Pub Date : 1994-08-31DOI: 10.1109/VNIS.1994.396776
Y. Tanaka, F. Seki, S. Iwaki, H. Sugimura
We have completed the construction of a system which automatically provides drivers with information on traffic congestion, traffic accidents, travel time, etc. In this system, traffic information on major ordinary roads and expressways within Osaka Prefecture is divided into 10 categories with an area number assigned to each category and information corresponding to each specified area is provided on a real-time basis by online processing in the form of a map or human voice through the medium of facsimile or telephone, respectively. The traffic information to be provided is updated every 5 minutes. For information provision by facsimile, a maximum of three A4 pages are used with traffic information in the form of text on the first page and in the form of map on the second page; graphic-pattern information manually input to and read from the input fax machine is provided on the third page. For information provision by telephone, information in a written form is first converted into a spoken form and then into sounds by speech synthesis. This paper describes the configuration, functions, and operation of this system and how it is being utilized by drivers.<>
{"title":"Automatic traffic information provision system utilizing facsimile and telephone (now operating in Osaka)","authors":"Y. Tanaka, F. Seki, S. Iwaki, H. Sugimura","doi":"10.1109/VNIS.1994.396776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VNIS.1994.396776","url":null,"abstract":"We have completed the construction of a system which automatically provides drivers with information on traffic congestion, traffic accidents, travel time, etc. In this system, traffic information on major ordinary roads and expressways within Osaka Prefecture is divided into 10 categories with an area number assigned to each category and information corresponding to each specified area is provided on a real-time basis by online processing in the form of a map or human voice through the medium of facsimile or telephone, respectively. The traffic information to be provided is updated every 5 minutes. For information provision by facsimile, a maximum of three A4 pages are used with traffic information in the form of text on the first page and in the form of map on the second page; graphic-pattern information manually input to and read from the input fax machine is provided on the third page. For information provision by telephone, information in a written form is first converted into a spoken form and then into sounds by speech synthesis. This paper describes the configuration, functions, and operation of this system and how it is being utilized by drivers.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":338322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of VNIS'94 - 1994 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123685930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-08-31DOI: 10.1109/VNIS.1994.396854
V. Evmolpidis, D. Scapinakis
The METAFORA project is one of the five EU financed DRIVE II projects directly related to freight and fleet management. The primary goal of the project is to test the applicability in real life conditions of a set of technologies that provide: fleet/vehicle monitoring, and electronic data interchange. By focusing on applications and user participation the project calculated and demonstrated to SME's the associated costs and benefits of using these technologies.<>
{"title":"Mobile data communications and electronic data interchange for small and medium size road transport enterprises in Europe: the METAFORA pilots","authors":"V. Evmolpidis, D. Scapinakis","doi":"10.1109/VNIS.1994.396854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VNIS.1994.396854","url":null,"abstract":"The METAFORA project is one of the five EU financed DRIVE II projects directly related to freight and fleet management. The primary goal of the project is to test the applicability in real life conditions of a set of technologies that provide: fleet/vehicle monitoring, and electronic data interchange. By focusing on applications and user participation the project calculated and demonstrated to SME's the associated costs and benefits of using these technologies.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":338322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of VNIS'94 - 1994 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114395001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-08-31DOI: 10.1109/VNIS.1994.396808
C. Tong, A. Chiou
The focus of this paper is part of an ongoing research project regarding the driver's dynamic route choice/switching behavior interacting with ADIS. The major topic investigated in this paper is a preliminary study to understand the suitability of various display patterns of ADIS for native drivers in Taiwan. The effort is performed through controlled laboratory experiments from which participants' behavior are recorded and analyzed. Display patterns used in the experiment are selected representative systems available with some modifications. A preliminary designed display system is examined.<>
{"title":"A preliminary experimental investigation of display patterns for driver-in-vehicle information system in Taiwan","authors":"C. Tong, A. Chiou","doi":"10.1109/VNIS.1994.396808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VNIS.1994.396808","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of this paper is part of an ongoing research project regarding the driver's dynamic route choice/switching behavior interacting with ADIS. The major topic investigated in this paper is a preliminary study to understand the suitability of various display patterns of ADIS for native drivers in Taiwan. The effort is performed through controlled laboratory experiments from which participants' behavior are recorded and analyzed. Display patterns used in the experiment are selected representative systems available with some modifications. A preliminary designed display system is examined.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":338322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of VNIS'94 - 1994 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122096911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-08-31DOI: 10.1109/VNIS.1994.396774
I. Catling, R. Harris, H. Keller
The LLAMD Euro-Project (London, Lyon, Amsterdam, Munich and Dublin, with MARGOT) is a single project involving five major cities, encompassing linked field trials in a coordinated programme of research and development. The goal of the project has been to develop and demonstrate aspects of the integration of ATT systems within an integrated road transport environment (IRTE), based on the field trials in the five cities. One common theme of LLAMD is Advanced Travel Information Systems (ATIS). Each of the cities includes the development of one or more aspects of ATIS in its workplan. A second major theme is the development and implementation of systems for public transport, parking and park-and-ride information. Other key elements of the project include advanced traffic control, both urban and regional, and road safety aspects. The focus of the many ATT applications within the LLAMD group is the work on integration of applications into a single transport environment. This paper presents preliminary results of the field trials conducted in the LLAMD Euro-Project and discusses the potential for further development.<>
{"title":"The LLAMD Euro-Project: integrated field trials","authors":"I. Catling, R. Harris, H. Keller","doi":"10.1109/VNIS.1994.396774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VNIS.1994.396774","url":null,"abstract":"The LLAMD Euro-Project (London, Lyon, Amsterdam, Munich and Dublin, with MARGOT) is a single project involving five major cities, encompassing linked field trials in a coordinated programme of research and development. The goal of the project has been to develop and demonstrate aspects of the integration of ATT systems within an integrated road transport environment (IRTE), based on the field trials in the five cities. One common theme of LLAMD is Advanced Travel Information Systems (ATIS). Each of the cities includes the development of one or more aspects of ATIS in its workplan. A second major theme is the development and implementation of systems for public transport, parking and park-and-ride information. Other key elements of the project include advanced traffic control, both urban and regional, and road safety aspects. The focus of the many ATT applications within the LLAMD group is the work on integration of applications into a single transport environment. This paper presents preliminary results of the field trials conducted in the LLAMD Euro-Project and discusses the potential for further development.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":338322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of VNIS'94 - 1994 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124039461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-08-31DOI: 10.1109/VNIS.1994.396769
Kirschfink, Gumprecht, Philipps
RHAPIT (Rhein/Main Area Project for Integrated Traffic Management) is an initiative of the German federal state of Hessen. The Commission of the EU supports this three year project within the framework of the research and development program, ATT (advanced transport telematics). RHAPIT is intended to be a component of an integrated traffic management in the Rhein/Main area. The aim of the field trial is thus to determine which kind of contribution the guidance and information system SOCRATES (System Of Cellular RAdio for Traffic Efficiency and Safety) can make to an integrated traffic management. The Rhein/Main area is one of the several European test areas where such systems are tested and evaluated in terms of their applicability. The area was chosen due to the fact that the existing collective traffic control systems and the extensive traffic database offers ideal conditions for such a field trial.<>
{"title":"Setting up the SOCRATES information centre for the RHAPIT field trial","authors":"Kirschfink, Gumprecht, Philipps","doi":"10.1109/VNIS.1994.396769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VNIS.1994.396769","url":null,"abstract":"RHAPIT (Rhein/Main Area Project for Integrated Traffic Management) is an initiative of the German federal state of Hessen. The Commission of the EU supports this three year project within the framework of the research and development program, ATT (advanced transport telematics). RHAPIT is intended to be a component of an integrated traffic management in the Rhein/Main area. The aim of the field trial is thus to determine which kind of contribution the guidance and information system SOCRATES (System Of Cellular RAdio for Traffic Efficiency and Safety) can make to an integrated traffic management. The Rhein/Main area is one of the several European test areas where such systems are tested and evaluated in terms of their applicability. The area was chosen due to the fact that the existing collective traffic control systems and the extensive traffic database offers ideal conditions for such a field trial.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":338322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of VNIS'94 - 1994 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127779561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-08-31DOI: 10.1109/VNIS.1994.396799
K. Watanabe, Y. Umezawa, K. Abe
This paper describes a new method that employs a proximity sensor to detect a frontal collision by which the reliability of the whole automotive air bag system is expected to be greatly improved. To build the highly accurate and highly reliable systems, we must consider the following problems: 1) the air bag system can detect accurately whether the automobile collides to an obstacle; 2) the system can judge quantitatively whether the air bag should be triggered; and 3) when the air bag must be triggered, the system can expand the bag at the optimal timing. To solve the above problems, the following five processing blocks are prepared: 1) accurate detection of frontal collision; 2) estimation of both the acceleration and jerk from noisy measured acceleration by Luenberger observer; 3) filtering to estimate the velocity and displacement of the occupant's motion; 4) prediction of the velocity and displacement of the occupant's motion; and 5) judgement to trigger the air bag.<>
{"title":"Advanced passive safety system via prediction and sensor fusion","authors":"K. Watanabe, Y. Umezawa, K. Abe","doi":"10.1109/VNIS.1994.396799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VNIS.1994.396799","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a new method that employs a proximity sensor to detect a frontal collision by which the reliability of the whole automotive air bag system is expected to be greatly improved. To build the highly accurate and highly reliable systems, we must consider the following problems: 1) the air bag system can detect accurately whether the automobile collides to an obstacle; 2) the system can judge quantitatively whether the air bag should be triggered; and 3) when the air bag must be triggered, the system can expand the bag at the optimal timing. To solve the above problems, the following five processing blocks are prepared: 1) accurate detection of frontal collision; 2) estimation of both the acceleration and jerk from noisy measured acceleration by Luenberger observer; 3) filtering to estimate the velocity and displacement of the occupant's motion; 4) prediction of the velocity and displacement of the occupant's motion; and 5) judgement to trigger the air bag.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":338322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of VNIS'94 - 1994 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134406985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-08-31DOI: 10.1109/VNIS.1994.396785
C. Scott, C. Drane
Techniques exist that make use of map information to improve the position estimate of a motor vehicle but the techniques lack a mathematical framework. The authors addresses this problem by developing a map-aided position estimation system whereby the raw position measurements are optimally translated so that they lie on the roads. The accuracy of the map-aided estimates is derived for an arbitrary positioning system with Gaussian measurement noise demonstrating significant improvements over the raw measurements. Further performance improvements are achieved through the use of a 1D Kalman filter developed to utilise the fact that all of the map-aided position estimates lie along known curves. The mathematical framework utilised by the map-aided estimator readily allows other sources of position information such as road type and road rules to be quantified and optimally incorporated into the estimation process.<>
{"title":"Increased accuracy of motor vehicle position estimation by utilising map data: vehicle dynamics, and other information sources","authors":"C. Scott, C. Drane","doi":"10.1109/VNIS.1994.396785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VNIS.1994.396785","url":null,"abstract":"Techniques exist that make use of map information to improve the position estimate of a motor vehicle but the techniques lack a mathematical framework. The authors addresses this problem by developing a map-aided position estimation system whereby the raw position measurements are optimally translated so that they lie on the roads. The accuracy of the map-aided estimates is derived for an arbitrary positioning system with Gaussian measurement noise demonstrating significant improvements over the raw measurements. Further performance improvements are achieved through the use of a 1D Kalman filter developed to utilise the fact that all of the map-aided position estimates lie along known curves. The mathematical framework utilised by the map-aided estimator readily allows other sources of position information such as road type and road rules to be quantified and optimally incorporated into the estimation process.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":338322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of VNIS'94 - 1994 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134425063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-08-31DOI: 10.1109/VNIS.1994.396884
H. E. Gerland
GSI Gesellschaft fuer Systemtechnik und Informatik mbH, Salem, is the German supplier of the intelligent transportation system (ITS) which is a modular construction set for enhanced fleet navigation, operations information and management, vehicle dispatching and service restoration, and passenger service in public transportation. This paper focuses on the specific ITS approach of providing the fully vehicle autonomous operation through utilizing as much intelligence as possible on board the vehicles. The emphasis is not on completeness but focused on those components which may be referred to as of latest technology gaining increasing importance and significance in current applications.<>
位于塞勒姆的GSI Gesellschaft fuer Systemtechnik und Informatik mbH是德国智能交通系统(ITS)的供应商，该系统是一套模块化结构，用于增强公共交通中的车队导航，运营信息和管理，车辆调度和服务恢复以及乘客服务。本文重点研究了ITS的具体方法，即通过尽可能多地利用车载智能来实现车辆的全自动驾驶。重点不在于完整性，而在于那些在当前应用中日益重要和有意义的最新技术的组成部分。
{"title":"Intelligence on board: modern approach to transit fleet management","authors":"H. E. Gerland","doi":"10.1109/VNIS.1994.396884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VNIS.1994.396884","url":null,"abstract":"GSI Gesellschaft fuer Systemtechnik und Informatik mbH, Salem, is the German supplier of the intelligent transportation system (ITS) which is a modular construction set for enhanced fleet navigation, operations information and management, vehicle dispatching and service restoration, and passenger service in public transportation. This paper focuses on the specific ITS approach of providing the fully vehicle autonomous operation through utilizing as much intelligence as possible on board the vehicles. The emphasis is not on completeness but focused on those components which may be referred to as of latest technology gaining increasing importance and significance in current applications.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":338322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of VNIS'94 - 1994 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131135505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-08-31DOI: 10.1109/VNIS.1994.396868
A. Tsuge, H. Takigawa, H. Osuga, H. Soma, K. Morisaki
The traffic control system was adopted on the Hanshin expressway in 1969 to maintain a smooth traffic flow and to ensure safety, comfortable and efficient transportation. Since then, the system has developed and expanded. We have installed four television cameras at a curved area on the expressway where motor vehicle accidents frequently occur, to experiment and verify whether accidents can be detected by processing the images taken by these cameras. As a result, we have found an effective method for detecting accidents or stationary vehicles. At present, we have developed a prototype system using 7 cameras at two locations for the detection. In this paper, we report on the method used and the experimental results.<>
{"title":"Accident vehicle automatic detection system by image processing technology","authors":"A. Tsuge, H. Takigawa, H. Osuga, H. Soma, K. Morisaki","doi":"10.1109/VNIS.1994.396868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VNIS.1994.396868","url":null,"abstract":"The traffic control system was adopted on the Hanshin expressway in 1969 to maintain a smooth traffic flow and to ensure safety, comfortable and efficient transportation. Since then, the system has developed and expanded. We have installed four television cameras at a curved area on the expressway where motor vehicle accidents frequently occur, to experiment and verify whether accidents can be detected by processing the images taken by these cameras. As a result, we have found an effective method for detecting accidents or stationary vehicles. At present, we have developed a prototype system using 7 cameras at two locations for the detection. In this paper, we report on the method used and the experimental results.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":338322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of VNIS'94 - 1994 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127845698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-08-31DOI: 10.1109/VNIS.1994.396794
R. Graham, V.A. Mitchell
The provision of weather, road and traffic information to drivers via an in-vehicle system has potential benefits for both journey efficiency and traffic safety. However, the successful implementation of such systems relies on the ability of drivers to assimilate, retain and act upon the information received. A road-based experiment investigated the ability of drivers to assimilate and retain visually-displayed travel and traffic messages whilst driving on a busy UK motorway. Subjects were presented with messages and, either 1, 2 or 3 minutes after each message, were asked a simple question about the displayed information. Their eye glance behaviour was logged, and a post-drive questionnaire administered. It was found that retention performance was affected by the length of message and the retention interval, while eye glance behaviour changed with the type of message. The findings have been used to indicate acceptable message lengths and formats for in-vehicle information, and also to provide an indication of when messages should be displayed in relation to motorway traffic and weather events.<>
{"title":"An experimental study into the ability of drivers to assimilate and retain in-vehicle traffic information","authors":"R. Graham, V.A. Mitchell","doi":"10.1109/VNIS.1994.396794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VNIS.1994.396794","url":null,"abstract":"The provision of weather, road and traffic information to drivers via an in-vehicle system has potential benefits for both journey efficiency and traffic safety. However, the successful implementation of such systems relies on the ability of drivers to assimilate, retain and act upon the information received. A road-based experiment investigated the ability of drivers to assimilate and retain visually-displayed travel and traffic messages whilst driving on a busy UK motorway. Subjects were presented with messages and, either 1, 2 or 3 minutes after each message, were asked a simple question about the displayed information. Their eye glance behaviour was logged, and a post-drive questionnaire administered. It was found that retention performance was affected by the length of message and the retention interval, while eye glance behaviour changed with the type of message. The findings have been used to indicate acceptable message lengths and formats for in-vehicle information, and also to provide an indication of when messages should be displayed in relation to motorway traffic and weather events.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":338322,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of VNIS'94 - 1994 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131288391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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