Environmental Leadership Program (ELP), conducted post-monitoring surveys at a side channel of the Middle McKenzie River (side channel 4) to compare with baseline monitoring data collected by the 2011 ELP Restoration Stewardship Team. The goal of this restoration project was to enhance juvenile spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) rearing habitat within the channel. In 2011 the U.S. Forest Service placed large woody debris (LWD) in five sections of the channel after baseline monitoring to increase the complexity of the streambed within the channel and to create a distribution of sediment optimal for salmon spawning habitat. We conducted pebble counts, cross-channel surveys, and a longitudinal profile of the stream to observe changes since the addition of LWD. Median pebble size decreased downstream of the LWD placements at gravel count 1 and increased upstream at gravel count 2. The percent of embedded sediment decreased at both gravel count sites. We also detected noticeable changes in the stream morphology at four of the five cross-sectional surveys as well as along the longitudinal profile. Sediment size distribution and the formation of pools at the downstream end of the channel showed an initial change in stream morphology since 2011, but further monitoring is warranted in order to fully assess the effects of LWD on streambed complexity and salmon spawning habitat.","PeriodicalId":338305,"journal":{"name":"Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132436208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-08DOI: 10.5399/uo/ourj.3.1.2941
David A. Frank
*David Frank is the Dean of the Robert D. Clark Honors College and Professor of Rhetoric. Author of six books and twenty-three articles in the leading journals in his field, Frank’s most recent publication, Frames of Evil: The Holocaust as Horror in American Film, co-authored with Caroline J.S. Picart, critiques the use of visual rhetoric and narrative devices in Schindler’s List and other popular films to explain evil in the world. In February 2008, during the height of the Democratic election primaries, Frank, who is also the director of the UO forensics program, was interviewed on National Public Radio about Barack Obama’s rhetoric of consilience. Editorial: “A Legacy of Undergraduate Research”
{"title":"Editorial: \"A Legacy of Undergraduate Research\"","authors":"David A. Frank","doi":"10.5399/uo/ourj.3.1.2941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5399/uo/ourj.3.1.2941","url":null,"abstract":"*David Frank is the Dean of the Robert D. Clark Honors College and Professor of Rhetoric. Author of six books and twenty-three articles in the leading journals in his field, Frank’s most recent publication, Frames of Evil: The Holocaust as Horror in American Film, co-authored with Caroline J.S. Picart, critiques the use of visual rhetoric and narrative devices in Schindler’s List and other popular films to explain evil in the world. In February 2008, during the height of the Democratic election primaries, Frank, who is also the director of the UO forensics program, was interviewed on National Public Radio about Barack Obama’s rhetoric of consilience. Editorial: “A Legacy of Undergraduate Research”","PeriodicalId":338305,"journal":{"name":"Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal","volume":"15 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132027034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-08DOI: 10.5399/UO/OURJ.3.1.2391
C. M. Reed-Dustin, Audie Paulus, Willis Logsdon, S. Maloney, R. Lytton, T. Piazza, Tiziana Stuparitz
Wet prairies provide numerous ecosystem services and habitat for native plant species. The relationship between microtopographic variation and plant diversity in six restored and remnant wet prairies was examined in the West Eugene Wetlands to aid future restoration projects. It was predicted that variation in elevation is influential in determining native plant community composition. Along transects within previously established macroplots, soil surface elevation and water depth were measured and percent cover of grasses, forbs, and non-forbs, and measured vegetation and litter height were determined. A linear regression was performed comparing native species richness to the topographic coefficient of variation which yielded an R2 value of 0.43 and a p-value of 0.16. Although the results are not statistically significant, they demonstrate a meaningful correlation between native plant richness and the coefficient of variation of topography. Further observations additionally suggest that this relationship is present. We suggest further research to determine significant results and suggest the integration of the restoration of microtopography into wetland management.
{"title":"Assessing the Relationship Between Topography and Plant Diversity in Restored and Remnant Wet Prairies","authors":"C. M. Reed-Dustin, Audie Paulus, Willis Logsdon, S. Maloney, R. Lytton, T. Piazza, Tiziana Stuparitz","doi":"10.5399/UO/OURJ.3.1.2391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5399/UO/OURJ.3.1.2391","url":null,"abstract":"Wet prairies provide numerous ecosystem services and habitat for native plant species. The relationship between microtopographic variation and plant diversity in six restored and remnant wet prairies was examined in the West Eugene Wetlands to aid future restoration projects. It was predicted that variation in elevation is influential in determining native plant community composition. Along transects within previously established macroplots, soil surface elevation and water depth were measured and percent cover of grasses, forbs, and non-forbs, and measured vegetation and litter height were determined. A linear regression was performed comparing native species richness to the topographic coefficient of variation which yielded an R2 value of 0.43 and a p-value of 0.16. Although the results are not statistically significant, they demonstrate a meaningful correlation between native plant richness and the coefficient of variation of topography. Further observations additionally suggest that this relationship is present. We suggest further research to determine significant results and suggest the integration of the restoration of microtopography into wetland management.","PeriodicalId":338305,"journal":{"name":"Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126845352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-08DOI: 10.5399/UO/OURJ.3.1.2416
A. Robinson
Post-operative muscle loss has been identified as the greatest contributor to osteoarthritis patients’ long-term strength deficits, explaining 77% of muscle weakness one to three years after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for the treatment of osteoarthritis in the knee. Essential amino acid supplementation may help reduce atrophy, but other factors could have an equally influential role. Patients’ food intake could likewise affect atrophy, and thus dietary intake must be measured in order to determine whether essential amino acids reduce muscle loss following TKA. Subjects with a minimal dietary intake could exacerbate muscle loss because fasting causes the body to break down skeletal muscle protein to liberate amino acids for use as gluconeogenic precursors in the liver. As a result, individuals with different diets may experience differing degrees of muscle atrophy. This investigation seeks to test the hypothesis that higher rates of muscle atrophy in subject groups could be explained by comparatively poorer dietary intake. For this study, subjects completed a total of three 24-hour food logs before surgery, then two, and six weeks post-TKA. During these periods, bilateral quadriceps muscle volume was determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Baseline and six-week whole-body dual-energy X-ray (DEXA) scans were also performed to compare changes in lean tissue and fat mass. Data collected indicated there was no significant difference in dietary intake between the control group and treatment group, suggesting that any muscle saved in the treatment group was a result of essential amino acid supplementation.
{"title":"The Potential Role of Dietary Intake in Explaining Postoperative Muscle Loss in Total Knee Arthoplasty (TKA)","authors":"A. Robinson","doi":"10.5399/UO/OURJ.3.1.2416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5399/UO/OURJ.3.1.2416","url":null,"abstract":"Post-operative muscle loss has been identified as the greatest contributor to osteoarthritis patients’ long-term strength deficits, explaining 77% of muscle weakness one to three years after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for the treatment of osteoarthritis in the knee. Essential amino acid supplementation may help reduce atrophy, but other factors could have an equally influential role. Patients’ food intake could likewise affect atrophy, and thus dietary intake must be measured in order to determine whether essential amino acids reduce muscle loss following TKA. Subjects with a minimal dietary intake could exacerbate muscle loss because fasting causes the body to break down skeletal muscle protein to liberate amino acids for use as gluconeogenic precursors in the liver. As a result, individuals with different diets may experience differing degrees of muscle atrophy. This investigation seeks to test the hypothesis that higher rates of muscle atrophy in subject groups could be explained by comparatively poorer dietary intake. For this study, subjects completed a total of three 24-hour food logs before surgery, then two, and six weeks post-TKA. During these periods, bilateral quadriceps muscle volume was determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Baseline and six-week whole-body dual-energy X-ray (DEXA) scans were also performed to compare changes in lean tissue and fat mass. Data collected indicated there was no significant difference in dietary intake between the control group and treatment group, suggesting that any muscle saved in the treatment group was a result of essential amino acid supplementation.","PeriodicalId":338305,"journal":{"name":"Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115525949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-08DOI: 10.5399/uo/ourj.3.1.2946
Christina Lin
*Christina Lin is currently a Master of Architecture student in the School of Architecture and Allied Arts. Her work includes prints from lino, wood block, etching and aquatinting. She has shown in the Jacob Lawrence Art Gallery in the School of art at the University of Washington and has been influenced by many artists through her work atthe Gallery IMA in Seattle. She graduated from the University of Washington in 2008 with her degree in Visual Arts focusing on printmaking and received a minor in architecture. She currently resides in Eugene, Oregon. To contact her, email clin9@uoregon.edu. Artist Statement: “Untited number 3” Christina Lin*, School of Architecture and Allied Arts
{"title":"Artist Statement: \"Untitled number 3\"","authors":"Christina Lin","doi":"10.5399/uo/ourj.3.1.2946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5399/uo/ourj.3.1.2946","url":null,"abstract":"*Christina Lin is currently a Master of Architecture student in the School of Architecture and Allied Arts. Her work includes prints from lino, wood block, etching and aquatinting. She has shown in the Jacob Lawrence Art Gallery in the School of art at the University of Washington and has been influenced by many artists through her work atthe Gallery IMA in Seattle. She graduated from the University of Washington in 2008 with her degree in Visual Arts focusing on printmaking and received a minor in architecture. She currently resides in Eugene, Oregon. To contact her, email clin9@uoregon.edu. Artist Statement: “Untited number 3” Christina Lin*, School of Architecture and Allied Arts","PeriodicalId":338305,"journal":{"name":"Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115397630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-08DOI: 10.5399/UO/OURJ.3.1.2386
Sierra Lynn Predovich
This experiment compares stomata density of the epiphytic Pleurothallis aristata and Maxillaria sp. orchids under experimental conditions of dry and humid environments. Pleurothallis aristata is in the sub-tribe Pleurothallidinae and lacks pseudobulbs, while Maxillaria sp. has pseudobulbs. The study seeks to determine what differences in stomata density exist between the two species, and if there is a difference in mean percent stomata open in humid and dry environments. The study takes stomata impressions from the leaves of twenty individuals of each species using clear nail polish. The results show a significant difference in stomata density between the Pleurothallis aristata and the Maxillaria sp. (Rank Sum Test: t=55, n1=10, n2=10, p<0.05). Additionally, both species have a higher percentage of open stomata in humid environments than in dry environments (Wilcoxon sign rank test). An explanation for these results is that Maxillaria sp. has a pseudobulb for water storage, has a larger leaf surface area, and therefore has higher stomata density. The study showed both species closed their stomata in drier conditions in order to reduce water loss and desiccation. The results of this experiment help demonstrate how different orchid species function in humid and dry environments, and their ability to succeed in the event of global climate change and shifting of biomes.
{"title":"Stomata Density of Orchids and Cloud Forest Humidity","authors":"Sierra Lynn Predovich","doi":"10.5399/UO/OURJ.3.1.2386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5399/UO/OURJ.3.1.2386","url":null,"abstract":"This experiment compares stomata density of the epiphytic Pleurothallis aristata and Maxillaria sp. orchids under experimental conditions of dry and humid environments. Pleurothallis aristata is in the sub-tribe Pleurothallidinae and lacks pseudobulbs, while Maxillaria sp. has pseudobulbs. The study seeks to determine what differences in stomata density exist between the two species, and if there is a difference in mean percent stomata open in humid and dry environments. The study takes stomata impressions from the leaves of twenty individuals of each species using clear nail polish. The results show a significant difference in stomata density between the Pleurothallis aristata and the Maxillaria sp. (Rank Sum Test: t=55, n1=10, n2=10, p<0.05). Additionally, both species have a higher percentage of open stomata in humid environments than in dry environments (Wilcoxon sign rank test). An explanation for these results is that Maxillaria sp. has a pseudobulb for water storage, has a larger leaf surface area, and therefore has higher stomata density. The study showed both species closed their stomata in drier conditions in order to reduce water loss and desiccation. The results of this experiment help demonstrate how different orchid species function in humid and dry environments, and their ability to succeed in the event of global climate change and shifting of biomes.","PeriodicalId":338305,"journal":{"name":"Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129257170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Concept learning involves linking related pieces of information to a shared label, such as learning that furry creatures that bark are called “dogs.” People vary in how well they learn concepts and apply them to new situations (generalization). What factors drive these individual differences? In the present study, we tested whether stable aspects of intelligence or transient activations in the brain best predicted concept generalization abilities. To measure aspects of intelligence, subjects underwent an assessment that included measures of working memory, processing speed, perceptual reasoning, and verbal comprehension, which could be combined into an overall IQ. Subjects also completed a concept generalization task while undergoing functional MRI, allowing us to measure activations in brain regions that are part of the explicit rule-learning system (hippocampus, prefrontal cortex) or part of an implicit system that learns without awareness (caudate, posterior visual cortex). To elucidate the shared or dissociable roles of behavioral and neural predictors in concept generalization, we tested the relationship between accuracy in concept generalization and individual differences in measures of intelligence and activation in each brain region of interest. Behaviorally, we found that overall IQ, but not its subcomponents, predicted concept generalization abilities. Neurally, we found that only the activation in the hippocampus predicted concept generalization abilities. Finally, we found that IQ and hippocampal activation each predicted concept generalization independent of each other, indicating that they represent two separate processes that both contribute to generalization success. These results show dissociable contributions of behavioral and neural predictors of concept generalization, suggesting that both stable cognitive abilities and transient brain states influence the ability to learn new concepts.
{"title":"Behavioral and Neural Predictors of Individual Differences in Concept Generalization","authors":"Takako Iwashita","doi":"10.5399/uo/ourj/16.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5399/uo/ourj/16.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Concept learning involves linking related pieces of information to a shared label, such as learning that furry creatures that bark are called “dogs.” People vary in how well they learn concepts and apply them to new situations (generalization). What factors drive these individual differences? In the present study, we tested whether stable aspects of intelligence or transient activations in the brain best predicted concept generalization abilities. To measure aspects of intelligence, subjects underwent an assessment that included measures of working memory, processing speed, perceptual reasoning, and verbal comprehension, which could be combined into an overall IQ. Subjects also completed a concept generalization task while undergoing functional MRI, allowing us to measure activations in brain regions that are part of the explicit rule-learning system (hippocampus, prefrontal cortex) or part of an implicit system that learns without awareness (caudate, posterior visual cortex). To elucidate the shared or dissociable roles of behavioral and neural predictors in concept generalization, we tested the relationship between accuracy in concept generalization and individual differences in measures of intelligence and activation in each brain region of interest. Behaviorally, we found that overall IQ, but not its subcomponents, predicted concept generalization abilities. Neurally, we found that only the activation in the hippocampus predicted concept generalization abilities. Finally, we found that IQ and hippocampal activation each predicted concept generalization independent of each other, indicating that they represent two separate processes that both contribute to generalization success. These results show dissociable contributions of behavioral and neural predictors of concept generalization, suggesting that both stable cognitive abilities and transient brain states influence the ability to learn new concepts.","PeriodicalId":338305,"journal":{"name":"Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122438145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Through an analysis of Søren Kierkegaard’s Diapsalmata from the first volume of Either/Or, a work which exhibits strikingly contemporary ways of thinking, this paper seeks to uncover the complex and paradoxical ways in which emotions inhabit a person. The urge to explicate the complexity of emotions arose from the author’s dissatisfaction with the rudimentary schematic used in daily life wherein emotions are categorized and hastily rationalized, misconstruing their greater complexity. Emotions are often irrational, contradictory, etc., and must be considered on those terms. Thus, concession of paradox is vital in order to think through contradictory states of emotions. An aphorism from Pascal states that we are nothing but “lies, duplicity, and contradiction.” With this idea in mind, the essay proceeds to argue that the use of pseudonyms to create contradictions within Kierkegaard’s Diapsalmata show the Diapsalmata functioning as a “monstrous” philosophy of emotions. What is meant by “monstrous” differs from the colloquial use of the term and the essay’s particular usage is discussed with reference to Socrates and Typhon in Plato’s Phaedrus. The paper claims that Kierkegaard's thought as a whole is “monstrous” in the dissonance of the religious, comedic, ethical, ironic, and aesthetic stages he constructs in his broader philosophy. The monstrous philosophy of emotions developed from the Diapsalmata is argued to have a “prefatory weight” on the question of Being, i.e. “why are there beings instead of nothing?” The way in which different emotions preface this question is briefly discussed. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding the complexity of emotions philosophically. “Talk about humility gives occasion for pride to the proud and humility to the humble. Similarly, skeptical arguments allow the positive to be positive. Few speak humbly of humility, chastely of chastity, dubiously of skepticism. We are nothing but lies, duplicity, contradiction, and we hide and disguise ourselves from ourselves” (Pascal, 240). Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal Currie Volume 14 Issue 1 Winter 2019 2 Despite the radical tone of Pascal’s claim that we solely consist of “lies, duplicity, and contradiction,” his hyperbolic insistence that we are nothing but is a poetic device indicating his claim should not be taken literally. One might then dismiss this as one of Pascal’s characteristically gloomy formulations and deem it unworthy of being taken seriously. Yet to do this would evade the very real force of his claim: to what degree do I disguise myself from myself? Am I merely a sum of contradictions masquerading as a quasi-coherent self? Is not the self which I present to the world ever-changing, duplicitous, multiplicitous? Is not this self, too, a fiction? One created out of an inability to account for my contradictions? The range of questions which erupt from Pascal’s aphorism must be circumscribed if one wishes to attain anything like an ans
{"title":"A Monstrous Philosophy of Emotions","authors":"L. Currie","doi":"10.5399/UO/OURJ.14.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5399/UO/OURJ.14.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Through an analysis of Søren Kierkegaard’s Diapsalmata from the first volume of Either/Or, a work which exhibits strikingly contemporary ways of thinking, this paper seeks to uncover the complex and paradoxical ways in which emotions inhabit a person. The urge to explicate the complexity of emotions arose from the author’s dissatisfaction with the rudimentary schematic used in daily life wherein emotions are categorized and hastily rationalized, misconstruing their greater complexity. Emotions are often irrational, contradictory, etc., and must be considered on those terms. Thus, concession of paradox is vital in order to think through contradictory states of emotions. An aphorism from Pascal states that we are nothing but “lies, duplicity, and contradiction.” With this idea in mind, the essay proceeds to argue that the use of pseudonyms to create contradictions within Kierkegaard’s Diapsalmata show the Diapsalmata functioning as a “monstrous” philosophy of emotions. What is meant by “monstrous” differs from the colloquial use of the term and the essay’s particular usage is discussed with reference to Socrates and Typhon in Plato’s Phaedrus. The paper claims that Kierkegaard's thought as a whole is “monstrous” in the dissonance of the religious, comedic, ethical, ironic, and aesthetic stages he constructs in his broader philosophy. The monstrous philosophy of emotions developed from the Diapsalmata is argued to have a “prefatory weight” on the question of Being, i.e. “why are there beings instead of nothing?” The way in which different emotions preface this question is briefly discussed. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding the complexity of emotions philosophically. “Talk about humility gives occasion for pride to the proud and humility to the humble. Similarly, skeptical arguments allow the positive to be positive. Few speak humbly of humility, chastely of chastity, dubiously of skepticism. We are nothing but lies, duplicity, contradiction, and we hide and disguise ourselves from ourselves” (Pascal, 240). Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal Currie Volume 14 Issue 1 Winter 2019 2 Despite the radical tone of Pascal’s claim that we solely consist of “lies, duplicity, and contradiction,” his hyperbolic insistence that we are nothing but is a poetic device indicating his claim should not be taken literally. One might then dismiss this as one of Pascal’s characteristically gloomy formulations and deem it unworthy of being taken seriously. Yet to do this would evade the very real force of his claim: to what degree do I disguise myself from myself? Am I merely a sum of contradictions masquerading as a quasi-coherent self? Is not the self which I present to the world ever-changing, duplicitous, multiplicitous? Is not this self, too, a fiction? One created out of an inability to account for my contradictions? The range of questions which erupt from Pascal’s aphorism must be circumscribed if one wishes to attain anything like an ans","PeriodicalId":338305,"journal":{"name":"Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128963776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Within a hegemonic Western discourse, Hawai‘i is largely considered an aesthetic tourist destination. It is perceived to be a vacation haven, bountiful in opportunities for real estate, commodification, and gentrification. While endeavors such as these have indeed proven to be economically prolific for the state, the profits do not directly, if even remotely, benefit the Native Hawaiians whose land continues to be seized and commodified in the name of said profits. Therefore, that dominant discourse which paints Hawai‘i as a tourist destination of great economic potential is in fact a colonialist notion, denoting Hawaiian land as public property to be seized, altered, and owned. In reality, the land that is used for expansive capitalist ventures is often seized from Native people, as has been the trend since settlers first invaded Hawai‘i. This truth is further troubling when one considers Native Hawaiian land relations and the spiritual connection that many Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians) have to that land. In light of the spiritual ties that many Kānaka Maoli have to land, or 'āina, its seizure and alteration by non-Native persons is an act of colonialism against not only Kānaka Maoli homes, but also against our bodies and spirits. This spiritual and emotional connection between Kānaka Maoli and our land is deeply rooted, and it is an idea commonly expressed in contemporary Kanaka culture by the term aloha ʻāina. In understanding this sentiment, it is essential that one first understands that aloha carries a much deeper meaning than the Hawaiian “hello” and “goodbye.” Aloha connotes one’s deep love for and connection to Kanaka culture. It also signifies love for one’s neighbors, friends, and ancestors. In essence, aloha ʻāina is an expression of one’s identification with and commitment to Hawaiian land and its connected historical and cultural significance. By close reading Kanaka texts and terminology such as this, one can begin to understand the sanctity of Kanaka land relations, thereby lending to an understanding of one of the ways by which colonialism against Kānaka Maoli continues in perpetuity. In this thesis, I will investigate and discuss relationships between Kanaka bodies and ‘āina. I will do this by close reading Kanaka literature, including the Hawaiian creation mele known as the Kumulipo, the narrative and performative device that is hula, and my Auntie Betty's stories that have been passed down to me through oral storytelling. I will contextualize my findings in both historical and contemporary frames. Ultimately, I am conducting this research with the aim of contributing to existing scholarship which aims to dismantle the dominant narrative which suggests that we live in a post-colonial era. The idea that colonialism is an extinguished historical event is a dangerous and false misconception that allows for the perpetuation of the discriminatory maltreatment of marginalized Indigenous communities and cultures. This discrimination
在霸权主义的西方话语中，夏威夷在很大程度上被认为是一个审美旅游目的地。它被认为是一个度假天堂，拥有丰富的房地产、商品化和中产阶级化的机会。虽然这样的努力确实被证明为国家带来了经济上的多产，但这些利润并没有直接惠及夏威夷原住民，他们的土地继续以上述利润的名义被征用和商品化。因此，把夏威夷描绘成一个具有巨大经济潜力的旅游目的地的主流话语，实际上是一种殖民主义的观念，将夏威夷的土地视为公共财产，可以被攫取、改变和拥有。实际上，用于扩张资本主义企业的土地往往是从土著居民手中夺取的，这是自定居者首次入侵夏威夷以来的趋势。当一个人考虑到夏威夷原住民的土地关系和许多Kānaka毛利人(夏威夷原住民)与那片土地的精神联系时，这个事实就更令人不安了。鉴于许多Kānaka毛利人与土地的精神联系，或'āina，它被非土著居民占领和改变不仅是对Kānaka毛利人家园的殖民主义行为，也是对我们身体和精神的殖民主义行为。Kānaka毛利人与我们的土地之间的这种精神和情感联系是根深蒂固的，在当代卡纳卡文化中，这种联系通常被称为aloha ha āina。要理解这种情绪，首先要明白aloha比夏威夷人的“你好”和“再见”有更深的含义。阿罗哈意味着一个人对卡纳卡文化的热爱和联系。它还象征着对邻居、朋友和祖先的爱。从本质上讲，aloha ha āina表达了人们对夏威夷土地及其相关历史和文化意义的认同和承诺。通过仔细阅读卡纳卡文本和诸如此类的术语，人们可以开始理解卡纳卡土地关系的神圣性，从而有助于理解针对Kānaka毛利人的殖民主义永远持续下去的一种方式。在这篇论文中，我将调查和讨论Kanaka体与āina之间的关系。我将通过仔细阅读卡纳卡文学来做到这一点，包括夏威夷创作的混合舞，被称为kumullipo，草裙舞的叙事和表演手段，以及我姑姑贝蒂的故事，这些故事是通过口头讲故事传给我的。我将把我的发现置于历史和当代的框架中。最终，我进行这项研究的目的是为现有的学术研究做出贡献，这些学术研究旨在消除认为我们生活在后殖民时代的主流叙事。认为殖民主义是一个已被消灭的历史事件的想法是一种危险和错误的误解，它使对边缘化土著社区和文化的歧视性虐待永久化。这种歧视以无数种方式实施，包括但绝不限于没收Kānaka毛利人的土地。我希望这项研究能鼓励所有读者继续了解卡纳卡毛利人和其他土著文化，并希望这种对进一步了解的努力将导致对土著人民、叙事和知识的倡导和更大的尊重。
{"title":"Understanding Native Hawaiian Land Relations Through Kānaka Maoli Literature","authors":"Jordan Kalani Harden","doi":"10.5399/uo/ourj/18.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5399/uo/ourj/18.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Within a hegemonic Western discourse, Hawai‘i is largely considered an aesthetic tourist destination. It is perceived to be a vacation haven, bountiful in opportunities for real estate, commodification, and gentrification. While endeavors such as these have indeed proven to be economically prolific for the state, the profits do not directly, if even remotely, benefit the Native Hawaiians whose land continues to be seized and commodified in the name of said profits. Therefore, that dominant discourse which paints Hawai‘i as a tourist destination of great economic potential is in fact a colonialist notion, denoting Hawaiian land as public property to be seized, altered, and owned. In reality, the land that is used for expansive capitalist ventures is often seized from Native people, as has been the trend since settlers first invaded Hawai‘i. This truth is further troubling when one considers Native Hawaiian land relations and the spiritual connection that many Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians) have to that land. In light of the spiritual ties that many Kānaka Maoli have to land, or 'āina, its seizure and alteration by non-Native persons is an act of colonialism against not only Kānaka Maoli homes, but also against our bodies and spirits. This spiritual and emotional connection between Kānaka Maoli and our land is deeply rooted, and it is an idea commonly expressed in contemporary Kanaka culture by the term aloha ʻāina. In understanding this sentiment, it is essential that one first understands that aloha carries a much deeper meaning than the Hawaiian “hello” and “goodbye.” Aloha connotes one’s deep love for and connection to Kanaka culture. It also signifies love for one’s neighbors, friends, and ancestors. In essence, aloha ʻāina is an expression of one’s identification with and commitment to Hawaiian land and its connected historical and cultural significance. By close reading Kanaka texts and terminology such as this, one can begin to understand the sanctity of Kanaka land relations, thereby lending to an understanding of one of the ways by which colonialism against Kānaka Maoli continues in perpetuity. In this thesis, I will investigate and discuss relationships between Kanaka bodies and ‘āina. I will do this by close reading Kanaka literature, including the Hawaiian creation mele known as the Kumulipo, the narrative and performative device that is hula, and my Auntie Betty's stories that have been passed down to me through oral storytelling. I will contextualize my findings in both historical and contemporary frames. Ultimately, I am conducting this research with the aim of contributing to existing scholarship which aims to dismantle the dominant narrative which suggests that we live in a post-colonial era. The idea that colonialism is an extinguished historical event is a dangerous and false misconception that allows for the perpetuation of the discriminatory maltreatment of marginalized Indigenous communities and cultures. This discrimination","PeriodicalId":338305,"journal":{"name":"Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127226396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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